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| Main ingredients | Flour,potatoes,bread orrice |
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Dumplings are a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of cookeddough (made from a variety ofstarchy sources), often wrapped around a filling. The dough can be based onbread, wheat or otherflours, orpotatoes, and it may be filled withmeat,fish,tofu,cheese,vegetables, or a combination. Dumplings may be prepared using a variety of cooking methods and are found in many world cuisines.[1][2][3]
One of the earliest mentions of dumplings comes from the Chinese scholarShu Xi [zh] who mentions them in afu poem 1,700 years ago. In addition, archaeologically preserved dumplings have been found inTurfan,Xinjiang,China dating back over 1,000 years.[4]
The precise definition of a dumpling is controversial, varying across individuals and cultures.[1][2] The term emerged in English by the 17th century, where it referred to a small lump of dough cooked by simmering or steaming.[5][2] The definition has since grown to include filled dumplings, where the dough encloses a sweet or savory filling.[6][5][2][7] Dumplings can be cooked in a variety of ways, includingboiling,simmering, andsteaming, and occasionallybaking orfrying; however, some definitions rule out baking and frying in order to exclude items likefritters and otherpastries that are generally not regarded as dumplings by most individuals.[1]
Banku andkenkey are West African preparations defined as dumplings in that they are steamed starchy balls of dough. Both are formed fromfermentedcornmeal. Banku is boiled and requires continuous kneading, while kenkey is partly boiled then finished by steaming in corn orbanana leaves.[8]
Tihlo, prepared from roastedbarley flour, originated in theTigray Region ofEthiopia and is now very popular inAmhara as well and spreading further south.[9]
Souskluitjies [Wikidata],melkkos [af], anddombolo are dumplings found inSouth Africa.Souskluitjies are a steamed sweet dumpling, sometimes made with plain flour and sometimes with the addition of dried fruits or other flavors. They are often served with a syrup flavored withcinnamon or acustard sauce.[10][11]Dombolo, also calledujeqe or steam bread, is made from steamed dough and is often consumed with different kinds of side dishes such as chicken stew, beef stew,oxtail stew, lamb stew, ortripe.
Kaimati andmatobosha are dumplings found inKenya which are mostly consumed as part of breakfast. They are also commonly served at parties and in fast-food kiosks.[citation needed]
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Empanadas, whose stuffing, manufacture and types are numerous and varied, differ from traditional dumplings in that they are deep fried, steamed, or baked, and excess dough is not cut off.
InBarbados, dumplings differ from those in otherCaribbean islands in that they are slightly sweetened. The dumplings may either be of the flour or cornmeal variety. The dough is flavoured with spices, cinnamon andnutmeg. Dumplings are often boiled in Bajan soup. When found in stew-like dishes, the dumplings are steamed along withground provision, salted meat,plantain and other ingredients, and then served withgravy.
InBrazil, there are a variety of dumplings.Pastéis are made of a thin dough that can be stuffed with a variety of fillings, such as condimented ground beef, chicken, shrimp, mixed vegetables, cheese, or even sweets, and they are typically fried or baked.Empada [pt] is made of muffin-shaped dough stuffed primarily with chicken, cheese or seafood.Coxinhas are prepared from a thick dough stuffed with chicken (akin to a chickencorn dog). Bolinhas, which literally translates to 'little balls', can have meat (bolinhas de carne) or cheese (bolinhas de queijo) inside.
All of these dumplings can vary from their original forms with optional additions likeolives, onions, or spices. They are commonly served at parties. In some parts of Brazil likeRio, dumplings can be found in fast-food kiosks ('open restaurants'), in the city, or in parks.
Dumplings are made from a simple dough consisting of all-purpose flour, water, and salt. The shaped dumplings are either fried in a pan until golden brown or boiled in a soup. The fried version is usually served as an accompaniment to breakfastcodfish.
InChile,pantrucas are a type of flat, elongated irregular dumpling flavoured with freshparsley and served in soup. In Chiloé, a Chilean southern archipelago where potatoes are native, several traditional dumplings are potato-based, includingchapalele,milcao,chuchoca,chuhuañe, andvaeme. Their dough can also include wheat flour or lard in varying proportions. They can be flat and round, filled with greaves and fried (milcao); flat and boiled (chapaleles,milcaos); or shaped into a roll and roasted on a stick (chochoca). They may be served with honey as a dessert.
Papas rellenas are made of a potato- and flour-based dough surrounding a seasoned meat filling.
