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East Africa rugby union team

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the East African Invitation XV, seeScorpions RFC.

Rugby team
East Africa
UnionsRugby Football Union of East Africa
Kenya Rugby Football Union
Tanzania Rugby Football Union
Uganda Rugby Football Union
NicknameTuskers (on tour only)
Founded7 January 1950 (1950-01-07)
Teamkit
First international
East Africa 12 - 39British Lions
(28 September 1955)
Largest win
Zambian Clubs XV 4 - 31East Africa 
(2 September 1975)
Largest defeat
East Africa ProtectorateEast Africa 0 - 50 British Lions
(28 August 1962)

Established in 1950, theEast Africa rugby union team is a multi-nationalrugby union team drawing players fromKenya,Uganda andTanzania; however, the vast majority of these came from Kenya, which has traditionally been the strongest rugby playing nation in the region. The team has played against incoming international, representative and club touring sides and it conducted seven tours between 1954 and 1982.

Though East Africa do play under theTuskers nickname, it is used exclusively when they are on tour; for all matches played at home they are referred to asEast Africa. This tradition has come into being because the team had existed for five years by the time of the first external tour in 1954 when the touring side adopted the Tuskers moniker, as have all subsequent tours.

For 30 years, the team lay dormant, though theRugby Football Union of East Africa (RFUEA) continued to exist as the governing body of rugby within the three countries, until (on 9 July 2011 at an event at theRFUEA Ground) the team was re-launched by Mwangi Muthee (Chairman of theKenya Rugby Football Union), William Blick (President of theUganda Rugby Union), George Kariuki (Rugby Football Union of East Africa) and John Lloyd (Rugby Patrons Society).[1] The team played its first fixture in almost exactly 30 years againstEngland Counties XV at the RFUEA grounds in early June 2012.[2]

Early history

[edit]

The first union in British East Africa was the Rugby Football Union of Kenya (RFU-K), founded in August 1921;[3] it was responsible for the administration of the game throughout Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika which it carried out through various district sub-unions throughout the region. Several universities and Royal Navy ships sent teams to tour East Africa during this period. The Combined South African Universities toured in 1929.[4] In 1935,Danie Craven captainedStellenbosch University on a tour of the region;[5] though none of these encounters included a match against a representative East Africa team.

The first representative team called East Africa are recorded facing the Cape Town University team that toured the region in late 1949 early 1950.[6] Three matches were played in January 1950, East Africa losing each encounter. At this time, the East Africa team represented the colonies ofBritish East Africa (Kenya Colony,Tanganyika andUganda Protectorate) and the players were predominantlywhite settlers.[7] (it was not until the 1960s that rugby's popularity spread andindigenous players started to take up the game; with time the East African team has seen a commensurate increase in the numbers ofblack players being selected).

In 1953, the Rugby Football Union of East Africa (RFUEA) was created in order to take over the mantle as the umbrella organisation for rugby in the region.[3] The creation of the RFUEA allowed for the formation of the Tanganyika Rugby Football Union (TRFU) in 1954 and Uganda Rugby Football Union (URFU) in 1955.[8] Each of these were essentially a sub-union of the RFUEA much as the district unions in Kenya were, so the RFU-K was dissolved in 1956 allowing the already existing district unions to deal directly with the RFUEA.[3]

The formation of the RFUEA was just in time for the East Africa representative side's first tour, the First Tuskers Tour of the Copperbelt in 1954. It also gave the team slightly more official status though little, if anything, had changed with regard to the management of the team. Tuskers tours to the Copperbelt became somewhat of a tradition, six of the eight Tuskers tours have been to this rugby stronghold in southern Africa; a region that can provide an appropriate level of opposition and at a distance that does not strain the purse-strings of the players and unions alike. The only Tuskers tours not to the Copperbelt were to England (1966) and Ireland (1972).

A year after the first tour, East Africa faced theBritish Lions in the first game played at the recently constructedheadquarters of East African rugby, theRFUEA Ground and during the next six years welcomed other touring sides from the United Kingdom and South Africa including theBarbarians andSouth Africa and several prestigious university and military teams.

The Second Tuskers Tour took place in 1962 and again East Africa's first game at home after returning from a tour was against the British Lions. Between 1963 and 1966 several clubs and universities toured East Africa and played against the full representative side including, in 1964,Wales. Tours from South Africa were no longer welcomed as Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda were participating in theboycott protesting theapartheid regime in that country.

In the six years between the Third (1966) and Fourth (1972) Tuskers tours, 15 high-profile clubs from theUnited Kingdom and theIrish Republic toured the region and played matches against East Africa, includingRichmond FC,Blackheath FC,Harlequins FC andBlackrock College RFC, several touring twice in those years so enamoured were they by the region and their welcome. The fixtures played by East Africa at this time demonstrate clearly that outgoing tours create contacts and the desire amongst foreign clubs to come to East Africa and the converse also, incoming tours then generate invitations to conduct external visits.

After the fifth Tuskers tour, there was only one more British club to visit East Africa because theRugby Football Union refused to participate in the anti-apartheid boycott of South Africa, as a result clubs administered by the RFU were no longer welcome. It is during this period that East Africa saw an increase in touring sides from France (includingACBB, Club Sportif Municipal (CSM)Clamart and ASCOONERA), Italy (IncludingRugby Roma Olimpic), Argentina (Old Georgians and various islands in the Indian Ocean (Réunion andMauritius).

Major Internationals

[edit]

When theBritish Lions went toSouth Africa for their1955[8] and1962 tours, they played East Africa inNairobi on the return legs of their journeys. The Lions won both of these games, 39-12[9] and 50–0[10] respectively. The 1955 game was East Africa's first international and also saw the official opening of the team's home stadium, theRFUEA Ground,[11] then called the Ngong Road Ground.[12]

In 1958, East Africa hosted theBarbarians on their first tour of Africa. The Barbarians, managed byBrigadier Glyn Hughes and captained by Scotland'sJim Greenwood, took in six matches, the first five all played in South Africa, but the final match of the tour was against East Africa.[13] The game was played on 28 May, with the Barbarians winning 58–12,Tony O'Reilly scoring seventries.[14]

East Africa would also play againstSouth Africa in 1961[7][8] (losing 39–0),[15] andWales on their1964 tour of Africa.[7] Wales' game, held at theRFUEA Ground,Nairobi, on 12 May 1964, was the first time that they had played a match outside of Europe[16] and therefore also their first in theSouthern Hemisphere,[17] albeit a mere hundred miles from theEquator. Wales won the match, 26–8.[17]

Prior to the introduction of standard numbering systems, many teams would wear numbers (or in the case ofBristol RFC andLeicester FC, letters) in a different order to that known today. The first set of East African jerseys was numbered from fullback (1) to scrum-half (7) followed by loosehead prop (8) to Number-8 (15). It must also be remembered that prior to the innovation, bySherborne School,[a] in the 1960s of using the hooker to throw the ball into the line-out, this was the job of the winger. Thus there are photos of East African matches with the unusual combination of a winger, numbered 2 or 5, throwing in to a line of eight forwards, numbered 8 to 15.

