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Dvaravati

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
7th to 11th-century Mon kingdom
This article is about a historical Mon kingdom. For the Dvaravati in the Hindu epic Mahabharata, seeDvārakā.
Dvaravati
6th–11th century
Dvaravati Kingdom/culture and contemporary Asian polities, 800 CE
Spread of Dvaravati culture and Mon Dvaravati sites
Mon wheel of the law (Dharmacakra), art of Dvaravati period, c. 8th century CE
Buddha, art of Dvaravati period, c. 8th-9th century CE
Bronze double denarius of the Gallic Roman emperorVictorinus (269-271 AD) found at U Thong, Thailand
Khao Khlang Nai was a Buddhist sanctuary. The central stupa, rectangular in shape and oriented toward the east, is characteristic of dvaravati architectural style, dated back around 6th-7th century CE.
Khao Khlang Nok, was an ancient Dvaravati-style stupa in Si Thep, dated back around 8th-9th century CE, at present, it is large laterite base.
Capital
Common languagesOld Mon
Religion
Historical eraPost-classical era
• Established
6th century
• Disestablished
11th century
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Mon city-states
Qiān
Tanling
Tun Sun
Tou Yuan
Kamalanka
Chin Lin
Duō Miè
Xiān
Suvarnapura
Hariphunchai
Lopburi
Suphanburi
Chaliang
Proposed locations of ancient polities in theMenam andMekong Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chineseleishu,Cefu Yuangui, and others.
Six ancient kingdoms inMainland Southeast Asia in the late 7th century mentioned byXuanzang.
Thailand (now),Ku Bua, (Dvaravati Mon culture), 650-700 C.E.. Three musicians in right are playing (from center) a 5-stringed lute, cymbals, atube zither orbar zither with a gourd resonator.

Dvaravati[a] was a group of medievalMon political principalities from the 6th century to the 11th century, located in the region now known ascentral Thailand,[5][6]: 234  and was speculated to be a succeeding state ofLang-chia or Lang-ya-hsiu (หลังยะสิ่ว).[7]: 268–270, 281  It was described by Chinese pilgrims in the middle of the 7th century as a Buddhist kingdom namedTo-lo-po-ti situated to the west ofIsanapura (Cambodia), east ofSri Ksetra (Burma),[8]: 76 [9]: 37  and adjoinedPan Pan to the South.[7]: 267, 269  Its northern border metJiā Luó Shě Fú (迦逻舍佛), which is identified withCanasapura in modernnortheast Thailand.[10] Dvaravati sent the first embassy to the Chinese court around 605–616,[7]: 264  and then in 756.[11]

Dvaravati also refers to a culture, an art style, and a disparate conglomeration ofprincipalities ofMon people.[3] The Mon migrants as maritime traders might have brought the Dvaravati Civilization to theMenam Valley around 500 BCE,[12]: 32  which continued to the presence of a "Proto-Dvaravati" period that spans the 4th to 5th centuries, with the existence of the principalities ofChin Lin to the western plain andTou Yuan to the east, and perhaps earlier.[3]

The center of the early Davaravati was speculated to beAyojjhapura (present-daySi Thep)[2] orNakhon Pathom[13]: 10–1  or Avadhyapura (Si Mahosot [th]).[14] Still, the power was shifted toLavo'sLavapura after the annexation ofTou Yuan in 647; some scholars say this transition happened around the 10th and 11th centuries following the fall of Si Thep.[2] However, some argue thatLavapura was potentially a separate kingdom known as theLavo Kingdom, as mentioned in several historical records, but came under the sphere of Dvaravati influence.[13]: 10–1, 43 

The rise of theAngkor in the lowerMekong basin around the 11th–13th centuries,[15] the conquest ofMenam Valley and the upperMalay peninsula byTambralinga's king Sujita who also seizedLavo in the mid-10th century,[7]: 283 [16]: 16  the 9-year civil wars in theAngkor in the early 11th century, which led to the devastation ofLavo,[17] as well as thePagan invasion of Menam Valley around the mid-10th century.[16]: 41 [18]: 4  All of these potentially are the causes of the fall of the Dvaravati civilization.[7]: 283 [16]: 41 Jean Boisselier suggests that after losing influence over the eastern valleys atLavo to theAngkor in the 10th–11th centuries, Dvaravati kingdoms in the western plain continued until the early 12th century and then probably fell under or influenced[b] by Angkor for a short period during the reign ofJayavarman VII (r.1181–1218).[13]: 262–3  After that, the region entered theXiān era with the emergence ofSuphannabhum,Phrip Phri, andAyodhya, who later regained influence over Lavo in the 14th century.