Dominican domplines arrived withcocolos. They came from theBritish Caribbean to work in the sugar industry and mainly settled in and aroundSan Pedro de Macorís. They are made with flour and water, rolled into spinners and boiled into soups or salted water and eaten with stews or simply with butter.
InHaiti,doumbrey are elongated flour dumplings. They are made with flour and water, rolled, and boiled in water before being added to soups and stews.
Dumplings come in three forms inJamaica: fried, boiled, and roasted. All are made with flour, and those made with white flour dumplings are often mixed with a bit of cornmeal. These foods are often served with a variety of dishes likeackee and saltfish,kidneys,liver, salt mackerel, etc., and often taste better when refried. A refried dumpling is an already-boiled dumpling left over from previous cooking that is then fried to give it a slightly crispy outer layer and a tender middle. A purely fried white flour dumpling (also known as a "Johnny Cake") is golden brown and looks similar to abuñuelo; these can often substitute for boiled dumplings, but they are mostly consumed as part ofbreakfast. Fried dumplings can be made with or without sugar. One popular variation is theJamaican festival, a cylindrical fried dumpling made with flour, sugar, cornmeal, and baking powder. These slightly sweet dumplings are served with all types of traditional Jamaican home food, particularly as a complement to the sweet-and-sourescovitch fish, as well asstreet food.
Papas rellenas, or stuffed potatoes, consist of a handful of mashed potatoes flattened in the palm of the hand and stuffed with a savory combination of ingredients. The stuffing usually consists of sautéed meat (such as beef, pork, or chicken), onions, and garlic. They are all seasoned withcumin,aji sauce,raisins, peanuts, olives, and sliced or choppedhard-boiled eggs. After stuffing, a ball is formed, rolled in flour, anddeep-fried in hot oil. The stuffed potatoes are usually accompanied by a sauce consisting of sliced onions, lime juice,olive oil, salt, pepper, and slices of fresh peppers. The same dish may also be made withseafood. In some countries,yuca purée is used as the starch component.
InPuerto Rico, dumplings are made of grated tubers such asyuca,sweet potato andmalanga orcornmeal,breadfruit,squash, unripe bananas, or plantains mixed with flour, water, milk or coconut milk, garlic, salt,annatto and parsley. These dumplings are a traditional part of Puerto Rican-stylepigeon pea soup calledasopao. The dough is kneaded into a bowl or on a table until smooth and pliable, it is then covered and placed aside up to an hour or over night. The dumplings are then formed into small balls and dropped into boiling water or then can be fried before placing them into the soup.
Alcapurria is a popular fried street dumpling that resembleskibbeh. The dough is made from yautía, green banana, and lard and stuffed with meat.
Thepastel, a dumpling made from amasa of grated root vegetables, squash, plantains, and unripe bananas, is greatly beloved, especially aroundChristmas. The Puerto Rican variety has a tender, slightly wet consistency. The masa dough is mixed with milk and annatto mixed in oil or lard, then stuffed with stewed pork,chick peas, olives,capers or even raisins. The dumplings are then wrapped in a fragrant banana leaf, tied, and then boiled or steamed. The origin ofpasteles leads back to Natives on the island ofBorikén. Pasteles are popular in theDominican Republic,Hawaii,Trinidad and lately seen inCuban cuisine.
Pupusas, a thick griddle cake or flatbread fromEl Salvador andHonduras, are made with cornmeal or rice flour, similar to the Venezuelan andColombianarepa. They are usually stuffed with one or more ingredients, which may include cheese (such as quesillo or cheese with loroco buds), chicharrón, squash, or refried beans. They are typically accompanied by curtido (a spicy fermented cabbage slaw) and tomatosalsa, and are traditionally eaten by hand.
In the city ofEl Callao,domplines are fried and made fromwheat, and usually filled with curry chicken and cheese.[12] There are usually present in the carnivals ofCalypso de El Callao.
Manti (alsomanty ormantu) is a steamed dumpling inCentral Asian andChinese Islamic cuisine. It contains a mixture of ground lamb (or beef) spiced withblack pepper, enclosed in a dough wrapper. Manti are cooked in a multi-level steamer (mantovarka) and served topped with butter, yogurt, sour cream, or onion sauce. These dumplings are popular throughout Central Asia, including inAfghanistan,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Pakistan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan, theXinjiang region in China and theCaucasus.
