Drakengard, known in Japan asDrag-On Dragoon,[a] is a series ofaction role-playing video games originally developed byCavia and published bySquare Enix. Theeponymous first game in the series was released in 2003 on thePlayStation 2, and has since been followed by a sequel, a prequel and several spin-offs. A spin-off series titledNier, taking place in analternative timeline set after a different ending to the firstDrakengard than the one 2005'sDrakengard 2 followed, was started in 2010 with theeponymous game.Yoko Taro has directed every game in both series, with the exception ofDrakengard 2 in which he only had minor involvement.
The stories of bothDrakengard andNier generally focus on the fortunes and personalities of a small group of protagonists either directly or indirectly connected to and affected by the events of the story. Dark or mature plot and character themes andmultiple endings have become a staple of the series. The setting of theDrakengard games is aNorthern Europe-likedark fantasy world where humans and creatures from myth and legends live side by side, while theNier games are set in the distant future of a different ending to the firstDrakengard from the oneDrakengard 2 follows, leading to 2017'sNier: Automata taking place in a much different,post-apocalypticscience fiction setting. Both series have been largely praised for their complex characters and storylines, although the practical gameplay of theDrakengard games has been criticized.
BothDrakengard and the originalNier have long been considered popular in Japan, selling well and gaining a cult following, and resulting in multiple adaptations and additional media such as books (including several novelizations), manga, comics, and a stage play. They remained little-known outside of Japan until the 2017 release ofNier: Automata, which was a worldwide commercial and critical hit and led to an increase in interest from western countries, resulting in aremaster of the originalNier, subtitledReplicant ver.1.22474487139..., being released in 2021 to larger attention and substantially better sales than the original.
Drakengard, the first installment in the franchise. It released for thePlayStation 2 (PS2) in September 2003 in Japan, March and May 2004 in North America and Europe respectively.Square Enix published the title in Japan and North America, whileGathering of Developers published it in European territories.[1] A Europe-exclusive mobile port was released in August 2004.[2] The mobile version was co-developed and co-published withMacrospace.[3]
Drakengard 2, the second installment in the series and direct sequel to the first game.[4] It released on the PS2 in June 2005 in Japan, February 2006 in North America and March of the same year in Europe and Australia.[5][6] For its release in western territories, Square Enix partnered with European game developer and publisherUbisoft.[5] Ubisoft also handled the game's localization.[7]
Drakengard 3, the third main installment in the series and a prequel to the first game. It released on the PS3 in December 2013 in Japan and May 2014 in North America and Europe.[8][9] LikeNier, it was published in all regions by Square Enix.[10]
Nier, a spin-off from the main series stemming from the last ofDrakengard's five possible endings.Nier was released on thePlayStation 3 (PS3) andXbox 360 (asNier Replicant in Japan for PS3 only,Nier Gestalt in Japan for Xbox 360, andNier in North America and Europe) in April 2010 across all regions. It was published by Square Enix across all regions.[11] An updated version titledNier Replicant ver.1.22474487139… was released forPlayStation 4,Xbox One, andMicrosoft Windows in April 2021.[12]
Nier: Automata, a distant sequel toNier, set in the same universe but thousands of years in the future.[13] It was released for PlayStation 4 in February 2017, Microsoft Windows in March 2017, Xbox One in June 2018, and Nintendo Switch October 2022.[14][15][16]
Nier Reincarnation, a mainlineNier title for mobile platforms, set in theNier universe but taking place in a mysterious location known as the Cage. It was released forAndroid andiOS in February 2021.[17][18] The game ended service in April 2024.