British Lions 1955[18][19]

[edit]

Five and a half years after their first match against the University of Cape Town, East Africa played their first international match against theBritish Lions, as they returned home from their1955 tour ofSouth Africa.

TheRugby Football Union of East Africa (RFUEA) took the opportunity of the 1955 match to invite the Lions manager (J.A.E. Siggins) to officially open their newly built national stadium, theRFUEA Ground (then called theNgong Road Ground) prior to kick-off. The capacity crowd of 6000 was treated to a magnificent display of running handling rugby that had characterised the tourists' games in South Africa.

According to the match programme, East Africa fielded seven players who were winning their first cap, Brodziak, Chambers, Darroch, MacLean, Meintjes, Tippett and Wheeler.[20] In addition East Africa selected two reserves and the Lions one; although substitutions were not allowed it was usual to select reserves at this time in case a player did not arrive on time or was unable to start the match. The match programme also states thatFrank Sykes (Northampton &England),Robin Roe (Lansdowne &Ireland) andTom Reid (Garryowen &Ireland) had been selected to play this match, but the Lions' archives[21] suggest that ultimately they did not. It appears that the reserveBryn Meredith andBilly Williams (who had been assigned as the Lions touch-judge) were called upon to start in place of Roe and R.H. Williams while D.G.S. Baker was required to fill in for Sykes. East Africa took the field as advertised in the programme.

One of the contemporary match reports was written by Tony Coxall, a 13-year-old pupil fromArusha School inTanzania who attended the match as part of a school trip[22] in which twenty boys undertook the five-and-a-half-hour, 170 miles (270 km) journey to Nairobi in a 1.5 ton lorry. In this report it is stated that the Lions scored two tries before East Africa answered with a penalty and that at half time the score was 6-19. It also states that the seats cost 1 shilling each and that the crowd were entertained by the band of theRoyal Irish Fusiliers at half-time.

As was usual for touring teams visiting East Africa during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, the Lions were given private hospitality as opposed to staying in hotels.Cliff Morgan,Haydn Morris andGareth Griffiths (all players withCardiff RFC) stayed with Mr. and Mrs. Arthur "Pat" Bryant, who had played for Cardiff prior to World War I, and who was an official of theEast African Rugby Union. He had refereed for theRFUEA (in his blue and black Cardiff jersey) until his retirement at about 63 years of age. The tourists also encountered another former Cardiff player from the 1940s, Captain Howell Loveluck who was in Kenya as chaplain to the British Forces stationed there at the time of theMau Mau Uprising.[23]

There is a frequently repeatedurban legend[24][25] thatIdi Amin (later to become the infamousmilitary dictator ofUganda) was selected as a replacement by East Africa for their match against the1955British Lions. The story is entirely unfounded, he does not appear on the team list or in the team photograph[3] and replacements were first introduced into international rugby 13 years after this event is supposed to have taken place.[26]Mike Gibson ofIreland is generally recognised as being the first ever replacement in a rugby union match (he came on for the injuredBarry John during the first test inPretoria on the1968 British Lions tour to South Africa). The first replacement for East Africa was Douglas"Dougie" Hamilton who came on in the 1968 match versusQueen's University (Belfast) R.F.C.

Wednesday 28 September 1955
EAT (UTC+3)
 East Africa12 – 39British Lions
Try: None
Con: None
Pen: R. Chambers (3)
Drop: R. Chambers (1)
Try: A. Smith (5),
C. Pedlow (2),
E. Michie (1),
P. Quinn (1),
C. Morgan (1),
G. Griffiths (1)
Con: Pedlow (3)
Pen: None
Drop: None
Ngong Road Ground,Nairobi,Kenya
Attendance: 6000
Referee:Andrew G. Clark
Touch judge:
Touch judge: A.K. "Ken" Fyfe
Teams
Pos.No.PlayerClubHome union
FB1V. FierosArusha RFCTanganyika Territory
LW2D. DarrochNondescripts RFCKenyaKenya Colony
LC3D. BrodziakNakuru RFCKenyaKenya Colony
RC4G.P. MeintjesEldoret RFC andKenya RegimentKenyaKenya Colony
RW5E.A. BristowNondescripts RFCKenyaKenya Colony
FH6R.H. ChambersTanga RFCTanganyika Territory
SH7C. KimminsGloucestershire RegimentKenyaKenya Colony
Forwards:
8W.W. IngramLondiani RFCKenyaKenya Colony
9J.D. HumphreysNondescripts RFC andKenya RegimentKenyaKenya Colony
10R.J. KavanaghDar-es-Salaam RFCTanganyika Territory
11E. EvansLondiani RFCKenyaKenya Colony
12A.I. McLeanNondescripts RFCKenyaKenya Colony
13D.S. ReynoldsUganda Kobs RFC andKenya RegimentUgandaUganda Protectorate
14A.M. TippettRifle BrigadeKenyaKenya Colony
15P.J.F. Wheeler (c)Cambridge andLondiani RFCKenyaKenya Colony
Reserves:
16H.C. PloughKenya Regiment andMombasa RFCKenyaKenya Colony
17A. ThorpeKenya Police RFC andEldoret RFCKenyaKenya Colony
Pos.No.PlayerClubHome union
FB1Doug G.S. BakerOld Merchant Taylors' FC England
LW23Arthur R. SmithCambridge University Scotland
LC19James Patrick QuinnNew Brighton FC England
RC34Gareth M. GriffithsCardiff RFC Wales
RW18A. Cecil PedlowQueen's University RFC Ireland
FH15Cliff I. MorganCardiff RFC Wales
SH9Trevor LloydMaesteg RFC Wales
Forwards:
28W.O.G. "Billy" WilliamsSwansea RFC Wales
11B.V. "Bryn" MeredithNewport RFC Wales
5Tom ElliotGala RFC Scotland
30Rhys H. WilliamsLlanelli RFC Wales
14Ernie J.S. MichieAberdeen University RFC Scotland
31D.S. "Tug" WilsonMetropolitan Police RFC England
26R.C.C. "Clem" ThomasSwansea RFC Wales
27Robin H. Thompson (c)Instonians RFC Ireland

Barbarian F.C. 1958[27]

[edit]

The Barbarians, managed by Brigadier HL Glyn-Hughes and H Waddell, had just completed a successful tour of South Africa and stopped off in Nairobi on their way home. Members of this team who had previously visited Nairobi with the 1955 Lions were RH Williams, AJF O'Reilly, REG Jeeps, HF McLeod, JT Greenwood, CI Morgan, AR Smith and AC Pedlow. RH Davies had previously toured with the 1957 Combined (Oxford and Cambridge) Universities side.