Chuchvara is a very small boiled dumpling typical of Uzbek and Tajik cuisine. Made of unleavened dough squares filled with meat, it is similar to the Russian pelmeni and the Chinese wonton, but in observance of the Islamic dietary rules, the meat filling is without pork. Chuchvara can be served in a clear soup or on their own, with vinegar or sauce based on finely chopped greens, tomatoes and hot peppers. Another popular way of serving chuchvara is topped withsuzma (strainedqatiq) or withsmetana (sour cream), Russian-style.
China boasts a wide variety of dishes that can be categorized as "dumplings," but there is no single term in Chinese that unifies all these different types. What are commonly referred to as "dumplings" in English—such as jiǎozi, wonton, and various steamed dumplings—are viewed as distinct dishes within Chinese culinary tradition.
Thejiǎozi (餃子ⓘ) is a common Chinese dumpling, generally consisting of minced meat and finely-chopped vegetables wrapped into a dough skin. The shape is likened to that of a humanear. The skin can be either thin and elastic or thicker, and it is sometimes said that the skin of a dumpling determines its quality.[13] Popular meat fillings includeground meat (usuallypork, but sometimesbeef orchicken),shrimp, andfish. Popular mixtures include pork withChinese cabbage, pork withgarlic chives, pork and shrimp with vegetables, pork withspring onion, and garlic chives withscrambled eggs. Filling mixtures vary depending on personal tastes, region, and season. According to region and season, ingredients can include oyster.[13] Jiaozi are usuallyboiled,steamed, orfried, and they continue to be a traditional dish. In Northern China, dumplings are commonly eaten with a dipping sauce ofvinegar, sometimes withchilli oil or paste, and occasionally with somesoy sauce added in.
According to legends, jiaozi were invented in theEastern Han Dynasty between 150 and 219 CE byZhang Zhongjing, who was a well-known Chinese medicine practitioner. When Zhang returned to his hometown during a harsh winter, he saw many poor people suffering from frostbite in their ears due to the bad governing of the emperor. Using his knowledge of Chinese herbs and medicine, he mixed Chinese medicinal herbs that heat up bodies with lamb and chili in doughs, folded the doughs into the shape of ears, put them in boiling water, and gave them to the poor people. After eating the wrapped dough with herbs and drinking the soup, people's frostbite heals quickly.[14] In memory of his help to many people, eating Jiaozi became a tradition during the winter.[15][16] Written records show thatjiaozi became popular during theSouthern and Northern dynasties (420–589 CE) in China, and the earliest unearthed realjiaozi were found inAstana Cemetery dated between 499 CE and 640 CE.[17][18]
In ancient times, jiaozi were uncommon and treated as a luxury food; however, they are now a common food served throughout the year, especially to celebrate important festivals and dates.[19] Particularly, in Northern China, people generally eat jiaozi on thewinter solstice in the hope of a warm winter. Extended family members may gather together to make jiaozi, and they are also eaten at farewells to family members or friends. On the night of Chinese New Year's Eve, jiaozi are usually served at the stroke of midnight after a big dinner.[19] This is because the term "jiaozi" sounds similar to an old Chinese saying that means "stepping into a new era", and this is applied to the New Year.[20] Some people will place a coin or candy inside the dumpling in the hope of obtaining a fortune or having a sweet life.[13][21] Chinese people also eat jiaozi on the fifth day after the Chinese New Year in the lunar calendar. According to Chinese tradition, many things are forbidden during these first five days,[22] so people eat jiaozi on the 5th day to celebrate the end of this period.[23] On the first day of the hottest days of summer, jiaozi mark the beginning of the harvest, where the harvested wheat is made into foods like jiaozi to celebrate the success of future harvesting.[24]
Thewonton (Cantonese name) orhúntun in Mandarin (雲呑/餛飩) is another kind of dumpling, similar in shape to the Italiantortellino. It is typically made with a meat or shrimp filling and boiled in a lightbroth orsoup. Wonton skins are thinner and less elastic than those used for jiaozi.[25] Wontons are more popular inSouthern China (Shanghai,Guangdong,Hong Kong etc.), while jiaozi are more popular inNorthern China.
