| A-1 (AD) Skyraider | |
|---|---|
_(7911148090).jpg) AD-4NA Skyraiderwarbird of theHeritage Flight Museum | |
| General information | |
| Type | Attack aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Douglas Aircraft Company |
| Primary users | United States Navy |
| Number built | 3,180 |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1945–1957 |
| Introduction date | 1946 |
| First flight | 18 March 1945 |
| Retired | 1973 (US use) 1985 (Gabonese Air Force)[1] |
| Developed into | Douglas A2D Skyshark |
TheDouglas A-1 Skyraider (formerly designatedAD before the 1962unification of Navy and Air Force designations) is an American single-seatattack aircraft in service from 1946 to the early 1980s, which served during theKorean War andVietnam War. The Skyraider had an unusually long career, remaining in frontline service well into theJet Age (when mostpiston-engine attack or fighter aircraft were replaced byjet aircraft); thus becoming known by some as an "anachronism".[2][3] The aircraft was nicknamed "Spad", after theFrench World War I fighter.[4]
It was operated by theUnited States Navy (USN), theUnited States Marine Corps (USMC), and theUnited States Air Force (USAF), and also saw service with the BritishRoyal Navy, theFrench Air Force, theRepublic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF), and others. It remained in US service until the early 1970s.
The piston-engined,propeller-driven Skyraider was designed during World War II to meet United States Navy requirements for acarrier-based, single-seat, long-range, high performancedive/torpedo bomber, to follow on from earlier aircraft such as theDouglas SBD Dauntless, theCurtiss SB2C Helldiver and theGrumman TBF Avenger.[5] Designed byEd Heinemann of theDouglas Aircraft Company, prototypes were ordered on 6 July 1944 as theXBT2D-1. The XBT2D-1 made its first flight on 18 March 1945, and the USN began evaluation of the aircraft at theNaval Air Test Center (NATC) in April 1945.[6] In December 1946, after a designation change toAD-1, delivery of the first production aircraft to a fleet squadron was made to VA-19A.[7]
The AD-1 was built at Douglas'sEl Segundo plant in Southern California. The low-wing monoplane design started with an 18-cylinderWright R-3350 Duplex-Cycloneradial engine capable of producing well over 2,000 hp (1,500 kW), which was upgraded several times, ultimately to 2,800 hp (2,100 kW). The aircraft had distinctive large straight wings with sevenhardpoints apiece. The Skyraider had excellent maneuverability at low speed, and carried a large amount ofordnance over a considerable combat radius. It had a long loiter time for its size, compared to much heavier subsonic or supersonic jets. The aircraft was optimized for ground attack and was armored against ground fire in key locations, unlike faster fighters adapted to carry bombs, such as theVought F4U Corsair orNorth American P-51 Mustang, which were retired by US forces before the 1960s.
Shortly after Heinemann began designing the XBT2D-1, a study was issued showing that for every 100 lb (45 kg) of weight reduction, the takeoff run was decreased by 8 ft (2.4 m), the combat radius increased by 22 mi (35 km) and the rate-of-climb increased by 18 ft/min (0.091 m/s). Heinemann immediately had his design engineers begin a program for finding weight savings on the XBT2D-1 design, no matter how small. Simplifying the fuel system resulted in a reduction of 270 lb (120 kg); 200 lb (91 kg) by eliminating an internal bomb bay and hanging external stores from the wings or fuselage; 70 lb (32 kg) by using a fuselage dive brake; and 100 lb (45 kg) by using an older tailwheel design. In the end, Heinemann and his design engineers achieved more than 1,800 lb (820 kg) of weight reduction on the original XBT2D-1 design.[8]
The Navy AD series was initially painted in ANA 623 glossy sea blue, but during the 1950s, following the Korean War, the color scheme was changed to light gull gray and white (Fed Std 595 27875). Initially using the gray and white Navy scheme, by 1967 the USAF began to paint its Skyraiders in a camouflaged pattern using two shades of green, and one of tan.
Used by the US Navy over Korea and Vietnam, the A-1 was a primaryclose air support aircraft for the USAF and RVNAF during the Vietnam War. The A-1 was famous for being able to take hits and keep flying thanks to armor plating around the cockpit area for pilot protection. It was replaced beginning in the mid-1960s by theGrumman A-6 Intruder as the Navy's primary medium-attack plane insupercarrier-based air wings; however Skyraiders continued to operate from the smallerEssex-class aircraft carriers.
The Skyraider went through seven versions, starting with theAD-1, thenAD-2 andAD-3 with various minor improvements, then theAD-4 with a more powerfulR-3350-26WA engine. TheAD-5 was significantly widened, allowing two crew to sit side-by-side (this was not the first multiple-crew variant, theAD-1Q being a two-seater and theAD-3N a three-seater); it also came in a four-seat night-attack version, theAD-5N. TheAD-6 was an improved AD-4B with improved low-level bombing equipment, and the final production versionAD-7 was upgraded to anR-3350-26WB engine.
For service in Vietnam, USAF Skyraiders were fitted with the Stanley Yankee extraction system,[9] which acted in a similar manner to an ejection seat, though with twin rockets extracting the pilot from the cockpit.