The match was played before a capacity crowd in the late afternoon to early evening on a Wednesday; the papers reported that the colony's Legislative Council (Legco.) had adjourned early that day before cryptically referring to the Barbarian game later in the same paragraph by way of an oblique explanation. The visitors playing champagne rugby in the highest traditions of their club. Tony O'Reilly scored seven tries, no doubt making up for the fact that he had been injured and unable to play when he had come to Nairobi with the Lions three years earlier. East Africa's first try was scored by RN Angus of Kenya Harlequins, the first scored by East Africa on their Ngong Road ground.

Wednesday 28 May 1958
EAT (UTC+3)
 East Africa12 – 52Barbarian F.C.
Try: Angus
Marshall
Con: None
Pen: Kennedy
Drop: Tory
Try: O'Reilly (7)
McLeod
Jones (3)
Waddell
Thomas
Pedlow
Con: McLeod
Jones (2)
Thomas (2)
Pen: None
Drop: None
Ngong Road Ground,Nairobi,Kenya
Attendance: 6000
Referee:A.K. Fyfe
Team Lists
EAST AFRICA
Pos.[c]PlayerClubHome Union
FB1R.L. MorganKenya Police RFCTanganyika Territory
RW2H.A. AdamsImpala RFCKenyaKenya Colony
OC3D.W. MarshallKenya Police RFCKenyaKenya Colony
IC4G.P. MeintjesEldoret RFCKenyaKenya Colony
LW5D. DarrochNakuru RFCKenyaKenya Colony
FH6T.A. ToryImpala RFCKenyaKenya Colony
SH7L.P MurrayMoshi RFCTanganyika Territory
LP8K. DuncanKenya HarlequinsKenyaKenya Colony
HK9R.N. AngusKenya HarlequinsKenyaKenya Colony
TP10J.J. SteelArusha RFCTanganyika Territory
LL11K.V. OultonNakuru RFCKenyaKenya Colony
RL12A.I. McLean (c)Nondescripts RFCKenyaKenya Colony
OF13H.B. IsherwoodImpala RFCKenyaKenya Colony
BF14D.B. KennedyNakuru RFCKenyaKenya Colony
N815E. EvansKitale RFCKenyaKenya Colony
BARBARIANS
PlayerClubHome Union
FB15Robin W.T. Chisholm Scotland
RW14A.J.F.Tony O'Reilly Ireland
OC13Brian J. JonesNewport RFC
IC12Malcolm Thomas Wales
LW11A. Cecil Pedlow Ireland
FH10Cliff I. Morgan Wales
SH9Gordon H. Waddell Scotland
LP1Hugh F. McLeod Scotland
HK2Norman Bruce Scotland
TP3Ron Jacobs England
LL4W.R.D.Roddy Evans Wales
RL5Rhys H. Williams Wales
BF6Haydn Morgan Wales
OF7Stephen H. WilcockOxford University RFC
N88Jim T. Greenwood (c) Scotland

Springboks 1961

[edit]

In 1960–1961, the Springboks undertook a four-month tour of the United Kingdom and France, winning all their 43 matches except for a 0–0 draw against France and a 6–0 defeat by the Barbarians at Cardiff in what is often inaccurately listed as the final match of that tour. They left London on Wednesday February 22 by air, landing in Nairobi for a four-day stopover in Kenya on their way back to Johannesburg and, on Saturday 25 February 1961, they played East Africa. This was the only meeting between these teams, quite possibly the first match between South Africa and another African "nation", but unequivocally the true last match of the tour.

The final score was 39–0, the half-time score having been 15–0 with South Africa piling on a further 21 points within a quarter of an hour of the beginning of the second half, though the flood gates were closed for the rest of the match with the Springboks then only scoring once more. Johannes "Hannes" Botha (a flanker) and Gideon "Giepie" Wentzel (a full-back) played out of position.

25 February 1961
EAT (UTC+3)
 East Africa0 – 39South Africa 
Ngong Road Ground,Nairobi,Kenya
Referee:Mr W S Thomas (KRRS)
Team Lists
EAST AFRICA
[c]PlayerClubHome Union
FB1R Sudbury
RW2Chris C. Young (c)Nakuru RFCKenyaKenya Colony
OC3B T Wigley
IC4A R Ward
LW5Nick G PattersonKericho RFCKenyaKenya Colony
FH6J R Rowland
SH7T I N "Tiny" Thomas
LP8G Thom ThorpeEldoret RFCKenyaKenya Colony
HK9F A Rob BwyeImpala RFCKenyaKenya Colony
TP10W S Baird
LL11D S "Lofty" ReynoldsUganda Kobs RFC andKenya RegimentUgandaUganda Protectorate
RL12C H Elphick
OF13B R Granville-RossNondscripts RFCKenyaKenya Colony
BF14F S Hewitt
N815H KrugerEldoret RFCKenyaKenya Colony
SOUTH AFRICA
PlayerProvinceHome Union
FB15Johannes P F BothaNorthern Transvaal South Africa
RW14Jan P EngelbrechtWestern Province South Africa
OC13Gideon J WentzelEastern Province South Africa
IC12Alexander I KirkpatrickFree State South Africa
LW11Ben-Piet van ZylWestern Province South Africa
FH10Keith OxleeNatal South Africa
SH9Pieter-de-Waal UysNorthern Transvaal South Africa
LP1Stephanus P KuhnTransvaal South Africa
HK2Robert JohnsWestern Province South Africa
TP3Johannes L MyburghNorthern Transvaal South Africa
LL4Avril S Malan (c)Transvaal South Africa
RL5Hendrik S van der MerweNorthern Transvaal South Africa
BF6Pieter J van ZylBoland South Africa
OF7Douglas J HopwoodWestern Province South Africa
N88Frederic C H du PreezNorthern Transvaal South Africa

British Lions 1962[19]

[edit]

Almost exactly seven years after hosting the 1955 Lions, East Africa faced the Lions again on the same ground, this time as they were returning from their1962 tour to South Africa. At half time the score was 0 – 29[28]