Baozi are a range of Chineseyeast-leavened filled buns. They can be either savory or sweet, depending on the filling. Famous varieties includecha siu bao,shui jian bao, and many others.[26] According to legend, the filled baozi was invented byZhuge Liang, who offered them to a Chinese god for good luck inmilitary operations.[27]
Tangbao are Chinese dumplings filled with soup; the most famous of these are the steamedxiaolongbao (小籠包) ofJiangsu cuisine. Xiaolongbao are made of either leavened or unleavened dough, filled with minced pork or meataspic filling, and steamed to melt the gelatinous filling back into broth.[28]
Yuntun and wonton have different meanings and preparation methods in different regions. In Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, "yuntun" usually refers to noodles with thin skin and less filling, often used in soups, while in the north, "wonton" generally refers to foods with thicker skin and more filling, often presented in soups or mixed foods. There are obvious differences between the two in shape, taste and use.[29]
Chinese dumplings can also be based onglutinous rice instead of wheat.Zongzi (粽子) are triangular or cone-shaped, and they can be filled withred bean paste,Chinese dates, or cured meat, depending on the region. Glutinous rice dumplings are traditionally eaten during theDragon Boat Festival. However, in mainland China, zongzi (粽子) are not considered a type of jiaozi (餃子)per se, which is commonly translated as the word "dumpling".
_with_red_bean_baste_and_black_sesame_fillings.jpg)
Chinese cuisine also includes sweet dumplings.Tangyuan (湯圓) are smaller dumplings made with glutinous rice flour and filled with sweetsesame,peanut, orred bean paste. Tangyuan may also be served without a filling. They are eaten on the 15th day of Chinese New Year, or theLantern Festival. In Southern China, people also eat tangyuan with an angular shape on the winter solstice.[13]
Other kinds of dumplings includehar gow,fun guo,siew mai,lo mai gai, crystal dumplings, and several varieties ofdim sum.
Dango (団子) is a sweet dumpling made fromrice flour, similar tomochi. It is eaten year-round, but different varieties are traditionally eaten in particular seasons. Three to four dango are often served on a skewer.
Gyōza (ギョーザ/餃子) is theJapanese version of the Chinesejiaozi, whilechukaman (中華まん) is the Japanese variant ofbaozi.
Dumplings inKorean are generally calledmandu (만두, 饅頭) and further divided into subtypes such asgyoja (variant to Chinesejiaozi) andhoppang (variant to Chinesebaozi). It is thought that the route through which hoppang were introduced from China during the Goryeo Dynasty.[30][31] In China, it was originally eaten by the civilians and then became popular and spread. But in the Korea, at past it was more part ofroyal cuisine. Until the early Joseon Dynasty, dumplings were classified as a luxury food and even noblemen could not eat them without permission. Dumplings, noodles, and rice cakes were prohibited except for ancestral rites and Buddhist services. The first record of dumplings in Korea are seen in the Hyowooyeoljeon (효우열전/孝友列傳) inGoryeosa (고려사, 高麗史), and it is said that they were made by a naturalizedKhitan during the reign of KingMyeongjong ofGoryeo.[citation needed]. When his father, became ill, the doctor said, 'If you eat your son's meat, you can cure your illness.' Then, he cut off his own thigh meat, mixed it with other ingredients, made dumplings, and fed it to his father. After that his father was cured. In 1185, the king heard the story of his filial piety and ordered the ministers to discuss how to reward him. He erected Hongsalmun Gate to commend him and recorded him into historical records.[32]
They are typically filled with a mixture of ingredients, including groundpork,kimchi,galbi,bulgogi, vegetables, orcellophane noodles, but there are many variations. Mandu can be steamed, fried, or boiled. The dumplings can also be used to make a soup calledmandu-guk (만둣국).
Buuz (Бууз) areMongolian steamed dumplings derived from the Chinesebaozi. They are generally made of dough, mincedgarlic and groundbeef or groundmutton. Originally one of the main festival foods during theMongolian Lunar New Year, they are now widely eaten all year.Khuushuur (хуушууp) are thedeep-fried version of buuz. They are commonly eaten during the national festivalNaadam.Bansh are smaller version of buuz and can be steamed, fried, or boiled inmilk tea orsoup.
Savoury dumplings made from balls of dough are part of traditionalBritish andIrish cuisine. Traditionally dumplings are made from twice the weight ofself-raising flour tosuet, bound together by cold water to form a dough and seasoned with salt and pepper but can also be made using self-raising flour and butter. Balls of this dough are dropped into a bubbling pot ofstew orsoup, or into acasserole. They sit, partly submerged in the stew, and expand as they are half-boiled half-steamed for ten minutes or so. The cooked dumplings may be airy on the inside and moist on the outside. The dough may be flavoured withherbs, or it may havecheese pressed into its centre.
