Born inAlabama, Wilson found an early interest in nature and frequented the outdoors. At age seven, he was partially blinded in a fishing accident; due to his reduced sight, Wilson resolved to studyentomology. After graduating from theUniversity of Alabama, he earned his doctorate atHarvard University, where he distinguished himself in multiple fields. In 1956, he co-authored a paper defining the theory ofcharacter displacement. In 1967, he developed the theory ofisland biogeography withRobert MacArthur.
Edward Osborne Wilson was born on June 10, 1929, inBirmingham, Alabama. He was the only child of Inez Linnette Freeman and Edward Osborne Wilson Sr.[12] According to his autobiography,Naturalist, he grew up in various towns in theSouthern United States which includedMobile,Decatur, andPensacola.[13] From an early age, he was interested innatural history. His father was an alcoholic who eventually committed suicide. His parents allowed him to bring homeblack widow spiders and keep them on the porch.[14] They divorced when he was seven years old.
In the same year that his parents divorced, Wilson blinded himself in his right eye in a fishing accident.[15] Despite the prolonged pain, he did not stop fishing. He did not complain because he was anxious to stay outdoors, and never sought medical treatment. Several months later, his right pupil clouded over with acataract. He was admitted toPensacola Hospital to have the lens removed. Wilson writes, in his autobiography, that the "surgery was a terrifying [19th] century ordeal". Wilson retained full sight in his left eye, with a vision of 20/10. The 20/10 vision prompted him to focus on "little things": "I noticed butterflies and ants more than other kids did, and took an interest in them automatically." Although he had lost hisstereoscopic vision, he could still see fine print and the hairs on the bodies of small insects. His reduced ability to observe mammals and birds led him to concentrate on insects.[16]
At the age of nine, Wilson undertook his first expeditions atRock Creek Park in Washington, D.C. He began to collect insects and he gained a passion for butterflies. He would capture them using nets made with brooms, coat hangers, and cheesecloth bags.[16] Going on these expeditions led to Wilson's fascination with ants. He describes in his autobiography how one day he pulled the bark of a rotting tree away and discoveredcitronella ants underneath.[16] The worker ants he found were "short, fat, brilliant yellow, and emitted a strong lemony odor".[16] Wilson said the event left a "vivid and lasting impression".[16] He also earned theEagle Scout award and served as Nature Director of hisBoy Scouts summer camp. At age 18, intent on becoming anentomologist, he began by collectingflies, but the shortage of insect pins during World War II caused him to switch toants, which could be stored in vials. With the encouragement of Marion R. Smith, a myrmecologist from theNational Museum of Natural History in Washington, Wilson began a survey of all the ants ofAlabama. This study led him to report the first colony offire ants in the U.S., near the port ofMobile.[17]
Wilson said he went to 15 or 16 schools during 11 years of schooling.[14] He was concerned that he might not be able to afford to go to a university, and he tried to enlist in the United States Army, intending to earn U.S. government financial support for his education. He failed the Army medical examination due to his impaired eyesight,[16] but was able to afford to enroll in theUniversity of Alabama, where he earned hisBachelor of Science in 1949 andMaster of Science in biology in 1950. The next year, Wilson transferred toHarvard University.[16]
Appointed to theHarvard Society of Fellows, he traveled on overseas expeditions, collecting ant species from Cuba and Mexico and traveling the South Pacific, including Australia, New Guinea, Fiji, and New Caledonia, as well as to Sri Lanka. In 1955, he received his Ph.D. and married Irene Kelley.[18][19]
From 1956 until 1996, Wilson was part of the faculty of Harvard. He began as an anttaxonomist and worked on understanding theirmicroevolution, specifically how they developed into newspecies by escaping environmental disadvantages and moving into new habitats. He developed a theory of the "taxon cycle".[18]
In collaboration with mathematicianWilliam H. Bossert, Wilson developed a classification ofpheromones based on insect communication patterns.[22] In the 1960s, he collaborated with mathematician and ecologistRobert MacArthur in developing the theory of species equilibrium. In the 1970s he and biologistDaniel S. Simberloff tested this theory on tiny mangrove islets in the Florida Keys. They eradicated all insect species and observed therepopulation by new species.[23] Wilson and MacArthur's bookThe Theory of Island Biogeography became a standard ecology text.[18]