Tuesday 28 August 1962
17:15 EAT (UTC+3)
 East Africa0 – 50British Lions
Try: None
Con: None
Pen: None
Drop: None
Try: McBride (1)
Kiernan (1)
Jones (2)
Brophy (3)
Hunter (2)
Sharp (1)
Dee (1)
Con: Kiernan (1)
Hunter (2)
Sharp (4)
Pen: Sharp (1)
Drop: None
Ngong Road Ground,Nairobi,Kenya
Attendance: 4000
Referee:D.G. Withey
Team Lists
EAST AFRICA
[c]PlayerClubHome Union
FB1K. McGuinnessKenya HarlequinsKenyaKenya Colony
RW2W.R. MillarKericho RFCKenyaKenya Colony
OC3D. Atkinson
IC4J. Anderson
LW5G.N. PatersonKericho RFCKenyaKenya Colony
FH6Chris C. Young (c)Nakuru RFCKenyaKenya Colony
SH7K O'ByrneKenya HarlequinsKenyaKenya Colony
LP8M. WatsonNondescripts RFCKenyaKenya Colony
HK9R BwyeImpala RFCKenyaKenya Colony
TP10K DuncanKenya HarlequinsKenyaKenya Colony
LL11Frank LawsonImpala RFCKenyaKenya Colony
RL12R.B. LaingKenya HarlequinsKenyaKenya Colony
OF13D. YoungNakuru RFCKenyaKenya Colony
BF14Mike AndrewsImpala RFCKenyaKenya Colony
N815D.S. ReynoldsUganda Kobs RFC andKenya RegimentUgandaUganda Protectorate
BRITISH LIONS
PlayerClubHome Union
FB15Tom Kiernan Ireland
RW14Niall Brophy Ireland
OC13Ken Jones Wales
IC12John Dee England
LW11Dewi Bebb Wales
FH10Richard Sharp England
SH9Tony O'Conner Wales
LP1Kingsley Jones Wales
HK2Hal Godwin England
TP3David Rollo Scotland
LL4Willie John McBride Ireland
RL5Keith Rowlands Wales
BF6Haydn Morgan Wales
OF7Raymond Hunter Ireland
N88Mike Campbell-Lamerton (c) Scotland

Wales 1964

[edit]

In 1964, the Welsh national team undertook their first overseas tour, a five-matchtour of Africa. They left London on Sunday May 10 flying toNairobi, arriving on Monday morning. They played their first ever match outside Europe (and thus their first match in theSouthern Hemisphere) against East Africa on Tuesday May 12, winning 26–8, before flying toCape Town on Wednesday.

Welsh captain Clive Rowlands dictated the patterns of play and orchestrated many of the fine[peacock prose] Welsh moves. The Welsh tries were great[peacock prose] efforts, especially Dewi Bebb's who snatched a chance from a lineout three yards from the line and dived over before the opposition could lay a finger on him. The East African team fought valiantly and often caused the visitors defence problems with strong surging runs; their star player was Eric Weaver a Welshman serving in Nairobi with the RAF, he had previously played professional football with Swindon town.[29] The Welsh fly-half in this match (Marsden Young) had not been – and was not subsequently – capped by Wales. As this match was not regarded as a full test by the Welsh Rugby Union, so this player does not appear on theList of Wales national rugby union players.

The remaining four matches of the tour were inSouth Africa, who were celebrating the 75th anniversary of theSouth African Rugby Board. The first of these was played on May 19 againstBoland atWellington which they won 17–6. The test-match againstSouth Africa, played atKing's Park,Durban on May 23, was lost 3–24. The final two games were played on May 27 and May 30 againstNorthern Transvaal atPretoria (lost 9–22) and theOrange Free State atBloemfontein (won 14–6).

It was the lack of success experienced by the team on this tour that is credited with sparking the Welsh Rugby Union into action, appointing their first national coach and reaping the rewards with their fabled[peacock prose] teams of the 1970s.

Tuesday 12 May 1964
17:00 EAT (UTC+3)
 East Africa8 – 26Wales 
Try: Andrews(1)
Con: Young (1)
Pen: Young (1)
Try: Bebb (1)
Dawes (1)
Jones (2)
Gale (1)
Con: Bradshaw (4)
Pen: Bradshaw (1)
Ngong Road Ground,Nairobi,Kenya
Attendance: 6000
Referee:G.E. Neville (Kenya R.R.S)
Touch Judge M.I. Parker
Team Lists
EAST AFRICA
[c]PlayerClubHome Union
FB1W. KennedyKenya Police RFC Kenya
RW2T. ToryNondescripts RFC Kenya
OC3C.J.C. IrvineKenya Harlequins Kenya
IC4C.C. YoungNakuru RFC Kenya
LW5E. WeaverRAF Kenya
FH6B.K. McGuinnessKenya Harlequins Kenya
SH7K.F. O'ByrneKenya Harlequins Kenya
LP8K.I. DuncanKenya Harlequins Kenya
HK9F.A.R. BwyeImpala RFC Kenya
TP10B. ShorterImpala RFC Kenya
LL11D.S. ReynoldsNakuru RFC Kenya
RL12A. RussellDar es Salaam Tanzania
OF13G. BarbourKitale RFC Kenya
BF14R.B. Laing (c)Kenya Harlequins Kenya
N815Mike AndrewsImpala RFC Kenya
WALES
PlayerClubHome Union
FB8G. T. R. HodgsonNeath RFC Wales
RW1D. I. BebbSwansea RFC Wales
OC2Keith BradshawBridgend RFC Wales
IC5S. J. DawesLondon Welsh Wales
LW10D. K. JonesLondon Welsh Wales
FH24J. M. YoungBridgend RFC Wales
SH18D. C. T. Rowlands (c)Pontypool RFC Wales
LP23D. WilliamsEbbw Vale RFC Wales
HK6Norman R. GaleLlanelli RFC Wales
TP3Len CunninghamAberavon RFC Wales
LL15B. E. V. PriceNewport RFC Wales
RL19Brian E. ThomasNeath RFC Wales
BF16G. J. ProtheroBridgend RFC Wales
OF12J. MantleLoughborough andNewport RFC Wales
N87David John HaywardCardiff RFC Wales

Tuskers tours

[edit]
Emblem used by the East Africa rugby union team when on tour as theTuskers

TheTuskers is the nickname of the East Africa rugby union team but it is used exclusively when they are on tour. In all matches played at home they are referred to asEast Africa. By the time of the first Tuskers tour in 1954, East Africa had played three matches, all against the touringUniversity of Cape Town team from South Africa, and the RFUEA badge had been adopted. When their first tour was being organised a few uncharitable nicknames were suggested for the team and thus the Tuskers moniker was quickly adopted and an appropriate emblem designed.

First Tuskers Copperbelt Tour 1954[19][30]

[edit]

The idea of an East African rugby touring team was first broached while theKenya athletics team was visiting theNorthern Rhodesia (nowZambia) in 1953. The manager of that team was Archie Evans, a member of theNondescripts RFC in Nairobi and he was able to communicate this proposal to the fledglingRugby Football Union of East Africa (RFUEA). The tour took several months to organise, the process being hindered by the postal delays between the RFUEA, the Northern Rhodesian Rugby Union and its subsidiary, the Northern Rhodesian Congo Border Rugby Union. It was eventually decided that the latter of these would host the tour and permissions were sought from the respective governing bodies (theSouth African Rugby Board for Rhodesia and theRugby Football Union in London for East Africa).

