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Drag queen

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Entertainer dressed and acting with exaggerated femininity
Not to be confused withTransgender orFemboy.

A drag queen performer
Pabllo Vittar, Brazilian drag queen, singer, and performer
RuPaul, American drag queen, actor, and musician

Adrag queen is a person, usually male, who usesdrag clothing and makeup to imitate and often exaggeratefemale gender signifiers andgender roles for entertainment purposes. Historically, drag queens have usually beengay men, and have been a part ofgay culture.

Peopledo drag for reasons ranging from self-expression to mainstream performance.Drag shows frequently includelip-syncing, live singing, and dancing. They typically occur atLGBTQ pride parades,drag pageants,cabarets,carnivals, andnightclubs. Drag queens vary by type, culture, and dedication, from professionals who star in films and spend a lot of their time in their drag personas, to people who do drag only occasionally. Women who dress as men and entertain by imitating them are calleddrag kings.

Those who do occasional drag may be from other backgrounds than the LGBT community. There is a long history offolkloric andtheatrical crossdressing that involves people of all orientations. Not everyone who does drag at some point in their lives is a drag queen or a drag king.

Terminology, scope, and etymology

Drag queens fromBuenos Aires advertising a nightclub, 1995

Drag

Main article:Drag (entertainment)

The term "drag" has evolved over time. Traditional definitions of the term drag utilized agender binary which used a sex-based definition of drag where a person would be considered "in drag" if they were wearing the clothes of the opposite sex for the purposes of entertainment. However, with new paradigms ofgender identity and the embrace ofnon-binary gender, newer definitions of drag have abandoned this binary framework in favor of defining drag as an art form of gender performance which is not limited to a binary framework but which must engage with and critique conceptions of gender in some fashion. This could include explorations with heightened forms of masculinity or femininity, as well as playing with other forms of gender identity.[1]

Unlikefemale impersonation, the term drag is closely associated withqueer identity.[2] This close association between the term drag and the LGBTQ community began in the United States in the 1920s with thePansy Craze when the first gay bars in America were established by the mafia during theProhibition Era and drag entertainers became a popular form of entertainment at these underground gayspeakeasies. Before this point, the term drag was not necessarily associated with gay culture, but after this point forward drag became "inextricably tied to the queer community".[3]

Traditionally, drag involvescross-dressing and transforming ones sex through the use of makeup and other costume devices.[4][5] However, under newer conceptions of drag, conceivably performing an exaggerated and heightened form of one's own gender could be considered a drag performance.[1] While drag is often viewed as a performance based art form and a type of entertainment, it is possible to engage with drag as an art form outside of performance or for purposes other than entertainment.[2] Drag has been used within studio art such as photography, political activism, and fashion to name a few applications outside of performance.

The origin of the termdrag is uncertain.[6] The first recorded use ofdrag in reference to actors dressed in women's clothing is from 1870.[7] It may have been based on the term "grand rag" which was historically used for amasquerade ball.[8]

Female impersonator

Main article:Female impersonation

The termfemale impersonation refers to a type of theatrical performance where a man dresses in women's clothing for the sole purpose of entertaining an audience.[2] The termfemale impersonator is sometimes used interchangeably with drag queen, although they are not the same.[2] For example, in 1972, Esther Newton described a female impersonator as a "professional drag queen".[9] She considered the termfemale impersonator to be the one that was (then) widely understood by heterosexual audiences.[9] However, feminist and queer studies scholar Sarah French defined a clear separation between these two terms. She defined drag as an art form associated withqueer identity whereas female impersonation comes from a wide a range ofgender identity paradigms, includingheteronormativity. Additionally, many drag artists view drag as a lived form of self-expression or creativity, and perceive drag as something that is not limited to the stage or to performance. In contrast, female impersonation is specifically limited to performance and may or may not involve an LGBTQI point of view.[2]

Female impersonation can be traced back at least as far as ancient Greece. There was little to no gender equity then and women held a lower social status. This meant male actors would play female roles during theatrical performances.[10] This tradition continued for centuries but began to be less prevalent as motion pictures became popular. During the era ofvaudeville it was considered immodest for women to appear on stage. Due to that circumstance, some men became famous as "female impersonators", the most notable beingJulian Eltinge. At the peak of his career he was one of the most sought after and highest paid actors in the world.[11]Andrew Tribble was another early female impersonator who gained fame on Broadway and inBlack Vaudeville.[12]

