Governorate of Malacca | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1641–1795 1818–1825 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms | |||||||||
| Anthem: Wien Neêrlands Bloed (1818–1825) | |||||||||
 Malacca between 1750 and 1796 | |||||||||
 Dutch Malacca, ca. 1724–26 | |||||||||
| Status | Colony of theDutch East India Company (1641–1795) Part of theDutch East Indies (1818–1825) | ||||||||
| Capital | Malacca Town | ||||||||
| Common languages | Dutch,Malay | ||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||
• 1641–42 | Jan van Twist | ||||||||
• 1824–25 | Hendrik S. van Son | ||||||||
| British Resident | |||||||||
• 1795 | Archibald Brown | ||||||||
• 1803–18 | William Farquhar | ||||||||
| Historical era | Imperialism | ||||||||
• Established | 14 January 1641 | ||||||||
• British occupation | 1795–1818 | ||||||||
| 1 March 1825 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Governorate of Malacca Gouvernement Malacca | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governorates of Dutch East Indies | |||||||
| 1818–1825 | |||||||
 | |||||||
 Map of the governorate of Malacca. | |||||||
| Capital | Malacca Town | ||||||
| History | |||||||
• Established | 1818 | ||||||
| 1 March 1825 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Malacca,Malaysia | ||||||
Dutch Malacca (1641–1825) was the longest period thatMalacca was under foreign control. TheDutch ruled for almost 183 years with intermittent British occupation during theFrench Revolutionary and later theNapoleonic Wars (1795–1815). This era saw relative peace with little serious interruption from the Malay sultanates due to the understanding forged between the Dutch and theSultanate of Johor in 1606. This period also marked the decline of Malacca's importance. The Dutch preferred Batavia (present-dayJakarta) as their economic and administrative centre in the region and their hold in Malacca was to prevent the loss of the city to other European powers and, subsequently, the competition that would come with it. Thus, in the 17th century, with Malacca ceasing to be an important port, the Johor Sultanate became the dominant local power in the region due to the opening of its ports and the alliance with the Dutch.
In the early 17th century, theDutch East India Company (Dutch:Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began a campaign to usurpPortuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress (theFortaleza de Malaca), controlling access to the sea lanes of theStrait of Malacca and thespice trade there. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was thesiege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet from theDutch Republic with eleven ships, under AdmiralCornelis Matelief de Jonge that led to thenaval battle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet ofMartim Afonso de Castro, the Viceroy ofGoa, suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the Sultanate of Johor in an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Acehnese.
The Dutch along with their local Javanese allies numbered around 700 men, assaulted and wrested Malacca from the Portuguese inJanuary 1641. Assistance was also provided to the Dutch from the Johor Sultanate who provided around 500–600 additional men. The Dutch also received supplies and rations from nearby and their recently-captured base ofBatavia.[1] The campaign effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power, removing their influence in theMalay Archipelago. As per the agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with the Malay kingdoms.
After the conquest of Malacca, the town yielded great profits in the 17th century, mostly due to the tin trade coming from Perak.[2]: 104 But by 1700, the Dutch struggled to revive trade in Malacca. In that year, the town was rarely able to meet its tin quotas sent to Batavia. There were several attempts to revive trade by the governor, but VOC officials inBatavia was unwilling to improve tin trading prospects there and instead made policies to divert trade to Batavia. An Englishman described the town in 1711 "a healthful place, but of no great trade". The start ofBugis rule under theJohor Sultanate encouraged trade to Riau and served to reduce trade activity in Malacca.[2]: 102–105
Roger de Laver, the governor of Malacca in 1743, commented that despite his efforts to encourage the tin trade, it still did not see any improvement and attributed it from intense competition as Indian traders mainly traded inAceh,Kedah and Perak.[2]: 107
In January 1795, Dutch stadtholderWilliam V, Prince of Orange, seeking refuge in Great Britain, issued theKew Letters, directing Dutch governors in the colonies to temporarily transfer authority to theUnited Kingdom and to cooperate with the British in thewar against the French, so long as the "mother country" was under threat of invasion. Malacca was thus surrendered to British control, and would be under British occupation until the end of theNapoleonic Wars. Malacca remained under nominal Dutch sovereignty throughout the nearly two decades of British governance.
Under British administration, the Portuguese-era fortress of Malacca was demolished in stages beginning in 1807, as the British feared that the Dutch would use it against them in any future regional conflict. Only the Porta de Santiago (A Famosa) was spared destruction after the belated intervention of SirStamford Raffles.
TheAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Malacca to Dutch rule; however, the Dutch did not regain full control until 1818. Sovereignty over Malacca was permanently ceded to the British under theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
Malacca was controlled as a colony of the VOC. All the chief administrators of Malacca were Dutch governors except for the brief period that the city was under British Residents during theNapoleonic Wars. However, focus on the administration of Malacca eventually waned by the Dutch as they preferred to focus on Batavia.[3]
|
|
The Dutch improved and expanded thePortuguese fortress as well as renovating the fortress' gate in 1670, they further built walls to protect the harbour and expanded city.[citation needed] During the mid-17th century the city hall orStadthuys was constructed and served as the administrative center of the Dutch colony, which still stands today.[4]
2°11′20″N102°23′4″E / 2.18889°N 102.38444°E /2.18889; 102.38444
_(cropped).jpg)