The delays during the planning meant that there was no time to stage trials. Instead the recently played first ever match between Kenya and Tanganyika was used to select the majority of the players that were to go on the tour. Arrangements were finalised just two weeks before departure; unfortunately one of the best players East Africa ever produced, A.I. McLean, was unable to take part as the hastily arranged tour coincided with his wedding. Most of the organisational work had been carried out by C.F. Schermbrucker (acting President of the RFUEA), Owen Wheeler (Hon Secretary RFUEA) and Mr. R.E. Luyt who had previously lived and played rugby in the Copperbelt.

The team, managed by A.K. Fyfe and Andrew G. Clark, left by air from Nairobi West on 17 August 1954.Played 8 matches, won 7 and lost 1 (to the Copperbelt XV).

First Tuskers Squad
PlayerPositionHome unionClubNotes
Fieros, Vic15FullbackTanganyika TerritoryArusha RFCPlayed forPrince of Wales School,Natal University, Tanganyika (1954) and East Africa (1951)
Mabbs, M.R.14WingKenyaKenya ColonyKenya HarlequinsPlayed forChrist's Hospital,Public School Wanderers andOld Blues RFC
Notley, Nigel D.14WingKenyaKenya ColonyArmyPlayed forBlackheath F.C. andDevon
Bristow, Eddie A.11WingKenyaKenya ColonyNondescripts RFCPlayed forKing's Bruton,Durham University andRosslyn Park F.C.
Millar, W.R.11WingKenyaKenya ColonyKenya RegimentAlso played for theDuke of York School
Grassie, D.M.13Outside centreKenyaKenya ColonyArmyPlayed forPerthshire Academicals
Walker, Des12Inside centreKenyaKenya ColonyArmyAlso played forDurham University,Northumberland (1952) and Kenya (1954)
Todd, J.R.Jimmy (c)10Fly-halfKenyaKenya ColonyLondiani RFCPlayed forQueen's University (Belfast) R.F.C.,Cambridge University LX Club,London Irish, East Africa (1950–51), and Kenya (1954)
Wheeler, O.G.9Scrum-halfKenyaKenya ColonyKenya HarlequinsPlayed forNuneaton RFC,Warwickshire County and captained Kenya (1954)
Valentine, R. John H.9Scrum-halfKenyaKenya ColonyArmyPlayed forLondon Scottish and captained Scottish Public Schools (1952)
Kavanagh, R.1PropTanganyika TerritoryDar es Salaam RFCPlayed forBirmingham RFC,Midland Counties XV, captained Coast Province (1953) and Tanganyika (1954)
Pollastri, R.3PropKenyaKenya ColonyNakuruPlayed for West Kenya Province and Kenya (1954)
Richardson, T.E.2HookerUgandaUganda ProtectorateNile RFCCaptainedQueens' College, Cambridge and capped forArmy versusRoyal Navy andFranceFrance
Tanner, John W.2HookerKenyaKenya ColonyKenya HarlequinsPlayed forClifton RFC,Waterloo R.F.C.,Lancashire County XV and Kenya (1954)
Reynolds, D.S.Lofty4LockKenyaKenya ColonyKenya RegimentPlayed forCheltenham College
Edgecombe, G.J.B.4LockKenyaKenya ColonyArmyPlayed forEnglish Public Schools,London Irish,Barbarians and captainedRMA Sandhurst
Coughlan, Charles J. (vc)5LockKenyaKenya ColonyKenya HarlequinsPlayed forUniversity College Dublin,Truro RFC, and Kenya (1954)
Evans, Eddie6FlankerKenyaKenya ColonyKitale RFCPlayed forKeswick RFC,Manchester University,Loughborough College, Combined English Universities,Bedford RFC and the County ofCumberland
Fletcher, H.6FlankerKenyaKenya ColonyKitaleCaptained Kitale (1953–54), played for East Africa (1950–51) and Kenya (1954)
Thomas, W.K.L.7FlankerKenyaKenya ColonyDodoma RFCWas aWelsh Schools trialist whilst atGowerton Grammar School, played for theUniversity of London andEastern Command
Kirk, J.8Number eightKenyaKenya ColonyKenya HarlequinsPlayed forPrince of Wales School,Railway Club,Paignton RFC and Kenya (1954)
Humphreys, J.8Number eightKenyaKenya ColonyKenya RegimentPlayed forNondescripts RFC,East Africa Command,Queen's College, Taunton

Second Tuskers Copperbelt Tour 1962[19][31]

[edit]

In 1962, the Tuskers, captained By Chris Young, toured the Copperbelt region of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) for the second time. They played seven matches winning two; those played against Ndola and Mufulira.

Second Tuskers Squad
PlayerPositionHome unionClubNotes
Mike Andrews8Number eightKenyaKenya ColonyImpala RFC
Gordon BellKenyaKenya ColonyImpala RFC
Peter BluntKenyaKenya ColonyImpala RFC
Rob Bwye2HookerKenyaKenya ColonyImpala RFC
Ted DarrellKenyaKenya ColonyKenya Harlequins
Ken DuncanKenyaKenya ColonyKenya Harlequins
Brian Granville-Ross6, 7FlankerKenyaKenya ColonyNondescripts RFC
Dirk KlynsmithUgandaUganda ProtectorateKampala RFC
Martin KonstantKenyaKenya ColonyImpala RFC
Nan Kruger4, 5LockKenyaKenya ColonyEldoret RFC
Balfour LaingKenyaKenya ColonyKenya Harlequins
Willie LawKenyaKenya ColonyNakuru RFC
Frank LawsonTanganyika TerritoryDar es Salaam RFC
Keith McGuinnessKenyaKenya ColonyKenya Harlequins
Kevin O'Byrne9Scrum-halfKenyaKenya ColonyKenya Harlequins
Nick Patterson11, 14WingKenyaKenya ColonyKericho RFC
Trevor PeregrineTanganyika TerritoryArusha RFC
SimonLofty Reynolds4, 5LockKenyaKenya ColonyNakuru RFC
A.C.Freddie Schwentafsky11, 14WingKenyaKenya ColonyPrince of Wales SchoolHad been on tour withCombined Kenya Schools XV in the Copperbelt and stayed behind to join the Tuskers.
Andrew Tainsh6, 7FlankerKenyaKenya ColonyNandi Bears RFC
Terry ToryKenyaKenya ColonyNondescripts RFC
Chris Young (c)10, 11, 14Fly-half,WingKenyaKenya ColonyNakuru RFC
Joe TaylorTour ManagerKenyaKenya ColonyNondescripts RFC

Third Tuskers England tour 1966[19]

[edit]

In September 1966, the Third Tuskers toured England. Their captain was Brian Granville-Ross, their manager was Balf Laing, and their assistant manager was Peter Griffiths.

Played againstRichmond F.C.,Blackheath F.C.,Anti-Assassins,Wilmslow RUFC,Vale of Lune RUFC,Harlequin F.C. andFylde. All matches were lost.

Fourth Tuskers Ireland Tour 1972[19]

[edit]

This tour took place in September 1972. The team played eight matches, winning three.