In the twentieth century some gender impersonators, both female and male, in the United States became highly successful performing artists in non-LGBTQ nightclubs and theaters. There was a concerted effort by these working female and male impersonators in America, to separate the art of gender impersonation from queer identity with an overt representation of working gender impersonators as heterosexual. Some of the performers were in fact cisgender heterosexual men and women, but others were closeted LGBTQI individuals due to the politics and social environment of the period. It was criminal in many American cities to be homosexual, or for LGBTQI people to congregate, and it was therefore necessary for female and male impersonators to distance themselves from identifying as queer publicly in order to avoid criminal charges and loss of career. The need to hide and dissociate from queer identity was prevalent among gender impersonators working in non-LGBTQ nightclubs before heteronormative audiences as late as the 1970s.[3]

Female impersonation has been and continues to be illegal in some places, which inspired the drag queenJosé Sarria to hand out labels to his friends reading, "I am a boy", so they could not be accused of female impersonation.[13] American drag queenRuPaul once said, "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" He also said, "I don't dress like a woman; I dress like a drag queen!"[14]

Drag queens and kings

The meaning of the termdrag queen has changed across time. The term first emerged in New York City in the 1950s, and initially had two meanings. The first meaning referred to an amateur performer who did not make a living in drag but may have participated in amateur public performances such as those held at adrag ball or adrag pageant. This was meant to draw a line differentiating amateurs performing in drag for fun from professional female impersonators who made a living performing in drag.[15]

The second original meaning of drag queen was applied to men who chose to wear women's clothing on the streets, an act which was at that time illegal in New York City. Of this latter type two additional slang terms were applied:square drag queens which meant "boys who looked like girls but who you knew were boys" andstreet queens who were queer male sex workers, often homeless, that dressed as women. This second use of the term was also layered with transphobic subtext and the term drag queen was again meant to protect the professional female impersonator by allowing them to dissociate themselves from both aspects of queer culture and from sex workers in order to maintain respectability among the predominantly heteronormative audiences who employed them. This understanding of the term drag queen persisted through the 1960s.[15]

In 1971, an article inLee Brewster'sDrag Queens magazine described a drag queen as a "homosexualtransvestite" who is hyperfeminine, flamboyant, and militant.[16][17] Drag queens were further described as having an attitude of superiority, and commonly courted by heterosexual men who would "not ordinarily participate in homosexual relationships".[16][17] While the termdrag queen implied "homosexual transvestite", the termdrag carried no such connotations.[18]

In the 1970s,drag queen was continually defined as a "homosexual transvestite".[9]Drag was parsed as changing one's clothes to those of a different sex, whilequeen was said to refer to a homosexual man.[9]

For much of history, drag queens were men, but in more modern times,cisgender andtrans women, as well asnon-binary people, also perform as drag queens.[19][20][21][22] In a 2018 article,Psychology Today stated that drag queens are "most typically gay cisgender men (though there are many drag queens of varying sexual orientations and gender identities)".[23]

Examples of trans-feminine drag queens, sometimes calledtrans queens,[24] includeMonica Beverly Hillz[19][20] andPeppermint.[21] Cisgenderfemale drag queens are sometimes calledfaux queens orbioqueens, though critics of this practice assert thatfaux carries the connotation that the drag is fake, and that the use ofbioqueen exclusively for cisgender females is a misnomer since trans-feminine queens exhibit gynomorphic features.[25][26]

Drag queens' counterparts aredrag kings: performers, usually women, who dress in exaggeratedly masculine clothing. Examples of drag kings includeLandon Cider. Trans men who dress like drag kings are sometimes termed trans kings.