In 1971, he publishedThe Insect Societies, which argued that insect behavior and the behavior of other animals are influenced by similar evolutionary pressures.[24] In 1973, Wilson was appointed the curator of entomology at the HarvardMuseum of Comparative Zoology.[25] In 1975, he published the bookSociobiology: The New Synthesis applying his theories of insect behavior to vertebrates, and in the last chapter, to humans. He speculated that evolved and inherited tendencies were responsible for hierarchical social organization among humans. In 1978 he publishedOn Human Nature, which dealt with the role of biology in the evolution of human culture and won aPulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.[18]
Wilson was named the Frank B. Baird Jr., Professor of Science in 1976 and, after he retired from Harvard in 1996, he became the Pellegrino University Professor Emeritus.[25]
In 1981 after collaborating with biologistCharles Lumsden, he publishedGenes, Mind and Culture, a theory ofgene-culture coevolution. In 1990 he publishedThe Ants, co-written with zoologistBert Hölldobler, winning his second Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.[18]
In the 1990s, he publishedThe Diversity of Life (1992); an autobiography,Naturalist (1994); andConsilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1998) about the unity of the natural and social sciences.[18] Wilson was praised for his environmental advocacy, and hissecular-humanist anddeist ideas pertaining to religious and ethical matters.[26]
Wilson was characterized by several titles during his career, including the "father of biodiversity",[27][28] "ant man",[29] and "Darwin's heir".[30][31][32] In aPBS interview,David Attenborough described Wilson as "a magic name to many of us working in the natural world, for two reasons. First, he is a towering example of a specialist, a world authority. Nobody in the world has ever known as much as Ed Wilson about ants. But, in addition to that intense knowledge and understanding, he has the widest of pictures. He sees the planet and the natural world that it contains in amazing detail but extraordinary coherence".[33]
Althoughevolutionary biologistRichard Dawkins defended Wilson during the so-called "sociobiology debate",[34] a disagreement between them arose over thetheory of evolution.[9][35] The disagreement began in 2012 when Dawkins wrote a critical review of Wilson's bookThe Social Conquest of Earth inProspect Magazine.[9] In the review, Dawkins criticized Wilson for rejecting kin selection and for supportinggroup selection, labeling it "bland" and "unfocused", and he wrote that the book's theoretical errors were "important, pervasive, and integral to its thesis in a way that renders it impossible to recommend".[36][37] Wilson responded in the same magazine and wrote that Dawkins made "little connection to the part he criticizes" and accused him of engaging inrhetoric.[35]
In 2014, Wilson said in an interview, "There is no dispute between me and Richard Dawkins and there never has been, because he's a journalist, and journalists are people that report what the scientists have found and the arguments I've had have actually been with scientists doing research".[35] Dawkins responded in a tweet: "I greatly admire EO Wilson & his huge contributions to entomology, ecology, biogeography, conservation, etc. He's just wrong on kin selection" and later added, "Anybody who thinks I'm a journalist who reports what other scientists think is invited to readThe Extended Phenotype".[35] BiologistJerry Coyne wrote that Wilson's remarks were "unfair, inaccurate, and uncharitable".[38] In 2021, in anobituary to Wilson, Dawkins stated that their dispute was "purely scientific".[39] Dawkins wrote that he stands by his critical review and doesn't regret "its outspoken tone", but noted that he also stood by his "profound admiration for Professor Wilson and his life work".[39]
Prior to Wilson's death, his personal correspondences were donated to theLibrary of Congress at the library's request.[40] Following his death, several articles were published discussing the discrepancy between Wilson's legacy as a champion of biogeography and conservation biology and his support ofscientific racist pseudoscientistJ. Philippe Rushton over several years. Rushton was a controversial psychologist at theUniversity of Western Ontario, who later headed thePioneer Fund.[40][41][42]
