Adrug cartel is acriminal organization composed of independentdrug lords whocollude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate theillegal drug trade. Drug cartels form with the purpose of controlling thesupply of the illegal drug trade and maintaining prices at a high level. The formations of drug cartels are common inLatin American countries.[dubious –discuss]Rivalries between multiple drug cartels cause them to wage turf wars against each other. Drug cartels often transport bothdrugs andnarcotics, and most often the term "Narcotics cartel" is not used to describe an organization that transports the latter legally defined set of illegal substances, such as marijuana.
Considered as the "eyes and ears" of the streets, the "falcons" are the lowest rank in any drug cartel. They are scouts, who are responsible for conductingreconnaissance, such as reporting the activities of thepolice, themilitary and rival groups.[1]
The armed group within the drug cartel, responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts and extortions, operating protection rackets, as well asdefending theirplaza (turf) from rival groups and the military.[2][3]
The second highest position in the drug cartel organization, responsible for supervising the hitmen and falcons within their own territory. They are allowed to carry out low-profile murders without permission from their bosses.[4]
Drug lords are the highest position in any drug cartel, responsible for supervising the entire drug industry, appointing territorial leaders, making alliances, in addition to planning high-profile murders.[5]
There are other operating groups within the drug cartels. For example, the drug producers and suppliers,[6] although not considered in the basic structure, are critical operators of any drug cartel, along with thesmugglers,distributors,sales representatives,accountants andmoney launderers.[7][8][9] Furthermore, the arms suppliers operate in a completely different circle;[10] they are technically not considered part of the cartel's logistics.
Mexican cartels (also known inMexico as:la Mafia (themafia or the mob),La Maña (the skill / the bad manners),[21]narcotraficantes (narco-traffickers), or simply asnarcos usually refers to several, rival, criminal organizations that are combated by the Mexican government in theMexican War on Drugs (List sorted by branches and heritage):[22]
Mexican academic Oswaldo Zavala, in his bookDrug Cartels Do Not Exist, argues that academics, officials, journalists and writers are mistaken to label the criminal gangs as cartels, noting that they do not meet the definition due to the competitive nature of the drugs trade, and the lack of hierarchal structure. He states that the Mexican state perpetuates the label to justify their militarised response.[23]
According to some observers in 2010,Los Zetas instituted social media demonstrations of torture and sadism in their reprisals which changed the rules of the game among the Mexican cartels.[24] The level of violence and social instability greatly increased during the presidency ofFelipe Calderon.[25] The Calderon and Foxe administrations worked closer with American law enforcement and utilized the military forces which led to some confusion among local law enforcement in public security and a variety of human rights abuses and corruption.[26]The former head of Mexican law enforcement,Genaro García Luna, was sentenced in the Eastern District of New York on October 16, 2024 for his role inSinaloa Cartel associated drug trafficking in the United States.[27]
Note: As of 2020 the DEA considered the cartels of Sinaloa, Jalisco and Golfo-Noreste-Zetas to be the most influential cartels in Mexico.[28]
Map of violent crime per 100,000 people in the US by state in 2016
The United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine[62] and other illegal drugs.[63][64][65] This is a list of American criminal organizations involved in illegal drug traffic, drug trade and other related crimes in the United States:
Italian immigrants to the United States in the early 19th century formed various small-time gangs which gradually evolved into sophisticated crime syndicates which dominated organized crime in America for several decades. Although government crackdowns and a less-tightly knit Italian-American community have largely reduced their power, they remain an active force in the underworld.