Alternative terms

Khookha McQueer, Tunisian drag queen

Some drag queens may prefer to be referred to as "she" while in drag and desire to stay completely in character.[27] Other drag performers are indifferent to which pronoun is used to refer to them. RuPaul has said, "You can call me he. You can call me she. You can call meRegis and Kathie Lee; I don't care! Just so long as you call me."[28]

Drag queens are sometimes calledtransvestites, although that term also has many other connotations than the termdrag queen and is not much favored by many drag queens themselves.[29] The termtranny, an abbreviation of the term transvestite, has been adopted by some drag performers, notably RuPaul,[30] and the gay male community[31] in the United States, but it is considered offensive to most transgender and transsexual people.[32]

Many drag performers refer to themselves as drag artists, as opposed to drag queens, as some contemporary forms of drag have becomenonbinary.[33][34] In Brazil,androgynous drag performers are sometimes calleddragqueer, as a form ofgender neutrality.[35][36][37]

Among drag queens and their contacts today, there is an ongoing debate about whether transgender drag queens are actually considered "drag queens". Some argue that, because a drag queen is defined as a man portraying a woman, transgender women cannot be drag queens.Drag kings are women who assume a masculine aesthetic, but this is not always the case, because there are also biokings, bioqueens, andfemale queens, which are people who perform their own biological sex through a heightened or exaggerated gender presentation.[38][39][40]

History of drag

Canada

In the 1940sJohn Herbert, who sometimes competed in drag pageants, was the victim of an attempted robbery while he was dressed as a woman.[41][nb 1] His assailants falsely claimed that Herbert had solicited them for sex,[41] and Herbert was accused and convicted of indecency[41] under Canada'ssame-sex sexual activity law (which was not repealed until 1969).[44] After being convicted, Herbert served time in a youthreformatory inGuelph, Ontario.[42][45][46][nb 2] Herbert later served another sentence for indecency at reformatory inMimico.[41] Herbert wroteFortune and Men's Eyes in 1964 based on his time behind bars.[46] He included the character of Queenie as an authorialself-insertion.[41][citation needed]

In 1973 the first Canadian play about and starring a drag queen,Hosanna byMichel Tremblay, was performed atThéâtre de Quat'Sous inMontreal.[47]

In 1977 the Canadian filmOutrageous!, starring drag queenCraig Russell, became one of the first gay-themed films to break out into mainstream theatrical release.

India

Alex Mathew (left) beside his drag personaMaya the Drag Queen (right)

In September 2018, theSupreme Court of India ruled that the application ofSection 377 of the Indian Penal Code to consensual homosexual sex between adults was unconstitutional, "irrational, indefensible and manifestly arbitrary".[48] Since then, drag culture in India has been growing and becoming the mainstream art culture. The hotel chain of Lalit Groups spaced a franchise of clubs where drag performances are hosted in major cities of India such asMumbai,Delhi, andBangalore.

Maya the Drag Queen,[49] Rani Kohinoor (Sushant Divgikar),[50] Lush Monsoon,[51][52]Betta Naan Stop,[53] Tropical Marca,[54] Zeeshan Ali,[55] andPatruni Sastry[56] are some examples of Indian drag artists. In 2018,Hyderabad had its first drag convention.[57] In 2020, India's first drag specific magazine Dragvanti began publication.[58]

Lebanon

Lebanon is the only country in the Arab world with an increasingly visible drag scene.[59] Drag culture has existed in Lebanon for several decades but gained popularity with the astronomical rise ofBassem Feghali, who came to prominence in the 1990s, becoming a household name for his impersonation of Lebanese female singers.[60][61] Due to the global success ofRupaul's Drag Race, Beirut's drag scene has adopted various influences that blend American drag culture with local, unique cultural elements.[62] The drag scene has grown so much that in 2019Vogue magazine declared it a drag-aissance.[63]

Paraguay

Usha Didi Gunatita was a pioneer of drag art during the later years of thedictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner. Many drag queens of later generations claim her as a reference, and base their characters on Usha's exaggerated characteristics in her performances.[64][65][66] She is also remembered as one of the first trans people who was featured on Paraguayan television without being censored.[66][67]

Philippines

Before being colonized by Spain in the mid-1500s, it was a national custom for men to dress in women's clothing.[68] However, when the Spaniards arrived, they not only outlawed homosexuality but executed men that appeared to be homosexual. Spain cast a culture ofMachismo onto the Philippines, causing any kind of queerness and queer culture to be heavily suppressed.[68]