History

[edit]

The culture of Dvaravati was based around moated cities, the earliest of which appears to beU Thong in what is nowSuphan Buri Province. Other key sites includeNakhon Pathom,Phong Tuk,Si Thep,Khu Bua andSi Mahosot, amongst others.[3] The term Dvaravati derives from coins which were inscribed inSanskritśrī dvāravatī. The Sanskrit worddvāravatī literally means "that which has gates".[19]: 301  According to the inscription N.Th. 21 found in 2019 in Wat Phra Ngam in Nakhon Pathom, dated the 6th century, three regional cities were mentioned, including Śrīyānaṁdimiriṅga or Śrīyānaṁdimiriṅgapratipura, then Hastināpurī and Dvāravatī, which madeNakhon Pathom where the fractions was discovered probably the center of Dvāravatī.[20]: 281 

The traditional chronology of Dvaravati is mainly based on the Chinese textual account and stylistic comparison by art historians. However, the results from excavations inChan Sen and Tha Muang mound at U-Thong raise questions about the traditional dating. Newly dated typical Dvaravati cultural items from the site ofU-Thong indicate that the starting point of the tradition of Dvaravati culture possibly dates as far back as 200 CE.[21][3] Archaeological, art historical, and epigraphic (inscriptions) evidence all indicate, however, that the main period of Dvaravati spanned the seventh to ninth centuries.[3] Dvaravati culture and influence also spread intoIsan and parts of lowlandLaos from the sixth century onward. Key sites includeMueang Fa Daet inKalasin Province,Sema [th] inNakhon Ratchasima Province, and many others.[22][23]

In the book ofI Ching orYijing, dating to the late 7th century, and the 629–645 journey of a Chinese monk,Xuanzang, placed Dvaravati to the east ofKamalanka orLang-ya-hsiu and west ofIsanapura, if Kamalanka was centered at the ancientNakhon Pathom as several scholars cited, thus, Dvaravati must be moved to the eastern side of the central plain.[24]: 181–3  This conforms with the location provided in the largest Chineseleishu,Cefu Yuangui, compiled in 1005, says that Dvaravati was to the west ofChenla and the east of theGe Luo She Fen Kingdom (哥罗舍分国), which was proposed to be centered at the ancientNakhon Pathom, same asKamalanka, by Thai historian Piriya Krairiksh, who also identified this kingdom as theGē Luó Kingdom (哥罗国) in theNew Book of Tang,[25]: 59  that also says Dvaravati met the sea (Bay of Bangkok) to the west, adjoinChenla to the east, and encounterCanasapura to the north.[26] However, according to archaeological evidence found in the western Menam Valley, several scholars suggest Nakhon Pathom was potentially the center of the Dvaravati Kingdoms.[13]: 43 

Chinese historian, Chen Jiarong (陳佳榮), claims that theZhū Jiāng Kingdom in theCefu Yuangui andBook of Sui was Dvaravati principality,[27] but some scholar placed Zhū Jiāng in theMun Basin in thePhayakkhaphum Phisai–Nadun–Kaset Wisai cluster to the north ofChenla with the supra-regional center atChampasri.[28]: 45 Zhū Jiāng andCān Bàn Kingdom established relations withZhenla viaroyal intermarriage after the annexation ofFunan in 627.[29] Subsequently, they wage wars againstTou Yuan to the northwest. Tou Yuan was theLavo's predecessor that became Dvaravati vassal in 647.[30]: 15–16 [31] Several kingdoms were involved in the conflicts between Dvaravati and Chenla, including the three brother states ofQiān Zhī Fú,Xiū Luó Fēn, andGān Bì, who collectively fielded over 50,000 elite soldiers, by aligning with the faction that offered the greatest advantage.[14]: 54–5  Certain battles may have been associated with the wars between Lavo and its northern sisterMonic kingdom,Haripuñjaya, occurring in the early 10th century,[14]: 36–7  which also weakened DvaravatiKamalanka.[16]: 105 

