Dulkadirids
1337–1522
Ananachronistic map of the Anatolian beyliks in around 1330
Capital	Elbistan (1337–1507) Marash (1507–1522)[1]
Religion	Islam (Sunni andShia),[2]Christianity[3]
Government	Beylik
Beg
• 1337	Zayn al-Din Qaraja
• 1522	Ali
Historical era	Late Medieval
• Established	1337
• Disestablished	1522
Area
70,000[1] km2 (27,000 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Ottoman Empire

TheBeylik of Dulkadir (Turkish:Dulkadiroğulları Beyliği) was one of theTurkishAnatolian beyliks (principality) established by theOghuz Turk clansBayat,Afshar, andBegdili after the decline ofSeljuk Sultanate of Rûm.

The meaning of Dulkadir is unclear. It was later Arabized or reinterpreted according to folk tradition asDhu'l-Qadr, which means 'powerful' or 'mighty'.^[4] According to 16th-century German historianJohannes Leunclavius,Dulkadir was a corruption of the Turkic nameTorghud.Franz Babinger considered it very probable, as the name was likely derived from some Turkish name, further suggesting that this would also mean the dynasty of Dulkadir is related to the TurkomanTurghudlu tribe.^[5] On the other hand,Annemarie von Gabain proposedtulga-dar (lit. 'helmet-bearer') as the original Turkic word it sprang from.[6] According toTurkologistLouis Bazin, the name may be rooted in the term "dolga," which means "to hurt" or "to agonize". Historian Faruk Sümer suggested that Dulkadir could be the Turkmen pronunciation of the Muslim given nameAbdul Qadir, parallel to how theIlkhanate rulerAbu Sa'id (r. 1316–35) was known as "Busad" by his Turkmen subjects. Another historian, Refet Yinanç, supported Sümer's view.[7]

MedievalArmenian authors referred to the Dulkadirids asTulgharts'i,Tulgharats'i,Dulgharats'i,Tulghatarts'i, orDulghatarts'i.^[8] WhilePersian sources spelled Dulkadir as Zulkadir,Arabic sources spelled it as Dulgadir or Tulgadir.Ottoman sources used a combination of Zulkadir and Dulkadir.^[9]

The principality was founded byZayn al-Din Qaraja, a Turkoman chieftain, likely from theBayat tribe,^[10] who established himself in the region of Elbistan in 1335, taking the town in 1337 and obtaining the title ofna'ib from theMamluk SultanAl-Nasir Muhammad. In 1515, after theBattle of Turnadağ, the principality was conquered by theOttoman SultanSelim I and hisgrand vizierHadım Sinan Pasha and converted into asanjak.^[11]

Fifteenth-centuryBurgundian travelerBertrandon de la Broquière attested to female soldiers living in Dulkadir.Bohemian travelerHans Dernschwam mentioned that the local women rode horses well comparable to men, whereas the women inConstantinople were low profile in contrast. However, theDulkadir Kanunname (code of law) maintained a militantly masculine approach to gender relations similar to its Ottoman counterpart.^[12]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toDulkadirids.

• Alıç, Samet (2020)."Memlûkler Tarafından Katledilen Dulkadir Emirleri" [The Dulkadir's Emirs Killed by the Mamluks].The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute (in Turkish) (43):83–94. Retrieved19 March 2023.
• Babinger, Franz (2012)."Ṭorg̲h̲ud-eli". In Houtsma, M. Th.; Arnold, T. W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I. Brill.
• Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996).New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press.
• Har-El, Shai (1995).Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485-91. E.J. Brill.ISBN 9004101802. Retrieved19 March 2023.
• Mordtmann, Johannes Heinrich & Ménage, Victor Louis (2012)."Ḏh̲u 'l-Ḳadr".Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online. Leiden: E. J. Brill.doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1828.
• Öztuna, Yılmaz (2005).Devletler ve hanedanlar: Türkiye (1074-1990) (in Turkish). Ministry of Culture.ISBN 9751704693.OCLC 949531568.
• Peirce, Leslie (2010). "Domesticating Sexuality: Harem Culture in Ottoman Imperial Law". In Booth, Marilyn (ed.).Harem Histories: Envisioning Places and Living Spaces. Duke University Press.ISBN 9780822348696.OCLC 876167090.
• Sanjian, Avedis K. (5 February 1969).Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1480, A Source for Middle Eastern History(PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.ISBN 9780674432611.OCLC 54310. Retrieved16 February 2024.
• Venzke, Margaret L. (2017)."Dulkadir". In Fleet, Kate;Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;Rowson, Everett (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online.ISSN 1873-9830.
• Yinanç, Refet (1989).Dulkadir Beyliği (in Turkish). Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Press.ISBN 9751601711.OCLC 21676736.

• Anatolian beyliks
• Dulkadirids
• Former countries in West Asia
• History of Kahramanmaraş
• History of Adıyaman Province
• Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire

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• Articles with short description
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