The Norfolk dumpling is not made with fat, but from flour and araising agent.[33] Cotswold dumplings call for the addition of breadcrumbs and cheese, and the balls of dough may be rolled in breadcrumbs and fried, rather than cooked in a soup or stew.[34] Vegetarian dumplings can be made with vegetable suet, a type of shredded vegetable fat.When sweetened withdried fruit and spices, dumplings can be boiled in water to make a dessert. InScotland, this is called aclootie dumpling, after the cloth.[35]
Raviole du Dauphiné (in English, 'Dauphiné ravioli') are a type ofFrench dumpling. The regional specialty consists of two layers of pasta made out of tender wheat flour, eggs, and water, surrounding a filling ofComté orEmmental cheese, cottage cheese made of cow's milk, butter and parsley. They are usually associated with the historic region ofDauphiné in south central France.
Quenelles de brochet (in English, 'pike dumplings' or 'fish mousse dumplings'), adapted from the German word knödel, are sometimes considered another type from the Rhône-Alpes region.[36] Often used in haute cuisine as a garnish,[37] this spoon-shaped dish consists of a mousse-like paste made from diced pike and a mixture of milk, flour, butter, and egg that is poached and served with a creamy seafood-based sauce that refers to one of its hometowns in Nantua.
Germany,Poland,Romania,Austria,Ukraine, theCzech Republic andSlovakia boast a large variety of dumplings, both sweet and savoury. A dumpling is calledKloß in northernGermany,Knödel, Nockerl or Knöpfle in southern Germany andAustria, andpieróg inPoland. These are flour dumplings, the most common dumplings, thin or thick, made with eggs andsemolina flour, boiled in water. Meat dumplings (called Klopse or Klöpse in north-eastern Germany, Knöpfle and Nocken insouthern Germany) contain meat or liver. Liver dumplings are frequent additions to soup. Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiledpotatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled withcroutons.Bread dumplings are made with white bread and are sometimes shaped like a loaf of bread, and boiled in anapkin, in which case they are known asnapkin dumplings (Serviettenknödel). Potato dumplings, known asKartoffelklöße, are common inBavaria,Thuringia, and theRhineland areas, but they are also consumed all over the country.[38] They generally consist of a combination of cooked and raw potatoes that are cooked in a salted water or pan-seared in butter. A Thuringian type of potato dumplings calledThüringer Klöße, is made with potatoes and bread and is a common variation of potato dumplings.Kartoffelklöße are often served alongside roasted and braised meats,sauerbraten andsauerkraut,goulash androuladen.
Maultaschen are aSwabian (Baden-Württemberg) specialty food, consisting of an outer layer of pasta dough with a filling traditionally made of sausage meat, spinach, bread crumbs and onions and flavored with various spices. Similar in appearance to Italian ravioli, Maultaschen are usually larger, however, each Maultasche being about 8–12 cm (3–5 inches) across.
The only potato dumpling museum in the world, the Thüringer Kloßmuseum, is inHeichelheim nearWeimar in Germany.
Halušky are a traditional variety of dumplings cooked in the Central and Eastern European cuisines (Czech Republic,Hungary,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia, andUkraine). These are small lumps cut from a thick flour and egg batter and dropped into boiling water, similar to the GermanSpätzle,Knöpfle, orKnödel.
In Hungary and Romania, the dumplings usually contain plums or cottage cheese and are called in Hungarianszilvás gombóc, Romaniangăluște cu prune, ortúrógombóc (Hungarian),colțunași cu brânză (Romanian), depending on the filling. Sweet dumplings are either pre-powdered, or dredged with sugar when a sweeter taste is needed. InHungary, dumplings are calledgombóc and in AustriaZwetschgenknödel. Sweet varieties calledgombóc are made with flour and potato dough, which is wrapped around wholeplums orapricots, and then boiled and rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs.Shlishkes orkrumpli nudli are small boiled potato dumplings made from the same potato dough as sweet plum dumplings, also rolled in hot buttered bread crumbs.
Bryndzové halušky, considered the Slovak national dish, are small potato dumplings without a filling, served with salty sheep's cheese on top. The same dumplings are also used to create a similar dish,strapačky. Also available are their related stuffed version calledpirohy, usually filled withbryndza (bryndzové pirohy),quark cheese, potatoes, onions, cabbage, mushrooms, or meat.