From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, Wilson wrote several emails to Rushton's colleagues defending Rushton's work in the face of widespread criticism for scholarly misconduct, misrepresentation of data, and confirmation bias, all of which were allegedly used by Rushton to support his personal ideas on race.[40] Wilson also sponsored an article written by Rushton inPNAS,[43] and during the review process, Wilson intentionally sought out reviewers for the article who he believed would likely already agree with its premise.[40] Wilson kept his support of Rushton's racist ideologies behind-the-scenes so as to not draw too much attention to himself or tarnish his own reputation.[44] Wilson responded to another request from Rushton to sponsor a second PNAS article with the following: "You have my support in many ways, but for me to sponsor an article on racial differences in the PNAS would be counterproductive for both of us." Wilson also remarked that the reason Rushton's ideologies were not more widely supported is because of the "... fear of being called racist, which is virtually a death sentence in American academia if taken seriously. I admit that I myself have tended to avoid the subject of Rushton's work, out of fear."[40]
In 2022, the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation issued a statement rejecting Wilson's support of Rushton and racism, on behalf of the board of directors and staff.[45]
Wilson used sociobiology and evolutionary principles to explain the behavior of social insects and then to understand the social behavior of other animals, including humans, thus establishing sociobiology as a new scientific field.[46] He argued that all animal behavior, including that of humans, is the product ofheredity, environmental stimuli, and past experiences, and thatfree will is an illusion. He referred to the biological basis of behavior as the "genetic leash".[47]: 127–128 The sociobiological view is that all animal social behavior is governed byepigenetic rules worked out by the laws ofevolution. This theory and research proved to be seminal, controversial, and influential.[48]
Wilson argued that theunit of selection is agene, the basic element ofheredity. Thetarget of selection is normally the individual who carries an ensemble of genes of certain kinds. With regard to the use ofkin selection in explaining the behavior ofeusocial insects, the "new view that I'm proposing is that it wasgroup selection all along, an idea first roughly formulated by Darwin."[49]
Sociobiological research was at the time particularly controversial with regard to its application to humans.[50] The theory established a scientific argument for rejecting the common doctrine oftabula rasa, which holds that human beings are born without anyinnatemental content and that culture functions to increase humanknowledge and aid in survival and success.[51]
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis was initially met with praise by most biologists.[7][8] After substantial criticism of the book was launched by theSociobiology Study Group, associated with the organizationScience for the People, a major controversy known as the "sociobiology debate" ensued,[7][8] and Wilson was accused ofracism,misogyny, and support foreugenics.[52] Several of Wilson's colleagues at Harvard,[53] such asRichard Lewontin andStephen Jay Gould, both members of the Group, were strongly opposed. Both focused their criticism mostly on Wilson's sociobiological writings.[54] Gould, Lewontin, and other members, wrote "Against 'Sociobiology'" in anopen letter criticizing Wilson's "deterministic view of human society and human action".[55] Other public lectures, reading groups, and press releases were organized criticizing Wilson's work. In response, Wilson produced a discussion article entitled "Academic Vigilantism and the Political Significance of Sociobiology" inBioScience.[56][57]
PhilosopherMary Midgley encounteredSociobiology in the process of writingBeast and Man (1979)[63] and significantly rewrote the book to offer a critique of Wilson's views. Midgley praised the book for the study of animal behavior, clarity, scholarship, and encyclopedic scope, but extensively critiqued Wilson for conceptual confusion,scientism, andanthropomorphism of genetics.[64]
Wilson wrote in his 1978 bookOn Human Nature, "The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have."[65] Wilson's fame prompted use of the morphed phraseepic of evolution.[26] The book won thePulitzer Prize in 1979.[66]
Wilson, along withBert Hölldobler, carried out a systematic study of ants and ant behavior,[67] culminating in the 1990 encyclopedic workThe Ants. Because much self-sacrificing behavior on the part of individual ants can be explained on the basis of their genetic interests in the survival of the sisters, with whom they share 75% of their genes (though the actual case is some species' queens mate with multiple males and therefore some workers in a colony would only be 25% related), Wilson argued for a sociobiological explanation for all social behavior on the model of the behavior of the social insects.
