East Sussex is aceremonial county inSouth East England. It is bordered byKent to the northeast,West Sussex to the west,Surrey to the northwest, and theEnglish Channel to the south. The largest settlement is the city ofBrighton and Hove, and the county town isLewes. The county has an area of 1,792 km2 (692 sq mi) and a population of 822,947.[5][6] The latter is largely concentrated along the coast, where the largest settlements are located: Brighton and Hove (277,105),Eastbourne (99,180), andHastings (91,490).[7] The centre and north of the county are largely rural, and the largest settlement isCrowborough (21,990).[7] Forlocal government purposes, East Sussex comprises anon-metropolitan county, with five districts, and theunitary authority of Brighton and Hove. East Sussex and West Sussexhistorically formed a single county,Sussex.
The northeast of East Sussex is part of theWeald, asandstoneanticline that was once an extensive woodland. The highest point in this area is Crowborough Hill (242 m (794 ft)), part of the High Weald uplands. The south-west of the county is part of theSouth Downs, a rollingchalkescarpment that stretches west into West Sussex and Hampshire.Ditchling Beacon (248 m (814 ft)) is the highest point. Where the downs reach the sea, they form high cliffs such as theSeven Sisters, where erodeddry valleys create an undulating skyline.[8] The county does not contain large rivers, but its largest are theRother, which forms part of the boundary with Kent, theCuckmere, and theOuse, which rises in West Sussex and flows throughLewes before reaching the English Channel atNewhaven.[9]
East Sussex is part of thehistoric county ofSussex, which has its roots in the ancientkingdom of the South Saxons, who established themselves there in the 5th century AD, after the departure of theRomans. Archaeological remains are plentiful, especially in the upland areas. The area's position on the coast has also meant that there were many invaders, including the Romans and later theNormans, following the defeat of the English army byWilliam the Conqueror at theBattle of Hastings in 1066.[10] Earlier industries included fishing, iron-making, and the wool trade, all of which have declined or been lost completely.
Geologically, East Sussex is part of southernanticline of theWeald: theSouth Downs, a range of moderatechalk hills which run across the southern part of the county from west to east and mirrored inKent by theNorth Downs. To the north lie parallel valleys and ridges, the highest of which is the Weald itself (the Hastings beds and Wealden Clay). The sandstones and clays meet the sea at Hastings; the Downs, atBeachy Head. The area contains significant reserves of shale oil, totalling 4.4 billionbarrels of oil in the Wealden basin according to a 2014 study, which then Business and Energy MinisterMichael Fallon said "will bring jobs and business opportunities" and significantly help with UK energy self-sufficiency.Fracking in the area is required to achieve these objectives, which has been opposed by environmental groups.[13]
East Sussex, like most counties by the south coast, has an annual average total of around 1,750[14] hours of sunshine per year. This is much higher than the UK's average of about 1,340 hours of sunshine a year.
Thechalk uplands of theSouth Downs occupies the coastal strip between Brighton and Eastbourne. There are two river gaps: theRivers Ouse andCuckmere. TheSeven Sisters, where the Downs meet the sea, are the remnants of dry valleys cut into the chalk; they end atBeachy Head, 530 feet (162 m) above sea level. To the east of Beachy Head lie the marshlands of thePevensey Levels, formerly flooded by the sea but now enclosed within a deposited beach. AtBexhill the land begins to rise again where the sands and clays of the Weald meet the sea; these culminate in the sandstone cliffs east of Hastings. Further east are thePett Levels, more marshland, beyond which is the estuary of theRiver Rother. On the far side of the estuary are thedunes ofCamber Sands. The highest point in the county isDitchling Beacon on the South Downs, which has a maximum elevation of 248 m (814 ft)[15] and is classed as aMarilyn.
TheWeald occupies the northern borderlands of the county. Between the Downs and Weald is a narrow stretch of lower lying land; many of the rivers and streams occupying this area originate in the Weald. The High Weald is heavily wooded in contrast to the South Downs; the Low Weald less so. Part of the Weald is theAshdown Forest.