Nonetheless, in the early 1900s drag started to reappear in the media. Drag became a key element of national pantomime theatre and as time went on, drag queens appeared in other forms of theatre and in movies.[68]

South Africa

Drag in South Africa emerged in the 1950s in major cities such asJohannesburg andCape Town.[69] It started in the form of underground pageants which created a safe space for members of the LGBTQ+ community inApartheid South Africa, where people could be punished by law for being gay.[69] Being gay was not legalized in South Africa until 1998, so pageants, such as the famous Miss Gay Western Cape, did not become official until the late 1990s.[70]

Discrimination against drag is widespread in South Africa, and drag queens face the threat of violence by being openly gay. Furthermore, there is not language to explore queerness inXhosa, one of the indigenous languages of South Africa.[71]

Thailand

After homosexual acts were decriminalized in Thailand in 1956, gay clubs and other queer spaces began opening which lead to the first cabaret. However, drag in Thailand was actually heavily influenced by drag queens from the Philippines as the first drag show started after the owner of a gay club saw drag queens from the Philippines perform inBangkok.[72] Therefore, drag shows started in Thailand in the mid-1970s and have become increasingly popular over time, especially in major cities like Bangkok.[72]

United Kingdom

InRenaissance England, women were forbidden from performing on stage,[73] so female roles were played by men or boys. The practice continued, as a tradition, whenpantomimes became a popular form of entertainment in Europe during the late 1800s to the mid-1900s.[74][75] The dame became astock character with a range of attitudes from "charwoman" to "grande dame" who was mainly used for improvisation.[75] A notable, and highly successful, pantomime dame from this period wasDan Leno.

Beyond theatre, in the 1800s,Molly houses became a place for gay men to meet, often dressed in drag.[76] Despite homosexuality being outlawed, men would dress in women's clothing and attend these taverns and coffee houses to congregate and meet other, mostly gay, men.[76]

By the mid-1900s, pantomime, and the use of pantomime dames, had declined,[74] although it remains a popularChristmas tradition.[77] The role of the dame, however, evolved to become more about the individual performer. Many female impersonators built up their own fan bases, and began performing outside of their traditional pantomime roles.[78]

United States

Origins

Main article:Female impersonation § History of female impersonation#United States

Drag performance in the United States had its roots in the female impersonations of performers inminstrel shows of the 19th century, followed by female impersonators working in vaudeville, burlesque, and the legitimate theatre in the late 19th century and early 20th century.[79]

ThePansy Craze was a period of increased LGBT visibility in Americanpopular culture from the late-1920s until the mid-1930s;[80][81] during the "craze," drag queens — known as "pansy performers" — experienced a surge inunderground popularity, especially inNew York City,Chicago,Los Angeles, andSan Francisco. The exact dates of the movement are debated, with a range from the late 1920s until 1935.[80][82][83][84][85]

The term "pansy craze" was coined by the historianGeorge Chauncey in his 1994 bookGay New York.[82][83][84][86]

First drag balls

The first person known to describe himself as "the queen of drag" wasWilliam Dorsey Swann, born enslaved inHancock, Maryland, who in the 1880s started hostingdrag balls inWashington, DC attended by other men who were formerly enslaved. The balls were often raided by the police, as documented in the newspapers.[87] In 1896, Swann was convicted and sentenced to 10 months in jail on the false charge of "keeping a disorderly house" (aeuphemism for running abrothel). He requested a pardon fromPresident Grover Cleveland, but was denied.[87]

Night clubs

In the early to mid-1900s, female impersonation had become tied to theLGBT community and thus criminality, so it had to change forms and locations.[88] It moved from being popular mainstream entertainment to something done only at night in disreputable areas, such as San Francisco'sTenderloin.[88] Here female impersonation started to evolve into what we today know asdrag and drag queens.[75][failed verification] Drag queens such asJosé Sarria[89] first came to prominence in these clubs.[88] People went to thesenightclubs to play with the boundaries of gender and sexuality and it became a place for the LGBT community, especially gay men, to feel accepted.[90]