InCzech cuisine, dumplings have two main forms:
Idrijski žlikrofi areSlovenian dumplings, regionally located in the town ofIdrija. They are made from dough with potato filling and have a characteristic form of a hat. Žlikrofi are made by a traditional recipe from the 19th century, but the source of the recipe is unknown due to lack of historical sources. The dish may be served as a starter or a side dish to meat based dishes. Žlikrofi were the first Slovenian food to be classified as aTraditional speciality guaranteed dish.
Pierogi ofPoland andvarenyky of Ukraine are ravioli-like crescent-shaped dumplings filled with savoury or sweet filling. Varenyky are usually boiled or steamed. Pierogi are often fried after boiling.
"Little ears", variously calleduszka in Poland,ushki (ушки) in Russia,vushka (вушка) in Ukraine, andvushki (вушкі) in Belarus, are folded ring-shaped dumplings similar in shape toItalian tortellini orJewish kreplach. They are stuffed with meat or mushrooms and traditionally served inborshch or clear soup. InRomania, "little ears" (Romanian:urechiuşe) are also served in dumpling soup (supă de găluşte)
Lithuanian dough dumplings are calledkoldūnai andvirtiniai. They are usually filled with meat or curd. One of the varieties is calledšaltanosiai, "cold nosed ones", and is made with blueberry filling. There are also potato dumplings calledcepelinai ordidžkukuliai, filled with meat or curd inside, served with soured cream. A similar dish exists in Belarus that is calledklyocki (клёцкі).
Russianpelmeni are smaller than varenyky and made only of minced meat with addition of onions and spices. Sometimes the meat used is only beef, in other recipes is a mixture of beef with pork or mutton, while inSiberia the filling often includesvenison. Pelmeni should be juicy inside. They are unrelated to the pasta with which they are sometimes compared as it is a savoury main dish. They are usually boiled in water with spices and salt, or in meat bouillon, sometimes fried before serving. They are often served with plenty ofsour cream.
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An important difference between pelmeni, varenyky, and pierogi is the thickness of the dough shell — in pelmeni this is as thin as possible, and the proportion of filling to dough is usually higher.[39] Pelmeni are never served with a sweet filling, which distinguishes them from varenyky and pierogi, which sometimes are. Also, the fillings in pelmeni are usually raw, while the fillings ofvareniki andpierogi are typically precooked.
The wordpelmeni is derived frompel'n'an' (пельнянь) – literally "ear bread" in the UralicKomi,Udmurt andMansi languages.[40][41] It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of theindigenous Siberian people and when they first appeared in Russian cuisine. One theory suggests pelmeni, or stuffed boiled dumplings in general, originated inSiberia, possibly a simplified adaptation of the Chinesewonton (in some dialects called bāomiàn, 包面). Pelmeni are particularly good means of quickly preserving meat during the long Siberian winter, especially eliminating the need to feed livestock during the winter months.[citation needed]
The main difference between pelmeni andmomo is their size—a typical pelmeni is about 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter, whereas momo are often at least twice that size.
In Siberia, especially popular with theBuryat peoples are steamed dumplings calledpozi (buuz inMongolian, fromChinese:包子;pinyin:bāozi). They are usually made with an unleavened dough, but are often encountered leavened. The traditional filling is meat, but the kind of meat and how it is processed varies. InMongolia, mutton is favored, and is chopped rather than ground; pork and beef mixes are more common in Russia.
Manti,samsa,chiburekki, andbelyashi are all well-known imported dumplings.
InCypriot cuisine, dumplings are called ravioli (ραβιολες) and are pasta that contains the Cypriot cheesehalloumi (χαλούμι). They look like some types of Italian ravioli.
The fifth-century Roman cookbookApicius contains a recipe for roastedpheasant dumplings.[42]
Filled pastas such asravioli andtortellini fit the basic definition of a dumpling: these are pockets of pasta enclosing various fillings (cheese, mushrooms,spinach, seafood, or meat). Instead of being made from a ball of dough, the dough is rolled flat, cut into a shape, filled with other ingredients, and then the dough is closed around the filling.
Seadas, a type of savoury dessert, are semolina dumplings filled withpecorino sardo.
Gnocchi is a different kind of Italian dumpling. The wordgnocchi literally means "lumps", and they are rolled and shaped from a mixture of egg with potato,semolina, flour, orricotta cheese (with or without spinach). The lumps are boiled in water and served with melted butter, grated cheese, or otherpasta sauces. Gnocchi are frequently added to soup.
Malteseravioli (ravjul) are pockets of pasta filled with ricotta cheese orġbejniet.