A mixedSanskrit–Khmer inscription dated 937 documents a line of princes ofCanasapura, one of the Dvaravati polities, started by aBhagadatta and ended by a Sundaravarman and his sons Narapatisimhavarman and Mangalavarman.[8]: 122  Further east, the ChineseTang Huiyao mentions the kingdom ofKeoi Lau Mì of theKuy people[32] was also influenced by Dvaravati.[33] In the early 10th century, several Dvaravati polities in theMenam Valley, which were weakened by decade-long wars between twoMon kingdoms,Hariphunchai and Lavo, fell to the invasion byTambralinga, then by theChola andPagan in the late 10th century. Later, Dvaravati polities began to come under constant attacks and aggression of theKhmer Empire, and centralSoutheast Asia was ultimately invaded by KingSuryavarman II in the first half of the 12th century.[34]Hariphunchai survived its southern progenitors until the late 13th century, when it was incorporated intoLan Na.[35]

During the decline period of Dvaravati, its succeeded polity,[36] mentioned asXiān (暹) by several Chinese and Đại Việt sources, was formed in the lowerMenam Basin around the 11th century.[37]: 46  This new polity evolved into theAyutthaya Kingdom in 1351.[1] Its capital's full name also referred to Dvaravati as the former capital;Krung Thep Dvaravati Si Ayutthaya (กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา).[38][39][40][41] All former Dvaravati principalities, includingLavo,Suphannabhum, and the northern cities of theSukhothai Kingdom, were later incorporated into theAyutthaya Kingdom in 1388, 1424, and 1438, respectively.[42]: 274 

According to the Burmese Inscription ofHsinbyushin ofAva A.D. 1768 (Serial No. 1128),[43] which was found on a bronze gun atShwezigon Pagoda, and acquired by the Burmese in 1767, the Burmese continued to refer to Ayutthaya as Dvaravati[44] by describing the "conquest of Dvāravati (Siam)"[43] even after its fall to a Burmese invasion during thePagan Kingdom. Several genetic studies published in the 2020s also founded the relations between theMon people andSiamese people (Central Thai people) who were the descendants of the Ayutthaya.[45][46] The LaotianPhra That Phanom Chronicle [th] also refers to Ayodhya before the traditional formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom as Dvaravati and Sri Ayodhiya Dvaravati Nakhon (ศรีอโยธิยาทวารวดีนคร).[47]

Government

[edit]

Little is known about the administration of Dvaravati. It might simply have been a loose gathering ofchiefdoms rather than a centralised state, expanding from the coastal area of the upper peninsula to the riverine region ofChao Phraya River.Hinduism andBuddhism were significant. There are 107 Dvaravati cities in Thailand, most of which are in the central plain.[48]: 66  The three largest settlements appear to have been atNakhon Pathom,Suphanburi, andPhraek Si Racha, with additional centers atU Thong,Chansen,Khu Bua, Pong Tuk, Mueang Phra Rot,Lopburi,Si Mahosot [th],Kamphaeng Saen,Dong Lakhon, U-Taphao, Ban Khu Mueang, andSi Thep.[19]: 303–312 

According to the Chinese records during theTang dynasty, Dvaravati is divided into three regions; possiblyKamalanka atNakhon Pathom which has been identified as the center ofDvaravati culture, formerChin Lin atMueang Uthong, and the last one atSi Mahosot [th] of Avadhyapura. Many government officials, such as military generals and civil servants, administer the national affairs.[49]: 55  Dvaravati has two vassal kingdoms, includingTou Yuan (陀垣) theLavo predecessor, and an island kingdomTanling (曇陵),[30]: 15–16 [31]: 27  whose exact location remains unknown; it was potentially located on some island or small peninsula in the swamp area of the early historicBay of Bangkok.[30]: 15–16 