Wilson said in reference to ants that "Karl Marx was right,socialism works, it is just that he had the wrong species".[68] He asserted that individual ants and othereusocial species were able to reach higherDarwinian fitness putting the needs of the colony above their own needs as individuals because they lack reproductive independence: individual ants cannot reproduce without a queen, so they can only increase their fitness by working to enhance the fitness of the colony as a whole. Humans, however, do possess reproductive independence, and so individual humans enjoy their maximum level of Darwinian fitness by looking after their own survival and having their own offspring.[69]
In his 1998 bookConsilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Wilson discussed methods that have been used to unite the sciences and might be able to unite the sciences with the humanities. He argued that knowledge is a single, unified thing, not divided between science and humanistic inquiry.[70] Wilson used the term "consilience" to describe the synthesis of knowledge from different specialized fields of human endeavor. He definedhuman nature as a collection ofepigenetic rules, the genetic patterns of mental development. He argued that culture and rituals are products, not parts, of human nature. He said art is not part of human nature, but our appreciation of art is. He suggested that concepts such as art appreciation, fear of snakes, or theincesttaboo (Westermarck effect) could be studied by scientific methods of the natural sciences and be part of interdisciplinary research.[71]
Wilson coined the phrasescientific humanism as "the onlyworldview compatible with science's growing knowledge of the real world and the laws of nature".[72] Wilson argued that it is best suited to improve the human condition. In 2003, he was one of the signers of theHumanist Manifesto.[73]
On the question of God, Wilson described his position as "provisional deism"[74] and explicitly denied the label of "atheist", preferring "agnostic".[75] He explained his faith as a trajectory away from traditional beliefs: "I drifted away from the church, not definitively agnostic or atheistic, justBaptist & Christian no more."[47] Wilson argued that belief in God and the rituals of religion are products ofevolution.[76] He argued that they should not be rejected or dismissed, but further investigated by science to better understand their significance to human nature. In his bookThe Creation, Wilson wrote that scientists ought to "offer the hand of friendship" to religious leaders and build an alliance with them, stating that "Science and religion are two of the most potent forces on Earth and they should come together to save the creation."[77]
Wilson made an appeal to the religious community on the lecture circuit at Midland College, Texas, for example, and that "the appeal received a 'massive reply'", that a covenant had been written and that a "partnership will work to a substantial degree as time goes on".[78]
In aNew Scientist interview published on January 21, 2015, however, Wilson said that religious faith is "dragging us down", and:
I would say that for the sake of human progress, the best thing we could possibly do would be to diminish, to the point of eliminating, religious faiths. But certainly not eliminating the natural yearnings of our species or the asking of these great questions.[79]
Wilson said that, if he could start his life over he would work inmicrobial ecology, when discussing the reinvigoration of his original fields of study since the 1960s.[80] He studied themass extinctions of the 20th century and their relationship to modern society, and identifying mass extinction as the greatest threat toEarth's future.[81] In 1998 argued for an ecological approach at the Capitol:
Now when you cut a forest, anancient forest in particular, you are not just removing a lot of big trees and a few birds fluttering around in thecanopy. You are drastically imperiling a vast array ofspecies within a few square miles of you. The number of these species may go to tens of thousands. ... Many of them are still unknown to science, and science has not yet discovered the key role undoubtedly played in the maintenance of thatecosystem, as in the case offungi,microorganisms, and many of the insects.[82]
From the late 1970s Wilson was actively involved in the global conservation of biodiversity, contributing and promoting research. In 1984 he publishedBiophilia, a work that explored the evolutionary and psychological basis of humanity's attraction to the natural environment. This work introduced the wordbiophilia which influenced the shaping of modern conservation ethics. In 1988 Wilson edited theBioDiversity volume, based on the proceedings of the first US national conference on the subject, which also introduced the termbiodiversity into the language. This work was very influential in creating the modern field of biodiversity studies.[83] In 2011, Wilson led scientific expeditions to theGorongosa National Park inMozambique and thearchipelagos ofVanuatu andNew Caledonia in the southwest Pacific. Wilson was part of the internationalconservation movement, as a consultant to Columbia University'sEarth Institute, as a director of theAmerican Museum of Natural History,Conservation International,The Nature Conservancy and theWorld Wildlife Fund.[18]