According to theUnited Nations, there has been an increase of cocaine trafficking through Venezuela since 2002.[92] In 2005, Venezuela severed ties with the United StatesDrug Enforcement Administration (DEA), accusing its representatives of spying.[93] Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers.[94] Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008[95] to sixth in the world in 2012.[96]The cartel groups involved include:
TheCuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan moved to Venezuela,[97] which became an important hideout as the clan bought hotels and founded various businesses in Caracas and Valencia, as well as an extended ranch inBarinas, near the Colombian border."Venezuela has its own Cosa Nostra family as if it is Sicilian territory," according to the Italian police."The structure and hierarchy of the Mafia has been entirely reproduced in Venezuela." The Cuntrera-Caruana clan had direct links with the ruling Commission of the Sicilian Mafia, and are acknowledged by the American Cosa Nostra.[97]
Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare Cuntrera were expelled from Venezuela in 1992, "almost secretly smuggled out of the country, as if it concerned one of their own drug transports. It wasimperative they could not contact people on the outside who could have used their political connections to stop the expulsion." Their expulsion was ordered by a commission of the Venezuelan Senate headed by SenatorCristobal Fernandez Dalo and his money laundering investigator,Thor Halvorssen Hellum. They were arrested in September 1992 atFiumicino airport (Rome),[98][99] and in 1996 were sentenced to 13–20 years.[97]
In May 2015,The Wall Street Journal reported from United States officials that drug trafficking in Venezuela increased significantly with Colombian drug traffickers moving from Colombia to Venezuela due to pressure from law enforcement.[102] OneUnited States Department of Justice official described the higher ranks of the Venezuelan government and military as "a criminal organization", with high ranking Venezuelan officials, such as National Assembly PresidentDiosdado Cabello, being accused of drug trafficking.[102] Those involved with investigations stated that Venezuelan government defectors and former traffickers had given information to investigators and that details of those involved in government drug trafficking were increasing.[102]
Theyakuza of Japan are similar to the Italian mafias in that they originated centuries ago and follow a rigid set of traditions, but have several aspects that make them unique, such as theirfull-body tattoos and their fairly open place in Japanese society. Many yakuza groups are umbrella organizations, smaller gangs reporting to a larger crime syndicate.
TheTriads is a popular name for a number of Chinese criminal secret societies, which have existed in various forms over the centuries (see for exampleTiandihui). However, not all Chinese gangs fall into line with these traditional groups, as many non-traditional criminal organizations have formed, both in China and the Chinese diaspora.
Although organized crime existed in the Soviet era, the gangs really gained in power and international reach during thetransition to capitalism. The termRussian Mafia, 'mafiya' or mob is a blanket (and somewhat inaccurate) term for the various organized crime groups that emerged in this period from the 15 former republics of theUSSR and unlike their Italian counterparts does not mean members are necessarily of Russian ethnicity or uphold any ancient criminal traditions, although this is the case for some members.
Balkan organized crime gained prominence in the chaos following the communist era, notably the transition to capitalism and thewars in former Yugoslavia.
^Grayson, George W. THE EVOLUTION OF LOS ZETAS IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA: SADISM AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CARTEL WARFARE. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2014.JSTORresrep11767Retrieved 5 Feb. 2025.
^Wax-Edwards, Jessica. “Introduction.” Documenting Violence in Calderón’s Mexico: Visual Culture, Resistance and Memorialisation, Boydell & Brewer, 2023, pp. 1–8.doi:10.2307/j.ctv30pntt2.6 Retrieved 5 February 2025.
^YADAV, SUHASINI. “Mexican Drug Cartelisation: THE LONG WAR AND ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES (2000–2016).”World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, vol. 26, no. 2, 2022, pp. 40–59.JSTOR48681980 Retrieved 5 Feb. 2025.
^United States Attorney's Office. (16 October 2024). "Press Release:Ex-Mexican Secretary of Public Security Genaro Garcia Luna Sentenced to Over 38 Years' Imprisonment".U.S. Attorney's Office website Retrieved 5 February 2025.
^abcdefghiChepesiuk, Ron (2007)Gangsters of Harlem: the gritty underworld of New York City's most famous neighborhood, Barricade Books,ISBN1-56980-318-8
^abcdefghijRockaway, Robert A (2000)But he was good to his mother: the lives and crimes of Jewish gangsters, Gefen Publishing House Ltd,ISBN965-229-249-4
Holmes, Jennifer S.; Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres, Sheila; Curtin, Kevin M. (2006). "Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis".Latin American Politics and Society.48 (3):157–184.doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2006.tb00359.x.S2CID198824953.ProQuest200275766.