A study on Dvaravati settlement patterns before the 14th century in the upperChi-Mun basins suggests that Dvaravati might have been made up of several kingdoms linked by trade networks and centered at supra-regional level settlements, such asDong Mueang Aem,Phimai,Mueang Fa Daet Song Yang,Mueang Sema [th],Non Mueang, andSi Thep;[50]: 151–152  similar to in theMenam Valley.[51] A 2015 study of the pre-600 CE circular moated settlements in theMun Valleys found that the sites were concentrated into five groups; the westernmost and smallest group with a total of four settlements is theMueang Sema [th] circle. To the east is thePhimai cluster which has a larger number of settlements than the other groups. Next is the group ofPhayakkhaphum Phisai–Nadun–Kaset Wisai on the northern Mun watershed with the well known site atChampasri, which has been identified as theZhū Jiāng Kingdom or laterZhān Bó. To the south is theBuriram–Surin group, which has almost the same size in terms of number of settlements and predicted mean size as the third group. The last cluster is the easternmost on the adjoined watershed of the Mun–Chi Rivers, with the most concentrated area inSuwannaphum,Phon Sai, andNong Hi ofRoi Et province.[52]: 8–9 

The following shows the polities under Dvaravati culture in theMenam and theChi-Mun Valleys during the first millennium.

Dvaravati Kingdoms and others in the lowerMenam and upperMun–Chi Valleys during first millennium[50]: 151–2 [51]: 4, 9 [52]
Seat/ClusterLevelSettlemIdentified as
Menam Basin
Nakhon PathomSupra-regional center8Kamalanka (Sambuka; 6th-c. Dvaravati)
Si ThepSupra-regional centerQiān Zhī Fú[14]
SuphanburiRegional center9She Ba Ruo (舍跋若)[14]: 30  aka. Santanaha?
UthongDistrict centerChin Lin (Proto-Dvaravati)
Phraek Si RachaRegional center12[c]/30[d]Duō Miè[e] (Proto-Dvaravati)/Xiū Luó Fēn?
LopburiDistrict center14Tou Yuan (Proto-Dvaravati)[14]: 54 /Lavo
Si Mahosot [th]District center7Avadhyapura (6th-c. Dvaravati[14])
Khao Laem,Uthai ThaniSub-district center6Bō Cì? (Proto-Dvaravati)
Tha Tako,Nakhon SawanSub-district center8Part ofQiān Zhī Fú?[14]: 34 
Utapao,SaraburiSub-district center4Part ofLavo
ChaliangSub-district center4Mueang Chaliang
YommaradSub-district center3Part ofQiān Zhī Fú?[14]: 34 
Tri Trueng [th]/Khlong MueangSub-district center3Kosambi[f]/Gān Bì?
Lom Sak–Lom KaoCān Bàn
Mun–Chi Basins
Dong Mueang AemSupra-regional centerUnknown
PhimaiSupra-regional center103Mahidharapura (Vimayapura)
PhonPó Àn (婆岸)[14]: 30 
Dvaravati kingdoms in theMenam Valley.Mueang Sema [de]Regional center4Canasapura (8th-c. Dvaravati)
ChampasriRegional center69Zhū Jiāng?,[28]: 45  orZhān Bó/[14]: 45 
Yamanadvipa, Vassal of Wen Dan[53]
or Bhavapura[28]: 56 
Phayakkhaphum Phisai–
Nadun–Kaset Wisai
Fa Daet Song YangDistrict centerWen Dan[53] or
Bhavapura[28]: 59 
KantharawichaiDistrict center
Non MueangSub-district center10Part of Bhavapura?[28]: 123  orWen Dan?
Buriram–Surin57Part of Vimayapura?/Mahidharapura?
Suwannaphum–Nong Hi39Part of Bhavapura?[28]: 56 
Dvaravati polities in the upperChi River BasinSongkhram–Mekhong Basins
Nakhon Phanom/ThakhekChangzhou [zh] of theTang,[14]: 45 
Na Lao[14]: 45 /LaterGotapura [th]
Sakon NakhonChangzhou [zh] of theTang,[14]: 45 
LaterMahidharapura?
Phu Phrabat [th]/VientianeDàomíng,Dōu Hē Lú (都訶盧)?[14]: 45 
Savannakhet–MukdahanGān Bì? (甘毕)[14]: 46 
Dvaravati-influenced kingdoms with uncertain identification
Clusters of 7th-c. moated sites in Mun Valley
Legend: 
Capital 
500+ha 
300+ ha 
101–299 ha 
47–100 ha 
1–46 ha 