AsLGBT culture has slowly become more accepted in American society, drag has also become more, though not totally, acceptable in today's society.[75] In the 1940s and 1950s,Arthur Blake was one of the few female impersonators to be successful in both gay and mainstream entertainment, becoming famous for his impersonations ofBette Davis,Carmen Miranda, andEleanor Roosevelt in night clubs.[91][92] At the invitation of the Roosevelts, he performed his impersonation of Eleanor at theWhite House.[93][91] He impersonated Davis and Miranda in the 1952 filmDiplomatic Courier.[94]

Protests

Main articles:Cooper Donuts Riot,Compton's Cafeteria riot,Stonewall riots, andInvasion of the Pines
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence at amarriage equality protest in Paris, 2012

TheCooper Donuts Riot was a May 1959 incident inLos Angeles in which drag queens, lesbians, transgender women, and gay men rioted; it was one of the firstLGBT protests in the United States.[95]

TheCompton's Cafeteria riot, which involved drag queens and others, occurred in San Francisco in 1966.[96] It marked the beginning oftransgender activism in San Francisco.[96]

On 17 March 1968, in Los Angeles, to protestentrapment and harassment by theLos Angeles Police Department, two drag queens known as "The Princess" and "The Duchess" held a St. Patrick's Day party atGriffith Park, a popularcruising spot and a frequent target of police activity. More than 200 gay men socialized through the day.[97]

Drag queens were also involved in theStonewall riots, a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of theLGBT community against apolice raid that took place in the early morning hours of 28 June 1969, at theStonewall Inn, located in theGreenwich Village neighborhood ofManhattan, New York City. The riots are widely considered to be the catalyst for thegay liberation movement and the modern fight forLGBT rights in the United States.[98][99]

During the summer of 1976, a restaurant inFire Island Pines,New York, denied entry to a visitor in drag named Terry Warren. When Warren's friends in Cherry Grove heard what had happened, they dressed up in drag, and, on4 July 1976, sailed to the Pines bywater taxi. This turned into a yearly event where drag queens go to the Pines, called theInvasion of the Pines.[100]

Politics

In 1961, drag queenJosé Sarria ran for theSan Francisco Board of Supervisors, becoming the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States.[101][102]

In 1991, drag queen Terence Alan Smith, asJoan Jett Blakk, ran againstRichard M. Daley for the office of mayor of Chicago, Illinois.[103] The campaign was chronicled in the 1991 videoDrag in for Votes.[104] After qualifying for presidency on his 35th birthday,[105] Smith announced a campaign for presidency in 1992 under the slogan "LickBush in '92!" and documented in the 1993 video of the same name.[104] Smith also ran for president in 1996 with the slogan "LickSlick Willie in '96!" In each of these campaigns Smith ran on theQueer Nation Party ticket.[106] In June 2019, a play based on Smith's 1992 presidential campaign, titledMs. Blakk for President, written byTarell Alvin McCraney andTina Landau and starring McCraney in the title role, opened atSteppenwolf Theater in Chicago.[107]

In 2019,Maebe A. Girl became the first drag queen elected to public office in the United States when she was elected to theSilver Lake Neighborhood Council.[108][109][110]

Other

D'Arcy Drollinger was appointedSan Francisco's first draglaureate in May 2023.[111][112] The role consists of serving as an ambassador for San Francisco's LGBTQ+, arts, nightlife, and entertainment communities.[113]

Pickle Drag Queen becameWest Hollywood's first drag laureate on International Drag Day, 16 July 2023.[114]

Drag families

Man reading a book in a store
Advert for drag queen jobs as spoofed inWild Side Story

Drag families are a part ofball culture and drag houses.[115]

Drag mother

A drag queen may either pick adrag name, or be given it by a friend or a"drag mother".[116] Drag mothers often come to lead their drag house, or start their own, and are more experienced and acclaimed members of the drag community. As such, drag mothers and drag daughters have amentor-apprentice relationship. This is because drag mothers help hone the skills of their younger queens, or drag daughters, by teaching them things such as how to apply makeup, walk in heels, sew clothing, dance, sing etc. In addition to this, drag mothers also promote their drag children at events and performances.[117]

Art of drag

man with long hair and a beard, wearing a radiant gold dress
Conchita Wurst, winner of the2014 Eurovision Song Contest

The process of getting into drag or into character can take hours. A drag queen may aim for a certain style, celebrity impression, or message with their look. Hair, make-up, and costumes are the most important essentials for drag queens.[118] Drag queens tend to go for a more exaggerated look with a lot more makeup than a typical woman would wear.