The idea forDrakengard originated in 1999 between Takamasa Shiba and Takuya Iwasaki. The gameplay was conceived as a blend of elements fromAce Combat andDynasty Warriors 2.[19][20] The team developing the game went under the moniker "Project Dragonsphere".[21] The game was developed byCavia and directed byYoko Taro, who was the main drive behind the game's dark atmosphere.[19][22] It was Shiba's first project as a producer.[20] As Yoko was told there would not be a sequel, multiple endings were created.[23] When it was localized and released in the west, references to things such as sexual taboos were censored.[24] In addition, the title was changed, asDrag-On Dragoon was considered wrong for a western audience.[21][25]Drakengard was considered enough of a success that a sequel was commissioned.[26] Multiple staff members returned for the creation of the second game, although Yoko was mostly tied up with other projects and was replaced as director by Akira Yasui. Yoko still had a role in development, and he and Yasui had creative clashes during development. Yasui ended up makingDrakengard 2 the thematic opposite of the previous game, employing a lighter tone and broader color palette.[27]
Nier originated when Yoko and Shiba teamed up to create a thirdDrakengard game. As the project continued, it became more detached from the main continuity and eventually developed into an entirely new spin-off.[28][29] Despite what it became, Yoko has stated that he considersNier to be the trueDrakengard 3.[29] It was the last game developed by Cavia.[30] After its release, Cavia closed down and was absorbed byAQ Interactive,[30] then Yoko Taro left to pursue a wider range of projects.[31] A stalled attempt to begin production of further games in the series atAQ Interactive was blamed by Shiba on a prevalent trend at the time for light-weight games for the general gaming community.[32] Later, Yoko and Shiba came together again to create a proper second sequel toDrakengard, with the intention of creating a hard core RPG for the fanbase.[33] Unlike the previous games in the series,Drakengard 3 was developed byAccess Games, a developer whose noted games includedDeadly Premonition, and brought in team members used to create action games.[20][34] During the run-up toDrakengard 3's release, both Yoko and Shiba expressed their willingness to continue the series on thePlayStation 4 if the latest game was enough of a success.[24][35] Speaking in 2014 after the game's release, Yoko stated that the series was on hold due to lack of funds.[35] A newNier game was revealed to be in development at Square Enix andPlatinumGames.[36]
The stories of the original game's characters were written by Yoko, Shiba and Iwasaki, while the main game script was written by Sawako Natori, who would go on to co-write the main scenarios for futureDrakengard games.[28][37][38] Yoko designed the darker elements to both contrast and actively compete with the likes ofDragon Quest andFinal Fantasy.[21][19] Yoko conceived the "insane" characters around the premise that people who killed hundreds of people in pursuit of their goals and took satisfaction from it were naturally insane. During the production ofNier, his focus changed to writing a story where everyone believed they were in the right whatever their actions. Through the series, Yoko has also been attempting to answer the question of why people are driven to kill.[39] Although some of the dark narrative themes were kept forDrakengard 2, many of the other narrative elements were made more mainstream.[40][41]Drakengard 3 was intended to return to a dark aesthetic, but also to include moments of humor and tie in withNier.[24]
The character designer for theDrakengard games is Kimihiko Fujisaka. Initially a minor staff member at Cavia, the team were impressed by his skill as an amateur artist and he was recommended for the post of character designer for the game.[21] The designs for both the characters and the world were influenced by armor and clothing ofMedieval Europe.[25] He returned in the same capacity forDrakengard 2, and later forNier. Disliking some of his initial designs forDrakengard, he took the opportunity to remodel them more to his liking for the arcade gameLord of Vermilion.[42] InDrakengard 3, Fujisaka designed the protagonistZero around the dark themes of the game, although some unusual elements were nearly cut.[29] The other female characters were inspired byPuella Magi Madoka Magica, while the male characters, considered a low priority, were designed around male archetypes and approved quickly.[42]