Rulers

[edit]

The excavation in several sites found silver coins dated the 7th century that mentioned the king and queen of the kingdom written inSanskrit withPallava script:śrīdvaravatīsvarapunya (King Sridvaravati, who has great merit) andśrīdvaravatīsvaradevīpuṇya (the goddess of the meritorious King Dvaravati).[54] In addition, the copper plate dating from the 6th–mid 7th centuries found atU Thong also mentions King Harshavarman (หรรษวรมัน), who was assumed byJean Boisselier to be one of the kings of Dvaravati, whileGeorge Cœdès considered the plate was brought from theKhmer Empire, and the name mentioned might be the Khmer king as well.[55] However, the periods seem unrelated since KingHarshavarman I of Khmer reigned from 910–923, 200 years later than the age of the inscription,[56][57] and Harshavarman I's grandfather wasIndravarman I,[58][59][60] not Isanavarman as the inscription mentioned.[55]

Moreover, the inscription found in Ban Wang Pai,Phetchabun province (K. 978), dated 550 CE, also mentions the enthronement of the Dvaravati ruler, who was also a son of Prathivindravarman, father ofBhavavarman I ofChenla, which shows the royal lineage relation between Dvaravati and Chenla. However, the name of such a king was missing.[61] The other king was mentioned in the Nern Phra Ngam inscription, found inNakhon Pathom province, dated mid 5th – mid 6th centuries CE but the name was missing as well.[62]

However, some research suggests Bhavavarman mentioned in the Ban Wang Pai inscription of Si Thep may not beBhavavarman I ofChenla due to different inscription styles.[63]: 17–19 

The following chart shows the dynastic relation between Dvaravati polities and other kingdoms in theChao Phraya–Mekong Valleys

Royal relation between Dvaravati polities and other kingdoms in the Chao Phraya–Mekong Valleys
Tona Brahmin[64]: 4 ChakravantinSārvabhauma
Kakabhadra[65]: 3 PrathivindravarmanDeviVīravarman
Siddhijaya BrahmadevaUnknown or
Bhavavarman[g]		Unknown or
Bhavavarman II		Bhavavarman IMahendravarman
KalavarnadisharajaCakranarayanaAnuruddhaContinue to the Sreshthapura dynasty ofChenla
BalidhirajaUnknown
Princess ofChiang Saen		ShridravyaUnknown
Princess
BalipatijayaSai Thong SomCamadevi[66]Ramaraja[66]
Several generationsContinue to the Camadevi dynasty ofHaripuñjayaRajadhiraj
UchitajakraphadContinue to the Lavo dynasty ofLavo KingdomManohanaraj
Continue to the Lavo dynasty ofHaripuñjayaUnknownDynasty ended in 757
  Ruler ofQiān Zhī Fú – Ramburi
  Ruler ofKamalanka
  Ruler ofKamalanka–Lavo
  Ruler ofLavo
  Ruler ofChenla (Shrestapura)
  Ruler ofHaripuñjaya
  Ruler ofLavo–Haripuñjaya
  Ruler ofSukhothai

Chin Lin

[edit]
Main article:Chin Lin § Rulers
RulerReignNote
Rulers before Isanavarman remain unknown.
Isanavarman[55]5th–6th c.
Unknown[55]5th–6th c.Son of the previous
Harshavarman[55]mid-6th c.Son of the previous.
Due to the rise of theSri Vijaya maritime trade route,Nakhon Pathom ofKamalanka became more prosperous,[13]: 39–40  and the political center of the region was then shifted to this new polity in the 6th–7th century,[67][68]: 55  which marked as the beginning of the Dvaravati civilization.
Maratha?[69]: 12 [70]: 97 late 9th c.