Some people do drag simply as a means of self-expression,[23][119] but often drag queens (once they have completed a look) will go out to clubs and bars and perform in a "drag show".[120] Many drag queens dress up for money by doing different shows, but there are also drag queens that have full-time jobs but still enjoy dressing up in drag as a hobby.[121]

Many parts of the drag show, and of the drag queens' other intellectual properties, cannot be protected by intellectual property law. To substitute the lack of legal protection, drag queens revert to social norms in order to protect their intellectual property.[122]

In entertainment

Drag shows and venues

Drag queen atSofia Pride inBulgaria, 2019
A drag queen putting on lip liner
A drag queen preparingstage makeup

Adrag show is a piece of entertainment consisting of a variety of songs,monologues or skits featuring either single performers or groups of performers in drag meant to entertain an audience.[123] They range from amateur performances at small bars to elaborately staged theatrical presentations.[124] Many drag shows feature performers singing orlip-synching to songs while performing a pre-plannedpantomime, or dancing. The performers often don elaborate costumes and makeup, and sometimes dress to imitate various famous female singers or personalities. Some events are centered around drag, such asSouthern Decadence where the majority of festivities are led by the Grand Marshals, who are traditionally drag queens.[125]

In 2020 the firstWest End play to feature an all drag cast,Death Drop, launched at theGarrick Theatre in London. Produced by Tuckshop and Trafalgar Entertainment it was written by drag performer Holly Stars and starredCourtney Act,Monet X Change,Latrice Royale,Willam, Holly Stars, Anna Phylactic, LoUis CYfer, Don One,Kemah Bob, Myra Dubois andVinegar Strokes and was directed by Jesse Jones. The show ran for a number of weeks in November and December 2020 before being closed due to a COVID lockdown in London. The show reopened on 19 May 2021 and ran until its scheduled end date of 11 July 2021.Death Drop received 5-star reviews from many publications includingGay Times[126] andAttitude magazine[127] and was widely celebrated for breaking new ground in theatrical drag performance.[128][129][130]

In music

Cristal Snow, Finnish drag artist,[131] performing in 2012

While some male music celebrities wear exaggerated feminine clothing as part of their show, they are not necessarily drag queens. An example of a band that utilised drag as part of their stage act was theNew York Dolls. Similarly, Englishnew wave singerBoy George wears drag queen style clothes and cosmetics but he once stated he was not a drag queen.[132] However,RuPaul is a professional drag queen performer and singer.[133]

Examples of songs where lyrics refer to drag queens:

In television

Drag queenDon McLean (drag name Lori Shannon)[134] appeared in three episodes of theCBS sitcomAll in the Family as drag queen Beverly LaSalle: "Archie the Hero" (1975), in whichArchie Bunker gives her mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, not realizing she is male; "Beverly Rides Again" (1976), in which Archie uses her to play a practical joke on a friend; and "Edith's Crisis of Faith, Part 1" (1977), in which her murder leadsEdith Bunker to question her faith in God. The role was noteworthy for its uncommonly respectful and sympathetic treatment of Beverly as a "transvestite".[135][88][136]

British entertainerPaul O'Grady was a staple of light entertainment and variety shows on UK television from the early 80s to the mid 90s playing the drag personaLily Savage: an over the top, glamorous diva character for comedic effect.[137]

CODCO was a Canadian sketch comedy series which aired onCBC Television from 1988 to 1993;[138] two of its actors,Tommy Sexton andGreg Malone, were especially renowned for drag-based impersonations of celebrity women such asQueen Elizabeth,Barbara Frum,Barbara Walters,Tammy Faye Bakker andMargaret Thatcher. In one famous sketch, Malone as Frum moderated a debate betweenAndy Jones as a gay teacher who had been fired from his job for testingHIV-positive and Sexton as Clarabelle Otterhead, the president of an anti-gay lobby group called Citizens Outraged by Weird Sex (or COWS).[139]

Drag queen Amnesia Sparkles tried out forAmerican Idol in 2002.[140]

What Would You Do?, airing since early 2008, has had episodes featuring drag queens.[141][142]

In mid-2008, RuPaul began producingRuPaul's Drag Race, areality televisiongame show which began airing in February 2009. The premise of the program has several drag queens compete to be selected by RuPaul and a panel of judges as "America's next drag superstar". It inspired the similar spin-off showsRuPaul's Drag U andRuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, as well as the international franchise editionsDrag Race Thailand,The Switch Drag Race (Chile),RuPaul's Drag Race UK,Canada's Drag Race,Drag Race Holland,Drag Race España,RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under,Drag Race France,Drag Race Philippines amongmany others.

