| Duke Chu of Jin 晉出公 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duke ofJin | |||||||||
| Reign | 474–452 BC | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Duke Ding | ||||||||
| Successor | Duke Jing | ||||||||
| Died | 452 BC | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Ji | ||||||||
| Dynasty | Jin | ||||||||
| Father | Duke Ding | ||||||||
Duke Chu of Jin (Chinese:晉出公;pinyin:Jìn Chū Gōng), personal nameJi Zao, was aduke of theJin state. He succeeded his father,Duke Ding, to the throne in 474 BC.
In 453 BC, the Zhi (智) clan was exterminated by the noble houses of Han (韓), Zhao (趙) and Wei (魏) in theBattle of Jinyang.[1] A furious Duke Chu decided to launch a punitive attack on the Han, Zhao and Wei clans, but was instead forced to flee the Jin state. He died on the way to theQi state. The three clans then installedDuke Jing as the next Jin ruler.
The state of Jin had long been dominated by aristocratic clans. During the reign of Duke Chu's father Duke Ding, the six major clans fought a civil war, and in 490 BC theFan and Zhonghang clans were defeated. In 458 BC, the remaining four clans – Zhi, Han, Zhao, and Wei – divided up the former territory of Fan and Zhonghang amongst themselves, and the Zhi clan, under the leadership of Zhi Yao (知瑤), became the most powerful of the four.[1] Zhi even invaded the state ofZhongshan, annexing Qiongyu (in present-dayYi County, Hebei).[2]
In 455 BC, Zhi Yao demanded that the three other clans cede territory to the Zhi clan. TheHan andWei clans complied, butZhao Xiangzi, the leader of theZhao clan, refused. To punish his defiance, Zhi Yao led the forces of Zhi, Han, and Wei to attack Zhao, besieging the Zhao capital Jinyang. After enduring two years of siege, Zhao Xiangzi secretly sent an envoy to negotiate with Han and Wei, persuading them to switch sides. In 453 BC, Zhao, Han, and Wei launched a coordinated counterattack, defeating the Zhi force and killing Zhi Yao. After annihilating the Zhi clan, they divided the territory of Zhi among themselves.[1] The three clans had by this time become separate states while the Duke of Jin was reduced to a mere figurehead. This was a watershed event in Chinese history that is often considered the start of theWarring States period.[3]
The following year, Duke Chu of Jin fled to theState of Chu. Zhao, Han, and Wei, now effectively in control of Jin, installed Jiao, a great-grandson ofDuke Zhao of Jin, as the titular ruler of Jin. Jiao was later known asDuke Jing of Jin.[2]
Duke Chu of Jin Cadet branch of theHouse of Ji | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Duke ofJin 474–452 BC | Succeeded by |