Dutch Coromandel Coromandel | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1608–1825 | |||||||||
 Flag  Coat of arms | |||||||||
.png) Dutch Coromandel (in blue) within Dutch India | |||||||||
| Status | Factory | ||||||||
| Capital | Pulicat (1610–1690; 1781–1795) Nagapatnam (1690–1781) Sadras (1818–1825) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Dutch | ||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||
• 1608–1610 | Pieter Issack Eyloff | ||||||||
• 1636–1638 | Carel Reyniersz | ||||||||
• 1663–1665 | Cornelis Speelman | ||||||||
• 1824–1825 | Henry Francis von Söhsten | ||||||||
| Historical era | Imperialism | ||||||||
• Permission to build a fort in Pulicat | 1608 | ||||||||
| 1 June 1825 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Coromandel was agovernorate of theDutch East India Company on the coasts of theCoromandel region from 1610, until the company's liquidation in 1798. Dutch presence in the region began with the capture ofPulicat from thePortuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein. Coromandel remained a colony of theKingdom of the Netherlands until 1825, when it was relinquished to the British according to theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. It was part of what is today calledDutch India.[1]
In 1606, a Dutch ship stopped on the shores of the Karimanal Village nearPulicat, north of the mouth of the lake requesting water.[3] Local Muslims offered food and help to the Dutch. They struck a trade partnership to procure and supply local merchandise to the Dutch for trade in theEast Indies.[4]
Empress Eraivi, a wife of EmperorVenkata II ofVijayanagara, ruledPrelaya Kaveri and during her reign in 1608 theDutch East India Company was givenpermission to build a fort and do trading.[5] They built a fort namedGeldria at Pulicat as a defense from other invading armies' kings and the Portuguese, from where they soon monopolized the lucrative textiles trade with the East Indies and other countries in the region.[6] Under pressure from the Dutch, an English trading post was established in 1619, but this post was disbanded in 1622.[7] The Dutch establishment met with stiff resistance from the Portuguese, who conducted several attacks on the harbor. In 1611, Venkatatapati turned against the Portuguese and the Jesuits were ordered to leave Chandragiri and the Dutch were permitted to build a fort at Pulicat.
The Portuguese tried unsuccessfully to recapture Pulicat in 1614, 1623, and 1633, but never succeeded.[8][9][10] From 1616 to 1690, Pulicat was the official headquarters of Dutch Coromandel.
Manufacture of cloth for export was the sole occupation of several indigenous groups in Pulicat and the hinterlands of Tamil, Telugu and Kannada territories, and it is likely that over 1,000 handlooms operated in Pulicat alone.[11] In the 1620s, the Dutch East India Company established a gunpowder factory in Pulicat. Its output was so substantial that for several decades it was able to keep many of the major Dutch trading centers in the East Indies and homeward-bound fleets well supplied.[12] In 1615, the first VOC mint in India was established in Fort Gelria where, initially, "Kas" copper coins with VOC monogram and aSanskrit legend were minted.[13] The Pulicat mint operated till 1674, when a new mint was established at Nagapattinam. These coins were widely used inCeylon.[14]
The headquarters of the colony shifted toNagapattinam in 1690, after the Dutch had begun working on theirFort Vijf Sinnen three years earlier. The heavily armed fort in the end proved useless in the 1781siege of Negapatam, in which the British took the fort. In theTreaty of Paris of 1784, which ended theFourth Anglo-Dutch War of which this siege was part, Nagapattinam was not restored to Dutch rule, but instead remained British. The headquarters of the colony shifted back to Pulicat.[13]
By the early 18th century, Pulicat's population has been estimated to have declined to just over 10,000.[15] In 1746, the monsoon failed, resulting in a devastating famine. In the larger towns of Pulicat andSanthome alone the death toll was put at 15,000 and only one third of the textile weavers, painters and washers survived. Cloth prices increased 15% and little was available even at that price. An even more significant cause of the Dutch decline was conquest of the area by theGolconda forces commanded byMir Jumla.[16]
Owing to theKew Letters written by Dutch stadtholderWilliam V, British troops occupied Dutch Coromandel to prevent it from being overrun by the French. Dutch governor Jacob Eilbracht capitulated to the British on 15 July 1795.[17] In 1804, British forces blew upFort Geldria.[18]
TheAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Dutch Coromandel to Dutch rule. A commission under the leadership of Jacob Andries van Braam was installed by theDutch East Indies government on 28 June 1817 to effect the transfer of the Dutch possessions on the Indian subcontinent, which arrived on the Coromandel Coast in January 1818.[19] After protracted negotiations, the Dutch possessions were eventually handed over on 31 March 1818, with a ceremonial striking of theUnion Jack in Fort Sadras, the new capital of Dutch Coromandel, and a subsequent hoisting of the Dutch flag.[20] F. C. Regel was installed as the new governor of Dutch Coromandel, who now went by the title ofopperhoofd.[21] Regel was succeeded in 1824 by the young administratorHenricus Franciscus von Söhsten.[22]
