History

Demographics

Intercommunal relationships

Relationship with Lebanese Christians

Notable people

See also

References

1. ^Lebanon – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2013-06-13.
2. ^Chatty, Dawn (2010-03-15).Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.
3. ^^abcdLebanon 2015 International Religious Freedom Report U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2019-04-23.
4. ^Doniger, Wendy (1999).Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster, Inc.ISBN 0-87779-044-2.
5. ^Sewell, Abby (2017-09-15)."Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it".GulfNews. Retrieved2018-09-16.
6. ^James Lewis (2002).The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions.Prometheus Books. Retrieved13 May 2015.
7. ^https://books.google.com/books?id=wXO8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 Lebanon Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
8. ^De McLaurin, Ronald (1979).The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114.ISBN 978-0-03-052596-4.Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...
9. ^Stokes, Jamie (2009).Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase.ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
10. ^Khuri Hitti, Philip (1996).The Origins of the Druze People: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. University of California Press. p. 10.ISBN 978-1-5381-2418-5.Lebanon therefore was the distributing center of the Druze people and Wādi - al - Taym was the birthplace of their faith.
11. ^Deeb, Marius (2013).Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press.ISBN 978-0-8179-1666-4.the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
12. ^United Nations Development Programme :Programme on Governance in the Arab Region : Elections : LebanonArchived 2011-07-18 at theWayback Machine. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
13. ^^ab"Druze". druze.org.au. 2015. Archived fromthe original on 2016-02-14.
14. ^James Lewis (2002).The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. Retrieved13 May 2015.
15. ^William Harris (19 Jul 2012).Lebanon: A History, 600-2011 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 46.ISBN 978-0-19-518111-1.
16. ^Hazran, Yusri (2013).The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32.ISBN 978-1-317-93173-7.the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian
17. ^Artzi, Pinḥas (1984).Confrontation and Coexistence. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166.ISBN 978-965-226-049-9... Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.
18. ^CHURCHILL (1862).The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25...the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..
19. ^^abHobby (1985).Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53.the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..
20. ^Fawaz, L.T. (1994).An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860.University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-08782-8. Retrieved2015-04-16.
21. ^Vocke, Harald (1978).The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions. C. Hurst. p. 10.ISBN 0-903983-92-3.
22. ^Swayd, Samy (2015).Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132.ISBN 978-1-4422-4617-1.Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous relationship between Muslims and Druzes
23. ^K. Zartman, Jonathan (2020).Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change. ABC-CLIO. p. 199.ISBN 978-1-4408-6503-9.Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered more.
24. ^Layiš, Aharôn (1982).Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights. BRILL. p. 1.ISBN 978-90-04-06412-6.the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.
25. ^"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are".Arab America. 8 August 2018. Retrieved13 April 2020.
26. ^J. Stewart, Dona (2008).The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. p. 33.ISBN 978-1-135-98079-5.Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
27. ^Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014).The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 142.ISBN 978-0-19-986263-4.While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..
28. ^De McLaurin, Ronald (1979).The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114.ISBN 978-0-03-052596-4.Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
29. ^Parsons, L. (2000).The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49. Springer. p. 2.ISBN 978-0-230-59598-9.With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of themihna) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...
30. ^C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019).Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366.ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1.
31. ^Taraze Fawaz, Leila.An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. p.63.
32. ^Goren, Haim.Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East. p.95-96.
33. ^C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019).Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 364.ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1.
34. ^Zabad, Ibrahim (2017).Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-317-09672-6.
35. ^Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, Meib, May 2003, archived fromthe original(dossier) on July 20, 2009
36. ^"Who's who in Lebanon".BBC News. 14 March 2005. Retrieved13 August 2011.
37. ^"Saturday's live coverage of the war in Lebanon".Ya Libnan. Archived fromthe original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved2008-12-24.
38. ^Kandy Ringer."Lebanon's Fighting Spreads to Druze Heartland".BBC News. Archived fromthe original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved2008-12-24.
39. ^Mishaqa, p. 23.
40. ^Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009-01-01).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 530.ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. Retrieved2013-05-25.
41. ^F. Harik, Iliya (2017).Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711-1845. Princeton University Press. p. 241.ISBN 978-1-4008-8686-9.the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith.
42. ^Shwayri, Raif (2016).Beirut on the Bayou: Alfred Nicola, Louisiana, and the Making of Modern Lebanon. SUNY Press. p. 14.ISBN 978-1-4384-6095-6.The Abillamah, by the way, also converted to Christianity when the Metn Mountains came to be densely inhabited by Christians, a second conversion for them, given that they already turned Druze earlier, relinquishing the Sunni religion
43. ^Nisan, Mordechai (2004).The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz). Routledge. p. 14.ISBN 978-1-135-75952-0.Other earlier converts were the Abillamah Druze Emirs and Harfush Shiite.
44. ^al- H̲azīn, Farīd (2000).The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. Harvard University Press. p. 35.ISBN 978-0-674-08105-5.So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite
45. ^Salibi, Kamal (1900).A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. University of California Press. p. 162.ISBN 978-0-520-07196-4.namely the emirs of the house of Abul - Lama, used to be Druzes before they converted to Christianity and became Maronites{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
46. ^Matti Moosa,The Maronites in History, p. 283. Quote
47. ^A. Kayyali, Randa (2006).The Arab Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21.ISBN 978-0-313-33219-7.some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism...
48. ^A. Kayyali, Randa (2006).The Arab Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21.ISBN 978-0-313-33219-7.Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity.
49. ^Hobby, Jeneen (2011).Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 232.ISBN 978-1-4144-4891-6.US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names..
50. ^Panagakos, Anastasia (2015).Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World [3 volumes]: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World. ABC-CLIO. p. 99.ISBN 978-1-4408-3332-8.
51. ^C. Held, Colbert (2008).Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. p. 109.ISBN 978-0-429-96200-4.Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.
52. ^^abتعرف على طائفة "الموحدين العرب" الدروز,BBC
53. ^Barakat, Halim (2011).Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War. University of Texas Press.ISBN 978-0-292-73981-9.the Druzes make up almost half the district, of Aley, one third of Rashaya, and more than a quarter of Shuf and Matn...
54. ^^abcdehttps://lub-anan.com/المحافظات/النبطية/مرجعيون/المذاهب/
55. ^^abcdehttps://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1297803/data-and-statistics.html
56. ^Bowman, Glenn (2012).Sharing the Sacra: The Politics and Pragmatics of Intercommunal Relations Around Holy Places. Berghahn Books. p. 17.ISBN 9780857454867.
57. ^Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."
    2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."
    3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins."
58. ^Deeb, Marius (2013).Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press.ISBN 9780817916664.the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
59. ^Barakat, Halim (2011).Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War. University of Texas Press.ISBN 9780292739819.
60. ^Hazran, Yusri (2013).The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32.ISBN 9781317931737.the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian
61. ^Artzi, Pinḥas (1984).Confrontation and Coexistence. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166.ISBN 9789652260499... Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.
62. ^Churchill (1862).The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25...the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..
63. ^Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017).Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. p. 9.ISBN 9781351722179.
64. ^Volk, Lucia (2010).Memorials and Martyrs in Modern Lebanon. Indiana University Press. p. 95.ISBN 9780253004925.
65. ^Panzac, 1995, p. 381.
66. ^^abMorgenstern, 1966, p. 158.
67. ^^abcGenzor, Jozef (1990).Asian and African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3. University of Michigan Press. p. 274.ISBN 978-0700702268.
68. ^^abcdBeaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017).Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314.ISBN 9781351722179.