The character designs forNier were handled by an artist under the moniker D.K.[43] ForNier's international release, the protagonist was redesigned from a teenager to an adult character. This was because the publishers felt an older character would appeal more to western players.[44][45] ForNier: Automata, the main character designs were handled byAkihiko Yoshida, an artist noted for his work on theFinal Fantasy series. While he was initially expected to refuse, he agreed as several staff members at his company CyDesignation were fans ofNier. For his designs, Yoko requested he focus on smooth outlines and black coloring.[13][46] Other characters were designed by Yuya Nagai and Toshiyuki Itahana.[47][48]
The first game's soundtrack was created byNobuyoshi Sano and Takayuki Aihara. The two created the score using samples from well-known classical composers.[49] The second game's soundtrack was composed by Ryoki Matsumoto and Aoi Yoshiki, who had never before been involved with video game soundtracks.[50] The game's Japanese theme song,Hitori, was sung byMika Nakashima.[51] The music forNier was composed by Keiichi Okabe, who composed the soundtrack as something different from the main series, and to directly reflect the sombre tone of the game's setting and story.[52] Singer Emi Evans (Emiko Rebecca Evans) wrote and sang the vocal tracks,[52] and performed many tracks in an invented language dubbed "Chaos Language". "Chaos Language" is less a language and more a writing style, as each individual song has a different language based on a real-world language. The one exception to this is "Song Of The Ancients" which is sung in a language based upon multiple different languages, instead of a single language.[53] Okabe returned to compose the soundtrack forDrakengard 3: in an interview, he stated that, in composing the music, he tried to emulate the work of the earlier composer without imitating them. He also commented that the result was very unlike the traditional Square Enix game.[54] The game features two theme songs: "Black Song", performed byEir Aoi,[55] and "This Silence is Mine", the game's theme song proper, written and sung byChihiro Onitsuka.[56] Okabe is again providing the music forNier: Automata, with singer Emi Evans also returning.[13]
Midgard, the setting of the mainDrakengard games, as it appears inDrakengard 3. The world has been described byAnime News Network as "a warped version of medieval Europe".[57]
TheDrakengard games take place in a dark fantasy version ofMedieval Europe called Midgard.[57][58] Humans appear to be the predominant species, although races such asdragons,fairies andelves are shown to exist. The setting, mythos, and landscape borrow extensively from the lore ofNorthern Europe.[21] The world is overseen by a group of unnamed gods who have yet to make a personal appearance.[59][b] The gods are served by beings known as the Watchers,[c] entities created to destroy humanity because they are considered a failure.[58] The Watchers are kept from entering the world with the seals, which act to keep the world in balance: should the seals be destroyed, the Watchers would enter the world and destroy humanity. At the core of the seals is the Goddess of the Seal, a mortal virgin female chosen and branded with the final seal: if all the seals are destroyed, all that stands between the Watchers and the world is the death of the Goddess herself. A core element of theDrakengard universe is the ability for humans and beasts to form a Pact,[d] a magical bond which links their souls and grants the human partner great power at the cost of some physical ability or personal trait (their voice, singing abilities, etc.). Pacts are normally entered into by beasts so they can feed offnegative emotions, but sometimes they will enter a pact for other reasons.[58] A recurring element across the series is the representation of magic using theCelestial Alphabet, with a common letter arrangement representing the human gene.[60]
The universe of theDrakengard series is split between multiple timelines. Events in those timelines are separate, but they can overlap. The core timeline is formed fromDrakengard and its sequel.Drakengard 3 acts as the first game's prequel, but most of its events take place in separate timelines leading to different outcomes.[61] InDrakengard 3, a malevolent flower uses servants called the Intoners, women gifted with the power to use magic through song, as instruments of humanity's destruction. InDrakengard, which succeeds the fifth version ofDrakengard 3's events detailed in a supplementary novel,[62] the Watchers use a group known as the Cult of Watchers[e] to spark a religious war and destroy the seals.[63] InDrakengard 2, the Watchers continue to use the former head of the cult to destroy the new seals, while the dragons prepare to usurp the gods and rule over the world.Nier is set in an alternative reality created by events stemming fromDrakengard's fifth ending: in this reality, our modern world was decimated by a plague created by the magical beings who came through the portal, bringing humanity to the brink of extinction.[64]Nier: Automata takes place after the fourth ending ofNier, featuring appearances and mentions of characters from bothNier and theDrakengard games.[13]