Pastizzi andqassatat are pockets of dough that can be filled with a variety of fillings, usually ricotta (irkotta) or mashed peas.
InNorwegian cuisine, dumplings have a vast variety of names, as the dialects differ substantially. Names includepotetball,klubb,kløbb,raspeball,komle,kumle,kompe,kumpe,kodla,kudle,klot,kams,ball,baill,komperdøse,kumperdøse,kompadøs,ruter,ruta,raskekako,risk,klotremat,krumme andkromme. They are usually made from crushed potatoes mixed with various types of flour, often with an emphasis on barley and wheat. In some local recipes the potatoes are dehydrated, while in others there is a mixture of raw and boiled potatoes. Occasionally they are filled with salted pork. Depending on local tradition, dumplings can be sided with syrup,lingonberry jam,swede and often meat if the dumplings do not have meat filling. Leftovers are often fried in butter and served with granulated sugar.
One distinct variety particular toMøre og Romsdal isblandaball (lit. mixed ball), where equal parts potatoes and fish are used. The fish is commonlypollack orhaddock.
InSwedish cuisine, potato dumplings of originally German origin[43] have several regional names, mainly depending on the type of flour used. When the potato is mixed withwheat flour, which is more common in southernSweden, it is calledkroppkaka. InBlekinge[44] and parts of the island ofÖland, it is traditionally made from grated raw potato, which makes itgreyish in colour, while onGotland and inSmåland it is predominantly made from mashed boiled potato, and is thus whiter in colour.[43] Thekroppkaka is usually filled with diced, smokedbacon and chopped, rawonion, and is often spiced withallspice.[43]
When the potato is mixed withbarley flour, which is traditional in northern Sweden, it is known aspalt inLapland,Västerbotten andNorrbotten,[43] and askams inJämtland,Ångermanland andMedelpad.[43][45] Originally,palt was eaten all over Sweden and was made from barley or rye flour alone, but during the 19th century, when potato was added and wheat became more common and inexpensive, the northern recipes retained the original name, whilekroppkaka, which had always been the name used on Öland for the flour dumpling, became the name for the variant in southern Sweden.[46]
Palt andkams is usually filled with diced, unsmoked bacon. However, sometimes fried bacon is served on the side of unfilledpalt orkams, which then is known asflatpalt orflatkams, as the lack of filling makes it flatter. The most well-knownpalt variant is thePitepalt fromPiteå. InDalarna, where the dish is known asklabbe, it is still made without potatoes and is never filled.Klabbe is instead served with diced bacon on the side.[47]
A variant ofpalt isblodpalt, where pig, beef or reindeer blood is mixed into the dough. Otherpalt variants areleverpalt, with minced liver added to the dough, andnjurpalt, with diced kidney mixed into the bacon filling.[43]Blodpalt also existed across the country originally, and has been found inIron Age graves inHalland.[45]
The filledkroppkaka,palt orkams ball – as well as the flatter, unfilledflatpalt,flatkams andklabbe – is dropped into boiling salted water and cooked until it floats. It is traditionally served warm with meltedbutter andlingonberry jam, although in some parts of southern Sweden the melted butter is replaced byhalf cream (a mix of milk and cream) or a warm milk sauce, and in parts of northern Sweden the butter is replaced by a warm milk sauce spiced withmessmör. Leftoverkroppkaka is often served halved and fried.[43]
Unfilled flour dumplings for use in soup are calledklimp if the flour is wheat, butmjölpalt if the flour is barley or rye.[43]
Boraki (Armenian:Բորակի) are a kind ofArmenian dumplings typically filled with spiced ground meat and onions, wrapped in thin dough, and often baked, or fried. Boraki are formed as small cylinders with an open top, the cylinders are lightly boiled in broth and then baked, or fried. Thed usually sit in anArmenian sauce calledlecho, which consists ofbell peppers,tomatoes, onions, garlic, oil, salt,hot peppers and sometimesvinegar. Boraki are served garnished withmatzoon and chopped garlic.[48][49]
Meat-filledmanti served withmatzoon, sour cream, and broth is calledMantapour (Armenian:մանթապուր). It is a popular soup inArmenia.
Mataz are dumplings inCircassian and some otherCaucasian cuisines, closely related tomanti. They typically consist of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef, with greens and onions, put in a dough wrapper, either boiled or steamed. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat.