The location of settlements in East Sussex has been determined both by its history and its geography. The original towns and villages tended to be where its economy lay: fishing along the coast and agriculture and iron mining on the Weald. Industry today tends to be geared towards tourism, particularly along the coastal strip where towns such asBexhill-on-Sea,Eastbourne, andHastings are located.Newhaven andRye are ports, although the latter is also of historical importance.Peacehaven andSeaford serve asdormitory towns. Away from the coast are former market towns such asHailsham,Heathfield andUckfield;Crowborough is a centre for the Ashdown Forest.Lewes, theCounty town of East Sussex;Battle, with itsNorman Conquest beginnings, andWadhurst are the other three towns of significance.
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(September 2020)
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of thenon-metropolitan county of East Sussex (Brighton & Hove has a separate table) at current basic pricespublishedArchived 4 August 2011 at theWayback Machine (pp. 240–253) byOffice for National Statistics with figures in millions of pounds.
Measured by the number of registered companies, East Sussex is not a major manufacturing or industrial area of the United Kingdom. Of the companies registered, the leading category in 2023 was "construction", followed by "real estate activities".[21] An important contribution to the county's economy comes from the fact that many residents of Brighton and Hove, Eastbourne and Hastings commute to London orwork remotely for companies outside the county.[22]
There were 1,720 agricultural holdings in East Sussex (excluding Brighton and Hove) in 2022, with a total farmed area of 108,825 hectares. They employed just over 4000 people and, in 2020, produced a gross value added of £66 million. Livestock grazing accounts for almost 40% of the farmed area, with there being approximately six times as many sheep as cattle.[23] Fishing is limited but there are still fishing fleets, notably at Rye and Hastings, although the number of boats is much reduced. Historically, the fisheries were of great importance.
East Sussex has no motorways, and even dual carriageways are sparse in the county. The main roads through the county are those part of the radial pattern from London: theA21 fromKent to Hastings; theA22 from Surrey to Eastbourne; and theA23 from Gatwick to Brighton. Cross-country routes include theA26 which carries traffic from Newhaven and Lewes north into Kent; and the south coast trunk route, which starts inFolkestone (Kent) as theA259 trunk road, and traverses the south coast toEastbourne, where it becomes theA27 trunk road and heads westwards towardsChichester in West Sussex and ultimately toHoniton in Devon. All the main roads suffer from congestion and traffic problems: the A27 which connects Eastbourne toPortsmouth is one of the busiest trunk roads in the UK.[citation needed]
Bus routes serve all the main areas of settlement and many of the villages in the county.
There are no airports offering scheduled flights in East Sussex. London's second airport,Gatwick Airport, is a short distance from East Sussex and easily accessible by road and rail from most of the county. Despite its name,Brighton City Airport, the former Shoreham Airport, is in West Sussex. Three airports service small private planes, helicopters and flying schools: Spilsted Farm near Hastings;[26] Kittyhawk Aerodrome near Lewes;[27] andDeanland Airfield, also near Lewes.[28]
A ferry operates fromNewhaven toDieppe in France twice daily in the off-season and three times daily in the summer. Both vehicles and foot passengers are accepted.[29]
Over 150 primary schools serve the area; many of them small and local in scope.
State and independent secondary schools includeLewes Old Grammar School, which celebrated its 500th anniversary in 2012. Overall, more than 50 serve East Sussex, including further education colleges in larger towns.
A number of independent boarding schools that also cater to day students are located in the county, includingBrighton College andRoedean. ThePestalozzi Children's Village, an international foundation, is located atSedlescombe.