In 2018,American Idol featured a drag queen, Adam Sanders (drag nameAda Vox) as one of its contestants.[143] He made it to the top ten.[143]

In 2018,Celebrity Big Brother featured Queen Shane Jenek (drag nameCourtney Act) as one of its contestants, placing first in the season with 49.43% of the public vote.[144][citation needed]

Also in 2018,So You Think You Can Dance featured Jay Jackson (drag nameLaganja Estranja) as one of its contestants.[145]

TheNetflix showDancing Queen, also released in 2018, starred Justin Johnson (drag nameAlyssa Edwards) and his dance studio, Beyond Belief Dance Company.[146]

A 2018 episode ofThe Simpsons, titled "Werking Mom", featured many drag queens, including cameos from RuPaul and Raja (the season three winner ofRuPaul's Drag Race).[147]

Gingzilla, also known as Ben Hudson and the "Glamonster", an Australian drag queen, appeared onThe X Factor in 2018, andAmerica's Got Talent in 2019.[148]

Dragnificent! is a television series on the American networkTLC. The show started as a special branded as Drag Me Down the Aisle which aired on 9 March 2019.[149] It featuresAlexis Michelle,BeBe Zahara Benet,Jujubee, andThorgy Thor, four drag queens who are allRuPaul's Drag Race alumnae, helping an engaged woman to plan her upcomingwedding.[150] On 15 January 2020, TLC announced that it had given a full season run toDragnificent!, a new show to be based on theDrag Me Down the Aisle special.[151] The series premiered on 19 April 2020.

The Netflix showAJ and the Queen, released in 2020, followed "Ruby Red, a bigger-than-life but down-on-her-luck drag queen [played by RuPaul] who travels across America from club to club in a rundown 1990s R/V with her unlikely sidekick AJ, a recently orphaned, tough-talking, scrappy ten-year-old stowaway. As the two misfits travel from city to city, Ruby's message of love and acceptance winds up touching people and changing their lives for the better."[152][153]

In 2020 RuPaul became the first drag queen to hostSaturday Night Live, though he was not in drag at the time.[154]

In 2020-21 British drag queen Holly Stars wrote and performed in two seasons of a mockumentary series,Holly Stars: Inspirational, broadcast on OutTV,[155]

Queen of the Universe, a drag queen singing competition television series hosted byGraham Norton with fourpop music judges, premiered onParamount+ on 2 December 2021.[156] On 23 June 2023, the series was canceled after two seasons.[157]

In education

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While drag queens are entertainers, they play a role in educating people on gender roles and stereotyping. Professor Stephen Schacht ofPlattsburgh State University of New York began introducing his and his students' experiences of attending a drag show to his gender/sexualities class to challenge his students' ideas of dichotomy. Over time he began inviting students to attend with him. He gathered from his students that after attending the drag show they had a new appreciation for gender and sexuality and often become very vocal about their new experiences in the classroom.[158]

With children

Nina West,Drag Race season eleven contestant and winner ofMiss Congeniality, and producer ofDrag Is Magic, an EP of children's music about the art form, says she hopes to inspire them to "dream big, be kind, and be their perfect selves."[159] West feels the art form is "an opportunity for children to get creative and think outside the boxes us silly adults have crafted for them."[159]Marti Gould Cummings said something similar when a video of them performing "Baby Shark" at a drag brunch event wentviral.[160] "Anyone who thinks drag isn't for children is wrong," said Cummings, "Drag is expression, and children are such judgment-free beings; they don't really care what you're wearing, just what you're performing."[160] As of May 2019, the video has been viewed over 806,000 times.[159]

