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Eastern Pwo language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Karenic language spoken in Myanmar, Thailand
Eastern Pwo
ဖၠုံ, ဖၠုံယှိုဝ်,[1]ဖၠုံဘာႋသာ့ဆ်ုခၠါင်, ဖၠုံဆ်ုခၠါင်[citation needed]
Native toMyanmar,Thailand
EthnicityPwo Karen people
Native speakers
(1,050,000 cited 1998)[2]
Mon-Burmese script (various alphabets)
Leke script,Thai script
Language codes
ISO 639-3kjp
Glottologpwoe1235
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Eastern Pwo orPhlou,(Pwo Eastern Karen:ဖၠုံ, ဖၠုံယှိုဝ်,[1]ဖၠုံဘာႋသာ့ဆ်ုခၠါင်, ဖၠုံဆ်ုခၠါင်[citation needed],Burmese:အရှေ့ပိုးကရင်) is aKaren language spoken byEastern Pwo people and over a million people inMyanmar and by about 50,000 inThailand, where it has been calledSouthern Pwo. It is not intelligible withother varieties of Pwo, with which it shares 63 to 65%lexical similarity.[1] The Eastern Pwo dialects share 91 to 97% lexical similarity.[1]

A script calledLeke was developed between 1830 and 1860 and is used by members of the millenarian Leke sect of Buddhism. Otherwise, a variety ofMon-Burmese alphabets are used, and refugees in Thailand have created aThai alphabet that is in limited use.

Distribution

[edit]

Phonology

[edit]

The following displays the phonological features of two of the eastern Pwo Karen dialects, Pa'an and Tavoy:

Consonants

[edit]
LabialDentalAlveolarPost-
alveolar
PalatalVelarUvular/
Glottal
Nasalmnɲ
Plosive/
Affricate
voicelessptkʔ
aspiratedtɕʰ
voicedbd
implosive(ɓ)(ɗ)
Fricativevoicelessɕxh
voicedɣʁ
Trillr
Approximantcentralwj
laterall
  • Post-alveolar affricates /tɕ,tɕʰ/, are realized as fricatives [s,], among some formal dialects.
  • // when pronounced slowly is phonetically realized as a dental affricate [t̪θ].
  • Voiced plosives /b,d/ are pronounced as implosives [ɓ,ɗ] only in the Pa'an dialect.
  • /h/ does not exist in the Tavoy dialect.
  • /j/ may tend to be slightly fricativized [ʝ] when preceding front vowels.
  • /r/ may also be realized as a tap [ɾ].

Vowels

[edit]
FrontCentralBack
Highiɨɯu
Near-highɪʊ
High-mideɤo
Low-midɛɔ
Lowa
  • /ɪ/ does not occur after a /w/ sound.
  • /ɪ,ʊ,ɛ,ɔ/ are merged with /i,u,e,o/ in the Tavoy dialect.[3]

Tones

[edit]

Four tones are present in Eastern Pwo:

Tones
˦
˧
˨
˥˩

Dialects

[edit]

Alphabet

[edit]

The alphabet used for Eastern Pwo Karen language is inMon-Burmese script.

Letters

[edit]

The Eastern Pwo alphabet contains 36 letters, including 3 unique to the language (in gold), and one shared with Mon.[4]

က
k
kh
g
gh
nga
ca
cha
ja
jha
nnya
ṭa
ṭha
ḍa
ḍha
ṇa
t
th
da
dha
na
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
ya
ra
la
va
sa
ha
la
a
ḅa
ywa
ghwa

Numerals

[edit]
NumberNumeralName
0
ploh plih
ပၠဝ်ပၠေ/သြုံ့
1
luh
လ်ု လုဟ်
2
née
ၮီ့
3
thuh
သိုင့်
4
lee
လီႋ
5
yeh
ယာဲ
6
hu
ၰူ့
7
nwey
နိုဲ့
8
xoh
ၰိုတ်
9
khwee
ခုဲ့
10
၁၀
luh chi/chi
လ်ုဆီ့(ဆီ့)
11
၁၁
chi luh
ဆီ့လ်ု
12
၁၂
chi ne
ဆီ့ၮီ့
20
၂၀
ne chi
ၮီ့ဆီ့
21
၂၁
ne chi luh
ၮီ့ဆီ့လ်ု
22
၂၂
ne chi ne
ၮီ့ဆီ့ၮီ့
100
၁၀၀
luh pong/pong
လ်ုဖင်ႋ(ဖင်ႋ)
101
၁၀၁
luh pong luh
လ်ုဖင်ႋလ်ု
1 000
၁ ၀၀၀
luh muh/muh
လ်ုမိုင့်(မိုင့်)
10 000
၁ ၀၀၀၀
luh lah/lah
လ်ုလာ(လာ)
100 000
၁၀၀ ၀၀၀
luh thay/thay
လ်ုလုဂ်(လုဂ်)/လ်ုသိင်ႋ(သိင်ႋ)


The Eastern Pwo Karen numeric symbols have beenproposed for encoding in a futureBurmese Unicode block.

  • The number zero,ploh plih (ပၠဝ်ပၠေ), means "of no value".
  • The number zero is not used in day-to-day life and mostly exists in writing only. People are taught to use the Burmese numeric system instead, including zero.
  • Chi (ဆီ့) denotes 10, any number from 1 to 9beforechi can be interpreted as "of ten(s)", so 20 would bene chi.Pong (ဖင်ႋ) denotes 100, any number from 1 to 9beforepong can be interpreted as "hundred(s)", so 200 would bene pong. Similarly, the same rule applies to thousand,muh (မိုင့်); ten-thousand,lah (လာ); and hundred-thousand,loud/thein (လုဂ်/သိင်ႋ).
  • Numbers after the hundred-thousands (millions and above) are prefixed withthay (သိင်ႋ), hundred thousand. For example, one million would beloud/thein luh chi (လုဂ်/သိင်ႋလ်ုဆီ့), "hundred thousand of tens"; two million would beloud/thay ne chi (လုဂ်/သိင့်ၮီ့ဆီ့),hundred thousand of two tens; ten million would beloud/thay luh pong (လုဂ်/သိင်ႋလ်ုဖင်ႋ), "hundred thousand of hundreds"; one billion would beloud/thay luh lah (လုဂ်/သိင်ႋလ်ုလာ), "hundred thousand of ten thousands".

Decimals

[edit]

Due to the close approximation to Thailand, the Eastern Pwo Karen adopts Thai'sdecimal word,chut, (Karen: ကျူဒ်, ကျူ(ဒ်); Thai: จุด; English: and, dot). For example, 1.01 isluh chut ploh plih luh (လ်ု ပၠဝ်ပၠေလ်ု).

Fractions

[edit]

Fractions are formed by sayingpuh (ပုံႉ) after the numeratorand the denominator. For example, one-third (1/3) would beluh puh thuh puh (လ်ုပုံသိုင့်ပုံ) and three over one, three-"oneths" (3/1) would bethuh puh luh puh (သိုင့်ပုံလ်ုပုံ).

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghi"Myanmar".Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived fromthe original on 2016-10-10.
  2. ^Eastern Pwo atEthnologue (25th ed., 2022)Closed access icon
  3. ^Kato, Atsuhiko (1995).The phonological systems of three Pwo Karen dialects. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 18. pp. 63–103.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-09-08)."Proposal for encoding Myanmar characters for Karen and Kayah in the UCS"(PDF).ISO.
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