Kamalanka

[edit]
Main article:Kamalanka § List of rulers
NameReignNote
EnglishThai
Tona Brahmin[64]: 4 โทณพราหมณ์?–569
Kakabhadra/Sakata/Sakkorndam[25]: 12 กากะพัตร/สกตา/สักกรดำ569–641
Siddhijaya Brahmadevaสิทธิไชยพรหมเทพ590–616?
Pu xie qi yao[13]: 130  (Siddhijaya?)As king ofTuo-he-luo (Dvaravati)
Kalavarnadisharajaกาฬวรรณดิศ/ กาวัณดิศราช641–648Later King ofLavo (r. 648–700)
Anuruddha[64]: 4 อนุรุธ648–?
  • As king of Arimadhanaburi (อริมัทนบุรี)
  • Dvaravati sent tribute to China in 649.[13]: 132 
Cakranarayanaจักรนารายณ์?–687Younger brother of the previous? Based on a local fable.
Shridravya[71]ศรีทรัพย์
Qi-zhang-mo[13]: 132 As king ofTuo-he-luo[13]: 132 
Sai Thong Som[64]: 4 ใสทองสม687–?Grandson ofKalavarnadisharaja. Younger son of Balidhiraja (พาลีธิราช), the king ofSukhothai
Pú jiā yuè mólate 8th-c.–early 9th-c.As king ofGē Luó Shě Fēn
Sikaraj[25]: 15 สิการาชearly 9th-c.–807Based on legends.
Phraya Kong[25]: 15 พระยากง807–867Son of the previous. Based on legends.
Phraya Pan[25]: 15 พระยาพาน867–913[72]: 67 Later King ofHaripuñjaya (r. 899, 913–916)
King ofRatchaburi (unknown regnal title)[65]: 60–1 913–927?Usurper. Adoptive father of the previous.
Dissolution of Kamalanka, several pettyXiān kingdoms then formed in the western valley, includingPhrip Phri,Suphannabhum, andChen Li Fu.

Qiān Zhī Fú

[edit]
Further information:Si Thep Historical Park,Ayojjhapura, andQiān Zhī Fú
NameReignTitleNoteSource(s)
RomanizedThai
ChakravantinจักรวรรตินUnknownKing ofSi Thep (Ayojjhapura)Father of PrathivindravarmanWang Pai Inscription (K.978)[61]
Prathivindravarmanปฤถิวีนทรวรมัน?–550Father ofBhavavarman I ofChenla?
Unknown or Bhavavarman[g]Early 6th-c.–550Son of Prathivindravarman
Unknown[c]550–?
Ramarajรามราชc. 662King of Ramburi (Ayojjhapura?/Mawlamyine?/Lavo?)Spouse ofHaripuñjaya's queenCamadeviJinakalamali[66]
Rajadhirajราชาธิราชmid to late 7th-c.King ofAyojjhapuraJinakalamali[2][73]: 125–6 
Manohanarajมโนหารราชlate 7th-c.Son of the previous
Unknownlate 7th-c. to 8th c.Jinakalamali[73]: 127 
Pra Poat honne Sourittep pennaratui sonanne bopitra[h]?c. 756/57?King ofTchai pappe Mahanacon (new dynasty)Buddhism replacedVaishnavismDu Royaume de Siam
Pú jiā yuè móearly 9th-c.?King ofGē Luó Shě FēnPotentially a dual monarchy ofKamalanka and Qiān Zhī FúCefu Yuangui,New Book of Tang
Adītarajอาทิตยราชearly–9th-c.–859King ofAyojjhapuraAdversary ofYasodharapuraRatanabimbavamsa [th][74]: 51 
Bhagadattaภคทัตต์859–early 10th-c.Kings ofCanasapuranew dynastyŚri Canāśa Inscription K.949[75]
SriSundaraprakramaศรีสุนทรปรากรมearly 10th-c.Son of the previous
SriSundararavarmanศรีสุนทรวรมัน?–937Son of the previous
Narapatisimhavarmanศรีนรปติสิงหวรมัน937–970At Si Thep seat. Son of the previous
Mangalavarmanมงคลวรมัน10th centuryAt Muang Sema seat. Younger brother of the previous.
Angkor seizedRāmaññadesa (Ayojjhapura) in 946.[2]
Vap Upendraวาป อุเปนทร949-960sGovernor ofRāmaññadesaRelative ofRajendravarman II ofAnkorRajendravarman II Inscription[62]: 3546 
Ipoia Sanne Thora Thesma Teperat[h]?c. 970s?King ofTchai pappe MahanaconDu Royaume de Siam
The seat was relocated to Yassouttora Nacoora Louang/Tasoo Nacora Louang (Lavo) byIpoia Sanne Thora Thesma Teperat. In this period, a new settlement known asMueang Wat Derm (เมืองวัดเดิม) was founded southwestward in the lower plain in 944.[65]: 30 [i] In the 1080s, the city was set as Lavo's new capital and renamedAyodhya, which continued until the formation of theAyutthaya Kingdom in 1351.[2]