Understanding the scale of the extinction crisis led him to advocate for forest protection,[82] including the "Act to Save America's Forests", first introduced in 1998 and reintroduced in 2008, but never passed.[84] TheForests Now Declaration called for new markets-based mechanisms to protect tropical forests.[85] Wilson once said destroying a rainforest for economic gain was like burning a Renaissance painting to cook a meal.[86] In 2014, Wilson called for setting aside 50% of Earth's surface for other species to thrive in as the only possible strategy to solve the extinction crisis. The idea became the basis for his bookHalf-Earth (2016) and for the Half-Earth Project of the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation.[87][88] Wilson's influence regarding ecology through popular science was discussed byAlan G. Gross inThe Scientific Sublime (2018).[89]
Wilson was instrumental in launching theEncyclopedia of Life (EOL)[90] initiative with the goal of creating a global database to include information on the 1.9 millionspecies recognized by science. Currently, it includes information on practically all known species. This open and searchable digital repository for organism traits, measurements, interactions and other data has more than 300 international partners and countless scientists providing global users' access to knowledge of life on Earth. For his part, Wilson discovered and described more than 400 species of ants.[91][92]
In 1996, Wilson officially retired fromHarvard University, where he continued to hold the positions ofProfessor Emeritus and Honorary Curator in Entomology.[93] He fully retired from Harvard in 2002 at age 73. After stepping down, he published more than a dozen books, including a digital biology textbook for theiPad.[12][94]
Wilson and his wife, Irene, resided inLexington, Massachusetts.[18] He had a daughter, Catherine.[86] He was predeceased by his wife (on August 7, 2021) and died in nearbyBurlington on December 26, 2021, at the age of 92.[12][94]
His booksThe Insect Societies andSociobiology: The New Synthesis were honored with the Science Citation Classic award by theInstitute for Scientific Information.[104]
TED Prize 2007[115] given yearly to "honor a maximum of three individuals who have shown that they can, in some way, positively impact life on this planet."
Brown, W. L.; Wilson, E. O. (1956). "Character displacement".Systematic Zoology.5 (2):49–64.doi:10.2307/2411924.JSTOR2411924., coauthored with William Brown Jr.; paper honored in 1986 as a Science Citation Classic, i.e., as one of the most frequently cited scientific papers of all time.[132]
The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies, 2009, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.ISBN978-0-393-06704-0, with Bert Hölldobler
Kingdom of Ants: Jose Celestino Mutis and the Dawn of Natural History in the New World, 2010, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, with José María Gómez DuránISBN0-8018-9785-8
The Leafcutter Ants: Civilization by Instinct, 2011, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.ISBN978-0-393-33868-3, with Bert Hölldobler
^While primary and eyewitness accounts agree that the phrase "Racist Wilson you can't hide, we charge you with genocide!" was chanted, and that water was poured on Wilson's head, they disagree on whether a cup[58][59] or a pitcher/jug[60][61] was used.
For information about Rushton's racism and promotion of pseudoscience, seeGraves, J. L. (2002). "What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory".Anthropological Theory.2 (2):131–154.doi:10.1177/1469962002002002627.ISSN1463-4996.S2CID144377864.
Anderson, Judith L. (1991). "Rushton's racial comparisons: An ecological critique of theory and method".Canadian Psychology.32 (1):51–62.doi:10.1037/h0078956.ISSN1878-7304.S2CID54854642.
^Buhs, Joshua Blu (2004).The Fire Ant Wars: Nature, Science, and Public Policy in Twentieth-Century America. University of Chicago Press. pp. 32–34.ISBN978-0-226-07981-3.
^Wilson, Edward O. (November 1, 2005)."Intelligent Evolution".Harvard Magazine. RetrievedFebruary 4, 2020.
^"Notable Signers".Humanism and Its Aspirations. American Humanist Association. Archived fromthe original on October 5, 2012. RetrievedOctober 6, 2012.
^Scientist says there is hope to save planet"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on January 29, 2013. RetrievedSeptember 21, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) mywesttexas.com, September 18, 2009
^Edward O. Wilson (2008).Lord of the Ants.Nova (television).WGBH. Archived fromthe original(documentary film) on October 15, 2013. RetrievedMarch 1, 2009.
^"The Four Awards Bestowed by The Academy of Natural Sciences and Their Recipients".Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.156 (1). The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:403–404. June 2007.doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[403:TFABBT]2.0.CO;2.S2CID198160356.
^abcSullivan, Patricia (December 27, 2021). "Edward O. Wilson, Harvard naturalist often cited as heir to Darwin, dies at 92".The Washington Post.
^"Carl Sagan Award". Council of Scientific Society Presidents. Archived fromthe original on November 12, 2014. RetrievedDecember 28, 2021.
^History of International Congresses of Entomology. In press. Editors James Ridsdill-Smith, Phyllis Weinbaum, Max Whitten and May Berenbaum. Publisher Entomological Society of America
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