The restoration of Dutch rule did not last long. On 1 June 1825, seven years after the possessions were restored to the Dutch, Dutch Coromandel was again ceded to the British, owing to the provisions of theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.[23]
Except for two short breaks, Dutch rule of Pulicat lasted for 214 years between 1606 and 1825 till the King ofArcot accededChingleput District (which included Pulicat village) to the British in 1825.[24]
Pulicat today bears silent testimony to the Dutch, with the Dutch Fort dating back to 1609 in ruins, a Dutch Church and Cemetery with 22 protected tombs dating from 1631 to 1655 and another Dutch Cemetery with 76 tombs and mausoleums protected by theArchaeological Survey of India (ASI).[25][26][27] Dutch architects and scholars now intend to support efforts to restore these early Dutch settlements. The Dutch Hospital building in Pulicat dating from 1640 is to be renovated in the near future.[28]
Sadras still features a Dutch fort and a cemetery.[29] Although the remains ofFort Vijf Sinnen and the Dutch cemetery inNagapattinam have almost completely vanished, the Dutch Saint Peter's Church, Nagapattinam still remains standing.[30] NearMasulipatam, there are remnants of the Dutch-built Bandar Fort and a Dutch cemetery.[31][32][33] Bheemunipatnam features two Dutch cemeteries and some remnants of Dutch colonial buildings.[34][35]Tuticorin, which was governed fromDutch Ceylon until 1796, but became a residency of Dutch Coromandel in 1817 after Ceylon was relinquished to the British, still features the Holy Trinity Church, Tuticorin, built by the Dutch.[36]Porto Novo, there are many grave cemetery which was in use 1686 are remains till now.[37] The Dutch was used till 1730s.[38]
.svg)
| Settlement | Type | Established | Disestablished | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fort Geldria (Pulicat) | Fort and factory | 1613 | 1825 | After having been granted to establish a factory in Pulicat in 1608, the local ruler allowed the Dutch to build a fort in 1613. This Fort Geldria remained the principal Dutch fort on the Coromandel Coast until 1690, when the headquarters changed to Nagapattinam. In 1694, large portions of the artillery were shipped to Nagapattinam, but after the latter's loss to the British in 1781, Fort Geldria was reinstated as the capital of the colony. In 1804, Fort Geldria was blown up by British forces. The town was principal in the supply of cotton for the Dutch. |
| Fort Vijf Sinnen (Nagapattinam) | Fort and factory | 1658 | 1781 | Captured from the Portuguese in 1658, Nagapattinam first fell underDutch Ceylon. After a devastating flood in 1680, Fort Vijf Sinnen was built from the rubble. This new fort became the capital of Dutch Coromandel, until it was captured by the British in 1781. |
| Fort Sadras | Fort and factory | 1612 | 1825 | First established in 1612, but only in 1654 enlarged into a full factory. In 1749, the Sadras fort was completed. Together with Nagapattinam, it was captured by the British in 1781, but contrary to Nagapattinam, it was given back under the Treaty of Paris (1784). Due to the destruction of Fort Geldria in 1804, Fort Sadras became the capital of Dutch Coromandel in 1818. Sadras was renowned for its high quality cotton, and also supplied bricks for Batavia and Ceylon. |
| Fort Bheemunipatnam | Fort and factory | 1652 | 1825 | The local trading post was enlarged into a fort in 1758. Bheemunipatnam primarily traded in rice, and was fundamental for rice shipments to Ceylon. |
| Fort Jaggernaikpoeram | Fort and factory | 1734 | 1825 | An important textile trading post after the loss of Draksharama and Palakol (see below). |
| Parangippettai | Factory | 1608 | 1825 | The Dutch East India Company settled in 1608 in an old house in Parangippettai, also known as Porto Novo. In 1680 extended into a full factory. |
| Palakol | Factory | 1613 | 1825 | Temporarily abandoned in 1730. Trading post for textile, lamp oil, wood, roof tiles, and bricks. |
| Masulipatnam | Factory | 1605 | 1756 | Masulipatnam was the first Dutch factory on the Coromandel Coast of India. It was eventually abandoned in 1756. |
| Nizampatnam | Factory | 1606 | 1668 | Second Dutch factory on the Coromandel Coast. Abandoned in 1668. |
| Tenganapatnam | Factory | 1609 | 1758 | Established in 1609. In 1647, the permission was given to build a fort here. The primary purpose of the settlement was to spy on the British, who had settled in the same town. Abandoned in favour of Parangippettai (Porto Novo) in 1758. |
| Golkonda | Factory | 1634 | 1733 | Important staple market for the Dutch East India Company. After having only a local tradesman to their service, the Dutch expanded their presence in Golkonda to a full factory in 1664. Due to local unrest, trade began to diminish in the late 17th century. The factory was eventually abandoned in 1733. |
| Draksharama | Factory | 1633 | 1730 | Abandoned in 1730 in favour of Jaggernaikpoeram. |
| Thiruppapuliyur | Factory | 1608 | 1625 | Founded in 1608 on the ruins of an old Portuguese fort. Destroyed in 1625 by a local chief. |
| Nagulavancha | Factory | 1669 | 1687 | Established inland to have better control over the quality of the locally produced products. Destroyed on 13 October 1687 by locals. |
| Pondicherry | Fort and factory | 1693 | 1699 | During theNine Years' War, the Dutch East India Company laid siege to the French fort of Pondicherry in 1693, whose commanderFrançois Martin surrendered on 6 September of the same year. Pondicherry was restored to French rule in 1699, owing to the provisions of theTreaty of Ryswick. |
2°11′20″N102°23′4″E / 2.18889°N 102.38444°E /2.18889; 102.38444