TheDrakengard games feature a mix of action-based hack-and-slash combat during ground-based battles and aerial combat mixed in with RPG leveling mechanics. In the original, the player guides the characters around ground-based battles to combat small groups of enemy units. In aerial combat, the player takes control of the protagonist's dragon partner. In these situations, the dragon can either lock onto a target and unleash a barrage of small fireballs, or the player can manually aim and fire large bursts of flame, which do more damage but do not home in on a target.[65] Basic gameplay changed little forDrakengard 2, but there are some differences and additions, such as weapon types being tied to the character they are associated with, with changing them also swapping the character.[66] The dragon gameplay remained virtually unchanged, apart from the ability, during air-ground missions, for the dragon to swoop down on a group of enemies in a special attack depicted in a short cutscene.[67]
InNier andDrakengard 3, the player controls the main protagonist with two other characters acting as AI-controlled supports.[68][69]Drakengard 3 was designed to be a faster experience than the previous games, with the protagonist being given a special hyper-mode and the ability to freely switch between weapons without pausing the action.[70] Aerial gameplay was also changed, with the dragon now capable of ground combat.[71]Nier, while featuring similar hack-and-slash combat, also includes other gameplay types such as a top-down view for puzzle areas, 2D style areas for buildings or similar structures. Side-quests were also added, which often involved fetch quests, fishing and farming.[72]
One of the running narrative themes for the main series is Immorality, which also became the key character theme and was expressed through their personalities and actions.[28][40] The second game also focused on themes of war and death.[40] The theme for the world ofDrakengard 3, as described by composer Keiichi Okabe, is "the sense of contrast".[73] Multiple anime series have influenced the series' characters over the years, includingNeon Genesis Evangelion,Sister Princess andPuella Magi Madoka Magica.[21][19][42] The series writer, Sawako Natori, drew inspiration for her writing fromshōnen manga.[74] The original game world was designed aroundCeltic andNorse myths, together with Japanese-stylerevisionism.[21] The team for the original game were influenced by Asian epic movies and western action-adventure films such as the 1999 remake ofThe Mummy andDragonheart.[25] While developingNier, the team drew inspiration from theGod of War series,[72] while the narrative structure was inspired by theSeptember 11 attacks and theWar on Terror.[75] The central theme ofNier: Automata is struggling out of a bad situation, defined by the game's staff using the Japanese word "agaku".[76]
The games received multiple adaptations and additional story content in the form of novelizations,manga and supplementary material. The first game received two novelizations:Drag-On Dragoon: Side Story on November 28, 2003, andDrag-On Dragoon: Magnitude "Negative" on January 23, 2004. The first book was written by Emi Nagashima, writing under her pen name of Jun Eishima, and the second by Takashi Aizawa.[77][78] The novelization ofDrakengard 2, written again by Nagashima, was released on September 30, 2005.[79]
Nagashima wrote character stories and manga forDrakengard 3 leading up to that game's release. The manga wasDrag-On Dragoon: Utahime Five, a prequel following the game's main antagonists, andDrag-On Dragoon: Shi ni Itaru Aka, which acts as a sequel, although for Branch A, as it along with Branches B, C, D, and E lead to alternative timelines.[80] A book detailing the narrative connection betweenDrakengard 3 andDrakengard, titledDrag-On Dragoon 3 Story Side, which serves as the fifth branch similar to the events of B and D, narrated by Brother One, was released on 28 August 2014.[81]Drag-On Dragoon 3 Complete Guide + Setting, a complete guide to the game with extra features explaining the game chronology and a novella set after the events ofShi ni Itaru Aka, was published byASCII Media Works in 2014.[82]
Nier was expanded after release with a CD drama which told of events immediately after the events ofDrakengard's fifth ending,[83] and a supplementary book titledGrimoire Nier containing extra stories and concept art alongside a fifth ending for the game.[74] Square Enix also paired up withWildStorm to create a digital comic, which detailed the backstories of the game's characters and world.[84]