West responded to critics who question if children are too young to experience drag, saying "Drag is an opportunity for anyone – including and especially children – to reconsider the masks we are all forced to wear daily."[159] West added, "Children are inundated with implicit imagery from media about what is 'boy' and what is 'girl.' And I believe that almost all kids are really less concerned about playing with a toy that's supposedly aligned to their gender, and more concerned with playing with toys that speak to them."[159]

John Casey, an adjunct professor atWagner College in New York City, posits inThe Advocate,

"[Drag queens] are incredibly talented, and they are trying to live their lives, and in the process, brighten the lives of those around them. That's the message parents should be communicating to their kids, at any age. It's all about acceptance and being loved for who you are."[161]

Separately from kids watching drag, the phenomena of drag kids is relatively recent,[vague]The New York Times in September 2019 published a guess that a there are about a hundred children who do drag in the U.S., withDesmond is Amazing being the one with the most followers.[162] The mainstream access to drag queens on television exponentially increased in 2009 whenRuPaul's Drag Race started airing.[163][164]

However, as of 2022, exposing kids to drag has become somewhat controversial. Lawmakers in states such as Arizona, Florida, and Texas are attempting to ban minors from attending drag shows and punish parents who expose their kids to drag.[165] These attempts to ban minors from watching drag are based on allegations of drag being a form of perversion and hyper-sexualization.[165] Some have argued that these accusations are the same that were leveled against homosexual men since thelavender scare of the 1950s.[166][167] Those who disagree with the accusations have argued that drag queens provide a safe and creative environment for young children, especially LGBTQ+ children, and are a source of both education and entertainment.[165]

Story time in libraries

In December 2015, Radar Productions andMichelle Tea developed the concept ofDrag Queen Story Hour.[168] Launched at theSan Francisco Public Library, Drag Queen Story Hour was adopted by theBrooklyn Public Library in the summer of 2016, and has since traveled to various libraries, museums, bookstores, recreation centers, and parks across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.[169]

Such events sometimes prompt opposition against the libraries and organizers.[170][171] In one instance in California, men belonging to the far-right group known as theProud Boys arrived in a group and disrupted the event by shouting homophobic and transphobic phrases at the crowd. The County Sheriff's Office opened a hate crime investigation into the incident due to the nature of the disruption.[165] Proud Boys sometimes bring guns for intimidation purposes.[172] Some leftist groups, such as the Elm Fork John Brown Gun Club, organize armed counter protests to keep protesters out of the building. This usually leads to the presence of police to ensure both groups don't harm each other.[173]

Societal reception

Drag has come to be a celebrated and important aspect of modern gay life,[122] but has also been criticized for degrading women.[174] In the era ofsecond-wave feminism some women "were angry and appalled by what they perceived as the charade of femininity expressed by some drag queens and transsexual women."[175] These critics compared drag toblackface and saw it "as a kind of genderminstrel."[175]

Many gay bars and clubs around the world hold drag shows as regular events or for special parties. Several "International Drag Day" holidays have been started over the years to promote the shows. In the United States, Drag Day is typically celebrated in early March.

A televised drag competition,RuPaul's Drag Race, is the most successful program on theLogo television network. In 2016, the show won aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program.[176] In 2018, the show became the first show to win aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program and aPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program in the same year.[177][178][179]

RuPaul received a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the television industry on 16 March 2018, making him the first drag queen to be given such an award.[180][181]

Moral panic

A moral panic calleddrag panic has emerged in the United States in relation to drag queen performers. It alleges that contact between children and drag queens would involve drag queens attempting to molest them or indoctrinate them into the "queer way of life".[182] This moral panic has also been linked to theLGBT grooming conspiracy theory, also from the United States.[183][184]

See also

Notes

  1. ^One source asserts that the attack occurred in 1947,[41] another is vague on the timing,[42] andThe New York Times obituary of Herbert asserts that it occurred during Herbert's teens.[43] The cause of the confusion may be the conflation of this arrest with Herbert's subsequent arrest for gross indecency. He served another sentence for indecency at reformatory in Mimico in 1948.[41]
  2. ^One source states that Herbert was imprisoned for six months at Guelph,[42] while another states that he spent four months there.[41]

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