Fifth Tuskers Zambia Tour 1975[19]

[edit]
Fifth Tuskers Squad
PlayerPositionHome unionClubNotes
Hamilton, Douglas"Dougie"(Tour Manager)6Flanker KenyaKenya Harlequins F.C.Played forRAF Coastal Command,Scorpions RFC, Kenya, East Africa andSherborne RFC
Rowlands, Rob(Asst. Manager)10Fly-half KenyaImpala RFCPlayed forCamborne RFC,Scorpions RFC, Kenya, Uganda and East Africa
Evans, Dicky(Captain)12Inside centre KenyaNondescripts RFCPlayed forPenzance and Newlyn RFC,Richmond F.C., Cornwall,Scorpions RFC, Kenya, Uganda and East Africa
Tarbit, John(Vice Captain)8Number eight TanzaniaDar es SalaamPlayed forGosforth RFC,Northumberland, Malawi andScorpions RFC
Allison, John1Prop KenyaKenya Harlequins F.C.Also played forScorpions RFC and Kenya
Brown, Tom3Prop KenyaImpala RFCPlayed forLusaka Sports Club andJordanhill
Cashin, John4Lock KenyaKenya Harlequins F.C.Also played forSussex University,Rosslyn Park F.C. andScorpions RFC
Cobb, Andy1Prop KenyaImpala RFCPlayed forScorpions RFC, Kenya and East Africa
Davies, Gareth2Hooker KenyaImpala RFCPlayed forBangor University,Widnes RUFC North Wales and Bahamas
Evans, David9Scrum-half KenyaNondescripts RFCPlayed forFettes College andKeswick RFC. David is the son of Eddie Evans who captained East Africa in 1957-58
Evans, Mike7Flanker KenyaNondescripts RFCPlayed forMadeley College RFC,Keswick RFCScorpions RFC, Kenya and East Africa. Mike is David's brother.
Evans, Rod8Number eight KenyaNondescripts RFCPlayed forCarnegie College,Headingley RFC,Keswick RFC andCumberland. Rod is cousin to David and Mike, and follows his father Archie and brother Pete by representing East Africa.
Granger-Brown, Kevin11Wing KenyaNondescripts RFCAlso played forScorpions RFC, Kenya and East Africa
Harrington, Peter9Scrum-half KenyaKenya Harlequins F.C.Played forLondon Irish and Scorpions
Hughes, David13Outside centre KenyaThika Sports ClubPlayed forScorpions RFC and Central Province (Kenya).
Hunter, Craig4Lock KenyaKenya Harlequins F.C.At 17, he is the youngest player ever to represent East Africa
Kabetu, Ted14Wing KenyaMombasa Sports ClubAlso played forScorpions RFC, Kenya and East Africa. First black player to represent East Africa, touring Ireland with Fourth Tuskers.
Larsen, Lau5Lock KenyaNondescripts RFCPlayed forDar es Salaam RFC,Scorpions RFC and Tanzania.
Leask, Roy9Scrum-half KenyaImpala RFCAlso played forLusaka Sports Club andScorpions RFC
Muhato, John15Fullback KenyaImpala RFCProfessional hunter, represented Kenya in the Munich Olympics (1972) at shooting. Played forScorpions RFC, Kenya and East Africa
Omaido, Jackson13Outside centre KenyaNondescripts RFCFirst season in senior rugby, Played forScorpions RFC and West Kenya.
Omaido, Walter10Fly-half/Inside centre KenyaNondescripts RFCFirst season in senior rugby, Walter is Jackson's younger brother.
Onsotti, Chris3Prop KenyaImpala RFCChris' second tusker tour; he also toured Ireland. He is the only black player yet to have played for East Africa in the pack.
Partington, Derek6Flanker KenyaNondescripts RFCPlayed forLiverpool RFC, playing his second season in Kenya.
Riley, John8Number eight KenyaNondescripts RFCFirst season in Kenya, played forStreatham-Croydon RFC and S.E. Police (U.K.)
Rune, Palle5Lock KenyaThika Sports ClubPlayed forScorpions RFC
Smith, Rod2Hooker KenyaKenya HarlequinsPlayed forScots Guards andScorpions RFC. Toured Texas withImpala RFC (1973)
Walsh, Mike KenyaNondescripts RFCTour Secretary Played forNondescripts RFC, touring Malawi and Zambia. Secretary of Scorpions RFC.

Zambia v East Africa 1975

[edit]
Sunday 31 August 1975
 Zambia18 – 15East Africa
Try: Kabetu (1)
Diggers RFC,Kitwe,Zambia
Team Lists
ZAMBIA
PlayerClubHome Union
FB15L. RogerNdola Wanderers RFCZambia
RW14D. EastcroftLusaka RFCZambia
OC13D. HoltNchanga RFCZambia
IC12C. PlaistedMufulira RFCZambia
LW11G. RedlinghysNchanga RFCZambia
FH10B. BrindleyNdola Wanderers RFCZambia
SH9P. EllisLusaka RFCZambia
LP1P. DuffyRoan Antelope RFCZambia
HK2G. CharalambidesDiggers RFCZambia
TP3M. SmithNchanga RFCZambia
LL4G. WadeyLusaka RFCZambia
RL5Peter StaggNdola Wanderers RFCScotland andZambia
OF6C. RaleighDiggers RFCZambia
BF7S. ClarkeNchanga RFCZambia
N88G. Patterson (c)Lusaka RFCZambia
Substitutes:
16C.McVeighLusaka RFCZambia
17J.ArcherLusaka RFCZambia
18StuckiLusaka RFCZambia
19R.TaylorNdola Wanderers RFCZambia
20G.MurrayNdola Wanderers RFCZambia
Manager:J. WessonZambia
EAST AFRICA
PlayerClubHome Union
FB15J. MuhatoImpala RFCKenya
RW14T. KabetuMombasa Sports ClubKenya
OC13P. Evans (c)Nondescripts RFCKenya
IC12D. HughesThika Sports ClubKenya
LW11K. Granger-BrownNondescripts RFCKenya
FH10R. RowlandImpala RFCKenya
SH9R. LeaskImpala RFCKenya
LP1A. CobbImpala RFCKenya
HK2R. SmithKenya HarlequinsKenya
TP3J. AllisonKenya HarlequinsKenya
LL4J. CashinKenya HarlequinsKenya
RL5L. LarsenNondescripts RFCKenya
BF6J. RileyNondescripts RFCKenya
OF7M. EvansNondescripts RFCKenya
N88R. EvansNondescripts RFCKenya
Substitutes:
16D. EvansNondescripts RFCKenya
17J. OmaidoNondescripts RFCKenya
18J. TarbitDar es Salaam RFCTanzania
19G. DaviesImpala RFCKenya
20C. OnsottiImpala RFCKenya
Manager:Douglas"Dougie" HamiltonKenya

Sixth Tuskers Zambia Tour 1979

[edit]

At the culmination of the 1978 tour to Zambia by Kenya an invitation was issued to the Tuskers to tour Zambia in 1979 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the First Tuskers Tour.[32] The second ever match between East Africa and Zambia took place on this tour with East Africa winning 21–13, thus evening up the record. Jackson Omaido (Mean Machine) was tour Captain.