The coastal towns of Brighton and Hove, Bexhill-on-Sea, Hastings and Eastbourne attract many day trippers during the summer to visit the beaches. Brighton and Hove have a range of attractions including theRoyal Pavilion. Beginning in 1787, it was built in three stages as a seaside retreat forGeorge, Prince of Wales, who became King George IV in 1820. A more recent attraction is theBrighton i360, a 162 m observation tower on the seafront, which opened on 4 August 2016 to provide extensive views over Brighton and Hove, the South Downs and theEnglish Channel. The tower has never achieved forecast visitor numbers and in June 2023 the company operating it owed Brighton and Hove Council £48 million.[31]
Brighton Palace Pier,Eastbourne Pier andHastings Pier serve as entertainment centres that attract many visitors. Several other piers built in the heyday of day tripper visits by train no longer exist, notablySt Leonards Pier, inSt Leonards-on-Sea, and theWest Pier in Brighton, parts of which can still be seen in the sea opposite the Brighton i360. Originally, the profits from the i360 were seen as a potential source of funds to rebuild the West Pier, but that now seems unlikely.[32]Other important tourist attractions within East Sussex includeAshdown Forest,Drusillas Zoo Park nearAlfriston andMichelham Priory. The county has two narrow-gauge railways, theHastings Miniature Railway, which is powered by a steam locomotive, andVolk's Electric Railway, which runs from Brighton's Palace Pier toBrighton Marina along the seafront. Volk's is the oldest operational electric railway in the world. There are also several castles that attract many visitors, as indicated in the Landmarks section above.
A 1903 De Dion-Bouton arrives in Brighton in the 2012 Veteran Car Run
Annual events also promote tourism to the county.Brighton Pride is one of the UK's largest and oldestpride parades and other pride events take place at Eastbourne and Hastings.[33][34] The London to Brighton Veteran Car Run is the world's longest-running motoring event. To qualify, cars must have been built before 1905. It is also the world's largest gathering of veteran cars. The race finishes onMadeira Drive in Brighton.[35]
For visitors who wish to explore East Sussex by car, there are many interesting and attractive towns and villages, such asAlfriston;Battle, site of the Battle of Hastings;Ditchling;Herstmonceux, with the castle of the same name; Lewes;Rottingdean; andRye.
TheLewes Bonfire is a set of bonfire celebrations held onGuy Fawkes Night, which both celebrates the uncovering of theGunpowder Plot in 1605 and commemorates the memory of theseventeen Protestant martyrs fromMayfield burned at the stake between 1555 and 1557. It has a history of religious antagonism and anti-popery, including the burning of an effigy of thePope. The event attracts tens of thousands of spectators every year. There are also many otherbonfire societies in East Sussex.[36]
The Dripping Pan, home of Lewes FC men's and women's teams
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. is the most successful club in East Sussex, playing in thePremier League in 2024–25 and also competing in the2023–24 UEFA Europa League. It has appeared once in theFA Cup final, in 1983, losing to Manchester United after a replay. It is the only fully professional men's team in the county. The oldest club in East Sussex isEastbourne Town F.C., which was founded in 1881.Lewes F.C. is a semi-professional football club. The men's first team is in theIsthmian League Premier Division. It also has asuccessful women's team, which in 2023–24 was competing in the second-tierWomen's Championship against teams supported by much larger clubs, including some with their men's team in the Premier League.[37]
Cricket had itsorigins in the counties ofKent,Surrey and Sussex. There is no team representing East Sussex. It combines with West Sussex as theSussex County Cricket Club, playing first-team matches at theCounty Ground in Hove and reserve-team matches in both East and West Sussex. There are around 25 local clubs playing the game in East Sussex.[38]
There are around 15 rugby clubs in East Sussex, with many of them fielding several teams including women's and girls' teams.Seaford Rugby Club claims the distinction of playing its home games below sea level.[39]
The fourth stage of the1994 Tour de France ended in Brighton after departing fromDover. The route included a climb over Ditchling Beacon.[40] The hilly nature of the Downs presents a good challenge for cyclists and there are at least eight cycling clubs in East Sussex.[41]
There are 42 golf courses in East Sussex, many on downland. Four of these (2 in Brighton and Hove, one in Eastbourne and one in Crowborough) are public courses; the remainder private, semi-private or resorts.[42]
.JPG)
.jpg)
