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Druze power struggle (1658–1667)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tribal disputes during Ottoman rule in the Levant
Druze power struggle (1658–1667)
Date1658–1667
Location
ResultOttoman-Druze victory
Belligerents

Ottoman Empire

Ma'n dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
Sirhal Imad
Ali Alam al-Din
Sawaf		Ahmed Ma'an
Korkmuz Ma'an †

TheDruze power struggle of 1658–1667 was a violent tribal dispute duringOttoman rule in theLevant. The conflict erupted between rebel and pro-OttomanDruze factions over succession of theMaani rule.

Background

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Further information:Battle of Anjar

In 1624, when the Ottoman sultan recognizedFakhr-al-Din II as lord of Arabistan (fromAleppo to the borders of Egypt),[1] theDruze leader madeTiberias his capital. Fakhr, one of the most famous Druzeemirs, was succeeded in 1635 by his nephewMulhim Ma'an, who ruled through his death in 1658. Fakhr's only surviving son, Husayn, lived the rest of his life as a court official inConstantinople. Mulhim exercisediltizam taxation rights in theChouf, Gharb, Jurd,Matn, andKisrawan districts of Lebanon. Mulhim's forces battled and defeated those of Mustafa Pasha,Beylerbey of Damascus, in 1642, but he is reported by historians to have been otherwise loyal to Ottoman rule.[2]

Conflict

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Part ofa series on the
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Following Mulhim's death in 1658,[3] his sonsAhmad and Korkmaz (or Qurqmaz)[4] entered into a power struggle with other Ottoman-backed Druze leaders.

In 1660, the Ottoman Empire moved to reorganize the region, placing thesanjaks (districts) ofSidon-Beirut andSafed in a newly formedprovince of Sidon, a move seen by local Druze as an attempt to assert control.[5] An Ottoman expedition was dispatched to the area following the creation of the new administrative units, initially against the Shihabs and the Shia Hamades.[4] The grand wazirKöprülü Mehmed Pasha came in person with the expedition.[4] The Shihabs fled to the Hamades in the highKisrawan, while the Ottoman troops pillagedWadi al-Taym.[4]

Claiming that the Shihabs allied with the Ma'anis, the Ottomans demanded Ahmad and Korkmaz to hand over the Shihabs and provide money for the Ottoman army, but the Ma'anis refused and fled to the Kisrawan as well.[4] The Ma'anis lost control and the Druze of theGalilee lost their protection.[6] Ottoman troops pillaged the area, seeking for the lords of Shihabs, Hamades and Ma'anis, causing "misery" to the peasants.[4] As a result, the pro-Ottoman Druze overran much of the Galilee, most notably destroying the cities ofSafed andTiberias.[citation needed]

Alternative pro-Ottomansheikhs Sirhal Imad andAli Alam al-Din were briefly installed to rule the Druze country.[4] Contemporary historian Istifan al-Duwayhi reports that Korkmaz was killed in act of treachery by the Beylerbey of Damascus in 1662.[5] His brother Ahmad apparently escaped the plotting.[4] In 1666, according to al-Safa, local Shia repulsed the governor of Sidon and a Ma'an force nearNabatiyeh.[4]

In 1667, Ahmad Ma'an and his supporters defeated the pro-Ottoman Alam al-Din,Sawaf and others, near Beirut.[4] Ahmad emerged victorious in the power struggle among the Druze in 1667, but the Maʿnīs lost control of Safad[7] and retreated to controlling the iltizam of the Chouf mountains and Kisrawan, answerable to the Ottoman governor of Sidon.[8] According to Abu-Husayn, after 1667 Ahmad resumed correspondence with the Tuscans.

Aftermath

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Ahmad continued as local ruler until his death from natural causes, without an heir, in 1697.[7] During theOttoman–Habsburg War (1683–1699), Ahmad collaborated in a rebellion against the Ottomans which extended beyond his death.[7] Iltizam rights in Chouf and Kisrawan passed to the risingShihab family through female-line inheritance.[8] Despite conflicts in the 1660s, the Maan family played the leading role in the management of the internal affairs of this eyalet until the closing years of the 17th century, perhaps because it was not possible to manage the province—certainly not in the sanjak of Sidon-Beirut—without them.[9]

See also

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References

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  1. ^The Druze of the LevantArchived 2012-03-09 at theWayback Machine
  2. ^Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004).The view from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman chancery documents, 1546-1711. I.B.Tauris. pp. 21–22.ISBN 978-1-86064-856-4.
  3. ^The View from Istanbul: Ottoman Lebanon and the Druze Emirate. P.22.[1]
  4. ^abcdefghijHarris W.Lebanon: A History, 600-2011. P.109. Oxford University Press.[2]
  5. ^abAbu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004).The view from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman chancery documents, 1546-1711. I.B.Tauris. p. 22.ISBN 978-1-86064-856-4.
  6. ^A History of the Druzes. P.45
  7. ^abcAbu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004).The view from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman chancery documents, 1546-1711. I.B.Tauris. pp. 22–23.ISBN 978-1-86064-856-4.
  8. ^abSalibi, Kamal S. (2005).A house of many mansions: the history of Lebanon reconsidered. I.B.Tauris. p. 66.ISBN 978-1-86064-912-7.
  9. ^Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1992)."Problems in the Ottoman Administration in Syria During the 16th and 17th Centuries: The Case of the Sanjak of Sidon-Beirut".International Journal of Middle East Studies.24 (4): 665–675 [673].doi:10.1017/S002074380002239X.S2CID 159670509. Retrieved2011-04-11.

Further reading

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