The Japanese girl bandYorha performed on the Drakengard 3 soundtrack, and in 2015 performed a stage production written byYoko Taro that is directly related to the plot ofNier: Automata. The band's fictional backstory places them as military androids similar to the playable characters inAutomata.[85][86]
TheDrakengard series has received mixed to positive reviews over the years. So far, the originalDrakengard has received the most positive response of the main series games.[87][100]Drakengard 2 andDrakengard 3 have received lower scores.[88][91][101][102] Each title in the series has received favorable review scores from Japanese gaming magazineFamitsu.[103][104][105][106]
The common point of praise for the series through most of its life has been the story. While individual aspects have come in for criticism, the dark atmospheres, unconventional characters and general scenarios have been cited as one of each game's strengths.[107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114] Despite some mixed feelings from reviewers either for the story as a whole or certain aspects of it, the characters and plot ofDrakengard 3 have also been praised.[68][115][116][117][118][119] The major exception isDrakengard 2: the story's lighter tone and more traditional narrative were noted and sometimes criticized for being overly simplistic or too similar to other games in the genre.[120][121][122][123] TheDrakengard characters have remained popular in Japan, withDengeki holding a popularity contest for those characters to celebrate the series' tenth anniversary and the announcement ofDrakengard 3.[124] Among the most popular characters were the first game's main protagonists, Caim and Angelus (the former having earned the nickname Prince (王子,ouji) among fans).[125] The characters ofDrakengard 3 have also proved to be highly popular.[126]
The gameplay has so far come in for major criticism, with the original title's aerial and ground-based gameplay being seen as repetitive and dull, although some reviewers found it entertaining.[107][108][109][110]Drakengard 2 also came in for such criticism, although minor improvements were cited.[120][121][122][123] In contrast, the gameplay ofDrakengard 3 was generally praised or seen as an improvement upon the previous two entries, though the dragon-riding segments came in for criticisms for difficult controls.[68][115][116][117][118][119] Opinions were divided onNier's unconventional mix of gameplay styles from multiple game genres, with some praising the variety and others seeing it as poorly executed.[111][112][113][114] The series as a whole has gained a cult following in Japan.[74]
Each game has sold relatively well in its home market. The original game was a commercial success, selling over 120,000 units in the first week of release[127] and eventually selling over 240,000 copies in Japan.[128]Drakengard 2's first-week sales were similarly impressive, selling 100,000 units.[5] It sold over 203,000 copies by the end of 2005.[129]Drakengard 3 sold just under 115,000 units in its first week,[130] and over 150,000 units by May 2014.[131] The two versions ofNier—Gestalt andReplicant—sold roughly 12,500 and 60,000 copies in their first week respectively.[132][133]Replicant eventually sold over 121,000 in Japan by the end of May 2010.[134] The series has sold over 770,000 units in Japan as of May 2014.[f] Sales figures for western regions are unavailable. The first two games in the main series have both been included inSquare Enix'sUltimate Hits series, re-releases of popular titles developed or published by them.[135]Nier: Automata became a worldwide success, shipping over 4 million copies by June 2019, becoming the best-selling title in the franchise.[136] As of July 2021[update],Automata has sold over6 million units worldwide.[137] Less than two months after its release, the remaster ofReplicant had shipped over one million copies worldwide,[138] two times the estimated sales of the original game.[139]
^Japanese:ドラッグ オン ドラグーン,Hepburn:Doraggu On Doragūn, commonly abbreviated asDOD
^In the Japanese version, the world is ruled by a single eponymous deity referred to as "God" (神,Kami), and are also referred to in the English version ofDrakengard 2 as "the Nameless".
^Watchers; Angels (天使,Tenshi) in the Japanese version and the English version ofDrakengard 3; also referred to as "Grotesqueries" inDrakengard.
^Pact; Contract (契約,Keiyaku) in the Japanese version.
^Cult of Watchers; Church of Angels (天使の教会,Tenshi no Kyōkai) in the Japanese version.
^ドラッグ オン ドラグーン3 設定資料集＋ザ・コンプリートガイド [Drag-On Dragoon 3 The Complete Guide + Settings] (in Japanese). Tokyo: ASCII Media Works. April 11, 2014. pp. 180–181.ISBN978-4-04-866086-0.
^Nagashima, Emi (August 28, 2014)."『ドラッグオンドラグーン３ ストーリーサイド』". Emi Nagashima Blog.Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. RetrievedNovember 1, 2014.
^Drag-On Dragoon Official Guide Book (in Japanese). Tokyo: Square Enix. October 24, 2003. p. 191.ISBN4-7575-1031-4.