Seventh Tuskers Zambia and Zimbabwe Tour 1982[32]

[edit]

The entire squad consisted of Kenyan players with the exception of David Nsubuga of Uganda. Rob Bertram, then chairman ofNondescripts RFC, was the tour manager[33] and Jackson Omaido (Harlequins) was the Captain. Rodney Evans (Nondescripts) wasplayer-coach and took over the captain's role with Omaido injured ahead of the test against Zimbabwe.

List of Matches

[edit]

All matches played atRFUEA Ground (Nairobi,Kenya) except for those on a Tuskers tour (indicated by a grey background).

DateOppositionOpposition players with, or subsequently awarded, capsScoreResultEast Africa Captain
1950-01-07University of Cape Town South Africa (3), England (1), Scotland (1)5 - 33LostW.B. Young
1950-01-210 - 16Lost
1950-01-289 - 27Lost
1954First TuskersCopperbelt TourJ. Todd
1954-08-21Ndola Wanderers RFC atNdola5 - 13Won
1954-08-22Combined Diggers/Pirates XV atNkana18 - 24Won
1954-08-25Combined Nchanga/Mufulira XV atMufulira6 - 35Won
1954-08-28Combined Mufulira/Nchanga XV atChingola3 - 11Won
1954-08-29Copperbelt XV atLuanshya29 - 11Lost
1954-09-1Roan Antelope RFC atLuanshya15 - 21Won
1954-09-4Broken Hill RFC atBroken Hill6 - 16Won
1954-09-5Lusaka RFC atLusaka8 - 13Won
1955-09-28British Lions Wales (7), England (3), Scotland (3), Ireland (2)12 - 39LostP.J.F. Wheeler
1956-01-Rhodes University Invitation XV9 - 18LostA.I. McLean
1956-01-0 - 41LostR. Kavanagh
1956-01-8 - 16LostA.M. Tippett
1956-02-6 - 25Lost
1957-07-20Combined (Oxford andCambridge) Universities England (6), Scotland (2), Ireland (1), Wales (1)
Including 2 British Lions
9 - 44LostD.F. Rees
1957-08-176 - 47LostE.R. Evans
1957Salisbury Sports Club (Rhodesia)Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Rhodesia (2)9 - 22Lost
1958-05-28Barbarian F.C. Wales (5), Scotland (4), Ireland (2)
Including 10 British Lions
12 - 52LostA.I. McLean
1958-12University of Cape Town South Africa (1)12 - 24LostR.H. Chambers
1959-013 - 54LostW.W. Law
1959-010 - 54LostE.R. Evans
1961 South Africa Full South African International Team0 - 39LostC.C. Young
1962-05-05BritishCombined Services Scotland (1), Wales (1) and oneBarbarian17 - 36LostR.B. Laing
1962Second TuskersCopperbelt TourC.C. Young
1962Ndola Wanderers RFC-Won
1962Mufulira-Won
1962-Lost
1962-Lost
1962-Lost
1962-Lost
1962-Lost
1962-08-28British Lions Wales (6), Ireland (4), England (3), Scotland (2)0 - 55LostC.C. Young
1963Richmond F.C.11 - 8WonC.C. Young
1963Combined (Oxford andCambridge) Universities0 - 19LostC.C. Young
1964 Wales Full Welsh International Team8 - 26LostR.B. Laing
1965Anti-Assassins0 - 13LostD.S. Reynolds
1966Blackheath F.C.5 - 44LostP.J. Spark
1966Third TuskersEngland TourB.G. Granville-Ross
1966Richmond F.C.-Lost
1966Anti-Assassins (at Bury)-Lost
1966Blackheath F.C.-Lost
1966Wilmslow-Lost
1966Vale of Lune-Lost
1966Harlequins-Lost
1966Fylde-Lost
1967BritishMiddle East Command5 - 15Lost
1968Queen's University (Belfast) R.F.C.5 - 29LostD.S. Reynolds
1968-07-20Middlesex County XV0 - 28LostD.S. Reynolds
1969Anti-Assassins8 - 40LostA. Evans
1971Cork Constitution RFC6 - 9LostG. Barbour
1971Blackrock College RFC24 - 8WonK. Lillis
1972-04-29Rosslyn Park F.C.9 - 26LostD. Parker
1972Richmond F.C.9 - 19LostG. Barbour
1972Fourth TuskersIreland TourG. Barbour
1972-Won
1972-Won
1972-Won
1972-Lost
1972-Lost
1972-Lost
1972-Lost
1972-Lost
1973-08-04Wasps RFC13 - 31LostK. Lillis
1973Harlequin F.C.15 - 20LostK. Lillis
1975Fifth TuskersZambia TourR.Dicky Evans[b]
1975-08-23Zambia club champions 1975 (Ndola Wanderers RFC) atNdolaPeter Stagg Scotland andBritish Lions-Won
1975-08-26Combined (Roan/Ndola/Mufulira/Chibuluma) XV atMufulira-Won
1975-08-28Combined (Chingola/Diggers/Kitwe) XV atNchanga-Won
1975-08-31 Zambia at Kitwe Full Zambian International Team (includingPeter Stagg Scotland andBritish Lions)18 - 15LostP.D. Evans
1975-09-02CombinedZambian Clubs XV (Lechwe RFC) atLuanshya(under floodlights)4 - 31Won
1975-09-06Midlands at Lusaka-Won
1976Rugby Roma Olimpic6 - 9LostR.G.R. Evans
1976Rugby Roma Olimpic9 - 9DrawnR.G.R. Evans
1976CombinedZambian Clubs XV (Lechwe RFC)6 - 23LostR.F. Rowland
1979-05-26Blackheath F.C.-
1979Sixth TuskersZambia Tour
1979 Zambia Full Zambian International Team13 - 21Won
-
1982Seventh TuskersZambia andZimbabwe TourR.G.R. Evans
1982Copperbelt XV atRoan Antelope RFC,Luanshya6 - 25Won
1982Ndola Wanderers RFC atNdola3 - 20Won
1982Matabeleland XV atHartsfield Ground,Bulawayo40 - 19Lost
1982Midlands XV atQue-Que16 - 35Won
1982-03-20 Zimbabwe atSalisbury Full Zimbabwean International Team15 - 12Lost

Notable personalities

[edit]

The first black player to represent East Africa was J.K."Ted" Kabetu (Mombasa Sports Club), who played on the wing againstRichmond F.C. in 1972: he was also the first black rugby player at Mombasa Sports Club and, in 1974, the first black player to captain a rugby club in East Africa. AnotherNairobi School former pupil, Chris Onsotti (then of Impala R.F.C., later of Mwamba R.F.C.) was the first black player to represent East Africa as a forward, playing prop on the Fourth Tuskers tour of Ireland 1972.