Khinkali (Georgian:ხინკალი) areGeorgian dumplings[50] which originated in the mountain regions ofPshavi,Mtiuleti, andKhevsureti.[51] Varieties of khinkali spread from there across different parts of theCaucasus,[52] now the towns ofDusheti,Pasanauri andMtskheta are particularly famous for their khinkali. The fillings of khinkali vary with the area. The original recipe consists of only minced meat (lamb or beef and pork mixed), onions,chili pepper,salt andcumin. Modern recipes use herbs likeparsley andcoriander. Mushrooms, potatoes, or cheese may be used in place of meat. The khinkali is typically consumed first by sucking the juices while taking the first bite, in order to prevent the dumpling from bursting.
Dushbara (Azerbaijan: Düşbərə) is anAzeri soup with tiny lamb-filled dumplings.[53]
Though they have existed around the world much longer,[55] it's believed that one of the reasons dumplings were popularized in the United States was because of the rise ofurbanization during the 1800s[56] that led to immigration from places like China, the United Kingdom and Germany that already had some form of the food. Cookbooks[57][58] from the nineteenth century highlight the importance of factory production in foods like canned biscuits and canned broth that made it more accessible to cook drop dumplings at home. This was especially true for states like the Carolinas, where it began to supersede both regional Indigenous and African-American recipes that previously used a corn base. Precursors include savory,cornmeal dumplings withturnip greens as well as Indigenouspone (in English, meaning 'baked') that dates back as early as theWoodland Period and fruit-based 'slump'.[59] Thus American dumplings can either be of the filled pastry type (which are usually baked), or they may be little pieces of dough added to a savory or sweet dish, in which case they are usually boiled.
Baked dumplings
Baked sweet dumplings are a popular dessert in American cuisine. They are made by wrappingfruit, frequently a whole tartapple, in pastry, then baking until the pastry is browned and the filling is tender. While baking, the dumplings may be surrounded by, and even basted in, a sweetsauce, typically containingbrown sugar, butter, and cinnamon or other spices. Baked savory dumplings, in the form ofpizza rolls, are a popular prepared snack food.
Boiled dumplings
Boiled dumplings are made by mixing flour, fat, and baking powder with milk or water to form a dough, which may be either rolled out and cut into bite-size pieces, or simply dropped by spoonfuls into the simmering liquid of a savoury soup or stew, or, for dessert dumplings, onto simmering sweetened fruit. The dropped kind are sometimes called "doughboys". When added to chicken and vegetables in chicken broth, the starch in the dumplings serves to thicken the broth into a gravy, creating the popular comfort foodchicken and dumplings. Other common savoury pairings, particularly in the Midwestern and Southern US, are turkey, ham, and butterbeans. Popular sweet pairings are strawberries, apples, and blackberries. Dumplings also feature in the regional stews of the midwest and south called "burgoos." Further north, dumplings are frequently served with beef, corned-beef and duck stews, and blueberries are the favourite fruit for dessert dumplings.
InCanada, thepoutine râpée is a type of filled dumpling made with pork mince inside a flour ball.
Popular Hunza Cuisine famous throughout the entire country. It is recently been gaining popularity after multiple Hunza restaurants/ stalls opened.
Indian cuisine features several dishes that could be characterised as dumplings:
InNepal, steamed dumplings known asmomo are a popular snack, often eaten as a full meal as well. They are similar to the Chinesejiaozi or the Central Asianmanti. Whether momos originated in Tibet and spread to Nepal or vice versa is unclear, but momos were present in Nepal as early as the fourteenth century.[60] Momos are one of the most common items on the menus of Nepali restaurants, especially in theKathmandu Valley.
Common fillings for momos are meat, vegetables, and cheese: sweet dessert momo are also made. Momo can be served fried, steamed or grilled. They are usually served with a dipping sauce, known asachar, normally consisting of tomatoes and chillies as the base ingredient, from which numerous variations can be made. Soups with momo are common: both the Nepalijhol momo and the Tibetanmokthuk are examples.[61]
Yomari, also calledyamari, is a traditional dish of theNewar community inNepal. It is a steamed dumpling that consists of an external covering ofrice flour[62] and an inner content of sweet substances such aschaku. The delicacy plays a very important role in Newaa society, and is a key part of the festival ofYomari punhi.[63] According to some, the triangular shape of the yamari is a symbolic representation of one half of theshadkona, the symbol ofSaraswati and wisdom.[64]
Indonesian cuisine features several dishes which could be characterized as dumplings, especially under the influence of Chinese and Portuguese cuisines.
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