Lavo

[edit]
For full list of Lavo rulers from the Dvaravati period to the Ayodhya period, seeLavo Kingdom § List of rulers.
NameReignNotes
EnglishThai
Chá-shīlì Pó-mò-pó-nà察失利 婆末婆那c. 644As king ofTou Yuan
TheTou Yuan Kingdom was annexed by Dvaravati'sKamalanka in 647 and was refounded as the Lavo Kingdom in 648.
Kalavarnadisharajaกาฬวรรดิษฐ์648–700Founder. Son ofTakkasila's king, Kakapat.
Balipatijaya[64]: 4–5 [j]ภาลีบดีชัย700–?Grandson of the previous. Son of Balidhiraja (พาลีธิราช), king ofSukhothai
Unknown8th century–861Golden period ofQiān orGē Luó Shě Fēn atSi Thep to the north, who conquered the lower valley from the 8th to 9th centuries.
Vasudeva[76]: 39 วาสุเทพ861–?Tai Yuan monarch from the north.
Uchitthaka Chakkawatอุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ?–927Later became King ofHaripuñjaya
Tambralinga seized Lavo in 927.
Sujita[77]สุชิตราช927–930Also King ofTambralinga. As atributary state ofTambralinga.
Kampoch[77]กัมโพช930–946?Son of the previous. As atributary state ofTambralinga.[78][79]
Vacant?946–948
Vap Upendra?วาป อุเปนทร949–960s?As the governor ofRāmaññadesa, appointed byRajendravarman II.[62]: 3546 
Narapativiravarman?960s?–980s?As the governor.
Ipoia Sanne Thora Thesma Teperat980sAs king of Yassouttora Nacoora Louang/Tasoo Nacora Louang (fromQiān Zhī Fú)
Angkor seized Lavo in 1001 or 1005.
Lakshmipativarman[80]ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน1006–?As the governor, appointed bySuryavarman I[80]
Laparaja[81]: 208–10 ลพราชPeriod of constant wars againstHaripuñjaya.
Unknown[81]: 211 ?–1052?Son of the previous.
Chandrachotaจันทรโชติ1052–1069Prince ofSuphannabhum who fled toHaripuñjaya after Suphannabhum was seized byTambralinga in the 920s.

Art

[edit]
Main article:Dvaravati art

Dvaravati itself was heavily influenced byIndian culture, and played an important role in introducingBuddhism and particularlyBuddhist art to the region.Stuccomotifs on the religious monuments includegarudas,makaras, andNāgas. Additionally, groups of musicians have been portrayed with their instruments, prisoners, females with their attendants, soldiers indicative of social life.Votive tablets have also been found, alsomoulds for tinamulets, pottery,terracotta trays, and abronze chandelier,earrings, bells andcymbals.[19]: 306–308 