There is a frequently repeatedurban myth[24][25] thatIdi Amin was selected as a replacement by the team for their 1955 match against theBritish Lions, while still a sergeant in theKing's African Rifles. While Amin did play club rugby at the time, he does not appear in the team photograph or on the official team list.[34]

Playing record

[edit]

Test Matches

[edit]
AgainstPlayedWonLostDrawn% Won
 British Lions20200%
 South Africa10100%
 Wales10100%
 Zambia321067%
 Zimbabwe10100%
Total826025%

Non-test Matches

[edit]
AgainstPlayedWonLostDrawn% Won
University of Cape Town70700%
Copperbelt XV211050%
Rhodes University Invitation XV40400%
Combined (Oxford andCambridge) Universities30300%
Salisbury Sports Club10100%
Barbarian F.C.10100%
BritishCombined Services10100%
Richmond F.C.211050%
Anti-Assassins20200%
Blackheath F.C.10100%
BritishMiddle East Command10100%
Queen's University (Belfast) R.F.C.10100%
Middlesex County XV10100%
Cork Constitution RFC10100%
Blackrock College RFC10100%
Rosslyn Park F.C.10100%
Wasps RFC10100%
Harlequin F.C.10100%
Total3223006.4%

Participating unions

[edit]

The members of this team are drawn from players who qualify to be selected for:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

a.^ In the 1960s, rugby teams started separating backs and forwards in practice as the game had evolved such that their functions and tactics became increasingly disconnected. TheSherborne School team (under their coaches M.M. Walford and H.F.W. Holmes) began to use the hooker to throw the ball in to line-outs at practice rather than disrupt the rehearsal of moves by the backs. It followed logically that having practiced the technique the hooker should throw in the ball during matches, particularly as the opposition would be required to reduce their line-out to seven players in order to match the throwing teams numbers. This tactic was taken toOxford University by the Sherborne hooker, D.M. Barry, from where it has spread to become accepted practise throughout the world.

b.^ The Evans family has had a great influence on the development of rugby in East Africa, but Dicky Evans, though he shares the same surname and was, like them, a member of Nondescripts RFC, is not part of this family. Dicky was later to become owner and then president of theCornish Pirates rugby team in theUnited Kingdom.

c.^ East Africa's original jerseys from the 1950s and early 1960s were numbered from fullback (1) to scrum-half (7) followed by looshead prop (8) to Number-8 (15).

References

[edit]
  • Billot, John (1974).Springboks in Wales. Ferndale: Ron Jones Publications.
  • Cotton, Fran (Ed.) (1984)The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records. Compiled by Chris Rhys. London. Century Publishing.ISBN 0-7126-0911-3
  • Godwin, Terry; Rhys, Chris (1981).The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives Ltd.ISBN 0-85112-214-0.
  • Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980).Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.
  • Starmer-Smith, Nigel (1977).The Barbarians. Macdonald & Jane's Publishers.ISBN 0-86007-552-4.
  • Thomas, Clem (2001).The History of The British and Irish Lions. updated by Greg Thomas. Mainstream Books. pp. 100–117.ISBN 1-84018-498-1.
  • Campbell, M; Cohen, E.J. (1960).Rugby Football in East Africa 1909-1959. Rugby Football Union of East Africa.
  • Programme of Fifth Tuskers tour of Zambia. Rugby Football Union of East Africa. 1975.
  1. ^"Kenyanstar - Kenyanstar".Kenyanstar. Archived fromthe original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved6 June 2015.
  2. ^"England Counties head to Africa".everythingrugby.com. Archived fromthe original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved6 June 2015.
  3. ^abcdCampbell (1960) pp 51
  4. ^Godwin (1981) pp 21
  5. ^Godwin (1981) pp 22
  6. ^Godwin (1981) pp 23
  7. ^abcBath, Richard (ed.)The Complete Book of Rugby (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997ISBN 1-86200-013-1) p 70
  8. ^abcKenya Rugby Historical HighlightsArchived 4 February 2012 at theWayback Machine at kenyarfu.com retrieved 24 August 2009
  9. ^Thomas (2001) pp100-117
  10. ^Thomas (2001) pp127-133
  11. ^IRB Junior World Rugby TrophyArchived 1 March 2009 at theWayback Machine IRB.com
  12. ^Godwin (1981) p 24
  13. ^Starmer-Smith (1977) p 204
  14. ^Starmer-Smith (1977) p 236
  15. ^RFUEA (1975) p 37
  16. ^Wales Rugby Tour to South Africa 1964 at rugbyrelics.com retrieved 7 June 2010
  17. ^abBillot (1974); Smith (1980)
  18. ^Marc Heywood (2 June 2009)."The British & Irish Lions : Match centre". British and Irish Lions. Retrieved13 June 2010.
  19. ^abcdefgCampbell, M; Cohen, E.J. (1960).Rugby Football in East Africa 1909-1959. Rugby Football Union of East Africa.
  20. ^"彩票直通车|手机版"(PDF).[permanent dead link]
  21. ^"Previous Results - British & Irish Lions - Rugby - Official Website : Match Centre - Match Archives".lionsrugby.com. Retrieved6 June 2015.
  22. ^"Arusha School Magazine".ntz.info. Retrieved6 June 2015.
  23. ^"Cardiff RFC Season Review 1955 - 1956".cardiffrfc.com. Archived fromthe original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved6 June 2015.
  24. ^abCain, Nick & Growden, Greg "Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby" inRugby Union for Dummies (2nd Edition), p 294 (pub: John Wiley and Sons,Chichester, England)ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5
  25. ^abCotton, p 111
  26. ^Nigel Trueman."History of the Laws".rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved6 June 2015.
  27. ^"Archive; The Barbarians". Barbarian Football Club. Archived fromthe original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved13 June 2010.
  28. ^"Previous Results - British & Irish Lions - Rugby - Official Website : Match Centre - Match Archives".lionsrugby.com. Retrieved6 June 2015.
  29. ^"Mar_07".rugby-memorabilia.co.uk. Archived fromthe original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved6 June 2015.
  30. ^Programme of Fifth Tuskers tour of Zambia. Rugby Football Union of East Africa. 1975.
  31. ^Gunn, Arthur (10 July 1962). "The Team, The Comment".The Daily Nation. Nairobi.
  32. ^abProgramme of Anti-Assassins tour of Kenya. Rugby Football Union of East Africa. 1982.
  33. ^"Kenya: Revived Tuskers to go on tour in March - allAfrica.com".
  34. ^Campbell, M. and Cohen, E.J. (1960)Rugby Football in East Africa, 1909–1959. Published by the Rugby Football Union of East Africa

Sources

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