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
  2. ^Several cities in the western valleys are listed in the religious-related Preah Khan Inscription but no political or military action made by the Angkorian kings was mentioned. In contrast, several Siamese chronicles mention numbers of dynastic movements in the region during this period, such as refoundingPhrip Phri byPprappanom Tteleiseri from Soucouttae/Locontàï in 1188, claimingSuphannabhum byUthong I in 1163, annexation ofChen Li Fu andPhraek Si Racha byPhrip Phri in 1224, and the enthronement as Ayodhya king ofUthong II, prince of Phrip Phri, in 1205.
  3. ^abAccording to Karen M. Mudar (1999)
  4. ^According toCefu Yuangui
  5. ^IfTou Yuan was the predecessor of theLavo Kingdom, as proposed by Tatsuo Hoshino,[14]: 54 Duō Miè — which bordered west of Tou Yuan — should be in the area ofPhraek Si Racha.
  6. ^Established as a polity underKalavarnadisharaja of Lavo
  7. ^abIf Bhavavarman mentioned in the inscription is notBhavavarman I andBhavavarman II of Chenla.[63]: 17–19 
  8. ^abIfTchai pappe Mahanacon is equated with Si Thep
  9. ^Calculated from the text given in the chronicle: "สิ้น 97 ปีสวรรคต ศักราชได้ 336 ปี พระยาโคดมได้ครองราชสมบัติอยู่ ณ วัดเดิม 30 ปี"[65]: 30  which is transcribed as "...at the age of 97, he passed away in the year 336 of theChula Sakarat. Phraya Kodom reigned in the Mueang Wat Derm for 30 years...".
  10. ^The sources say Balidhiraja overthrew the former ruler atNakhon Chai Si and assigned his younger son,Sai Thong Som, as the new ruler and then enthroned his elder son,Balipatijaya, as the new king ofNakhon Luang. See the interpretation onNakhon Luang atPra Poa Noome Thele Seri.

References

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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toDvaravati.
  • Robert L. Brown,The Dvaravati Wheels of the Law and the Indianization of South East Asia. Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology, Vol. 18,Fontein, Jan, ed. Leiden and New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.
  • Elizabeth Lyons, "Dvaravati, a Consideration of its Formative Period", R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.),Early South East Asia: Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography, Oxford University Press, New York, 1979, pp. 352–359.
  • Dhida Saraya,(Sri) Dvaravati: the Initial Phase of Siam's History, Bangkok, Muang Boran, 1999,ISBN 974-7381-34-6
  • Swearer, Donald K. and Sommai Premchit.The Legend of Queen Cama: Bodhiramsi'sCamadevivamsa, a Translation and Commentary. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.ISBN 0-7914-3776-0
  • สุรพล ดำริห์กุล,ประวัติศาสตร์และศิลปะหริภุญไชย, กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์เมืองโบราณ, 2004,ISBN 974-7383-61-6.
  • Pierre Dupont,The Archaeology of the Mons of Dvāravatī, translated from the French with updates and additional appendices, figures and plans by Joyanto K.Sen, Bangkok, White Lotus Press, 2006.
  • Jean Boisselier, "Ū-Thòng et son importance pour l'histoire de Thaïlande [et] Nouvelles données sur l'histoire ancienne de Thaïlande",Bōrānwitthayā rư̄ang MỮang ʻŪ Thō̜ng, Bangkok, Krom Sinlapakon, 2509 [1966], pp. 161–176.
  • Peter Skilling, "Dvaravati: Recent Revelations and Research",Dedications to Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana Krom Luang Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra on her 80th birthday, Bangkok, The Siam Society, 2003, pp. 87–112.
  • Natasha Eilenberg, M.C. Subhadradis Diskul, Robert L. Brown (editors),Living a Life in Accord with Dhamma: Papers in Honor of Professor Jean Boisselier on his Eightieth Birthday, Bangkok, Silpakorn University, 1997.
  • C. Landes, "Pièce de l’époque romaine trouvé à U-Thong, Thaïlande",The Silpakorn Journal, vol.26, no.1, 1982, pp. 113–115.
  • John Guy,Lost Kingdoms: Hindu Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast, New York and Bangkok, Metropolitan Museum of Art and River Books, 2014, p. 32.
  • Wārunī ʻŌsathārom.Mư̄ang Suphan bon sēnthāng kan̄plīanplǣng thāng prawattisāt Phutthasattawat thī 8 – ton Phutthasattawat thī 25 (History, development, and geography of the ancient city of Suphan Buri Province, Central Thailand, 8th–25th B.E.), Samnakphim Mahāwitthayālai Thammasāt, Krung Thēp, 2547.
  • Supitchar Jindawattanaphum (2020)."หลักฐานการมีอยู่ของผู้ปกครอง และชนชั้นสูงสัมยทวารวดี" [Evidences of Governors and Aristocrats’ Existences in Dvaravati Period](PDF) (in Thai). Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 April 2024.
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