In addition to serving in Korea and Vietnam as an attack aircraft, the Skyraider was modified to serve as a carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft, replacing theGrumman TBM-3W Avenger. It fulfilled this function in the USN andRoyal Navy, being replaced by theGrumman E-1 Tracer andFairey Gannet, respectively, in those services.[10]
Skyraider production ended in 1957 with a total of 3,180 having been built. In 1962, the existing Skyraiders were redesignatedA-1D throughA-1J and later used by both theUSAF and theNavy in the Vietnam War.
The Skyraider was produced too late for use in World War II, but became the backbone of United States Navy aircraft carrier and United States Marine Corps strike aircraft sorties in theKorean War (1950–1953), with the first ADs going into action fromValley Forge withVA-55 on 3 July 1950.[11] Its weapons load and 10-hour flying time far surpassed the jets that were available at the time.[10] On 2 May 1951, Skyraiders made the onlyaerial torpedo attack of the war, hitting theHwacheon Dam, then controlled by North Korea.[12]
On 16 June 1953, a USMC AD-4 fromVMC-1 shot down a Soviet-builtPolikarpov Po-2 biplane, the only documented Skyraider air victory of the war.[13] AD-3N and -4N aircraft carrying bombs and flares, flew night-attack sorties, and radar-equipped ADs carried out radar-jamming missions from carriers and land bases.[10]
During the Korean War, AD Skyraiders were flown by only the US Navy and US Marine Corps, and were normally painted in dark navy blue. It was called the "Blue Plane" by enemy troops.[14] Marine Corps Skyraiders suffered heavy losses when used in low-level close-support missions. To allow low-level operations to continue without unacceptable losses, a package of additional armor was fitted, consisting of 0.25–0.5 inches (6.4–12.7 mm) thick external aluminum armor plates fitted to the underside and sides of the aircraft's fuselage. The armor package weighed a total of 618 pounds (280 kg) and had little effect on performance or handling.[15] A total of 128 Navy and Marine AD Skyraiders were lost in the Korean War – 101 in combat and 27 to operational causes. Most operational losses were due to the tremendous power of the AD: ADs that were "waved-off" during carrier recovery operations were prone to performing a fatal torque roll into the sea or the deck of the aircraft carrier if the pilot mistakenly gave the AD too much throttle.
On 26 July 1954, two Douglas Skyraiders from the aircraft carriersUSS Philippine Sea andHornet shot down twoChinesePLAAFLavochkin fighters off the coast ofHainan Island while searching for survivors after theshooting down of a Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 Skymaster airliner three days previously.[16][17][18]
As American involvement in theVietnam War began, the A-1 Skyraider was still the medium attack aircraft in manycarrier air wings, although it was planned to be replaced by theA-6A Intruder as part of the general switch to jet aircraft. Skyraiders fromConstellation andTiconderoga participated in the first US Navy strikes againstNorth Vietnam on 5 August 1964 as part ofOperation Pierce Arrow in response to theGulf of Tonkin Incident, striking against fuel depots atVinh, with one Skyraider fromTiconderoga damaged byanti-aircraft fire, and a second fromConstellation shot down, killing its pilot, Lieutenant Richard Sather.[19][20]
_in_October_1965_(NNAM.1996.253.2381).jpg)
During the war, US Navy Skyraiders used their cannon to shoot down twoVietnam People's Air Force (VPAF)Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 jet fighters. The first, on 20 June 1965 byLieutenant Clinton B. Johnson andLt. (jg) Charles W. Hartman III ofVA-25,[21] was the first gun kill of the Vietnam War. The other was on 9 October 1966 by Lt. (jg) William T. Patton ofVA-176.[13]
As they were released from US Navy service, Skyraiders were introduced into theRepublic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF). Skyraiders were also used by theUS Air Force, specifically Special Operations elements of theTactical Air Command, for search and rescue air cover. They were also used by the USAF to perform one of the Skyraider's most famous roles — the "Sandy" helicopter escort on combat rescues.[22][23] On 10 March 1966, USAFMajorBernard F. Fisher flew an A-1E mission and was awarded theMedal of Honor for rescuing Major "Jump" Myers atA ShauSpecial Forces Camp during theBattle of A Sau.[24] USAFColonelWilliam A. Jones III piloted an A-1H on 1 September 1968 mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. In that mission, despite damage to his aircraft and suffering serious burns, he returned to his base and reported the position of a downed US airman.[24]
On 5 August 1964, the first A-1H Skyraider was shot down during Operation Pierce Arrow. The pilot, Lt. (jg) Richard Sather, was the first Navy pilot killed in the war. On the night of 29 August 1964, an A-1E Skyraider was shot down and the pilot killed nearBien Hoa Air Base; it was flown by Capt. Richard D. Goss from the1st Air Commando Squadron, 34th Tactical Group. The third A-1 was shot down on 31 March 1965 piloted by Lt. (jg) Gerald W. McKinley from theUSS Hancock on a bombing run over North Vietnam. He was reported missing, presumed dead.
While on his first mission, Navy pilot Lt. (jg)Dieter Dengler took damage to his A-1J over Vietnam on 1 February 1966, and crash-landed inLaos.[25]
Col. Oscar Mauterer ejected from his A-1 after taking heavy enemy fire while providing cover for a damaged friendly aircraft on February 15, 1966. Radio reports confirmed Mauterer had a good chute, but was captured by enemy forces. Mauterer is still POW/MIA status.
.JPG)
The next A-1 was shot down on 29 April 1966, and Pilot Capt. Grant N. Tabor, was lost on 19 April 1967; both were from the602 Air Commando Squadron. A Skyraider from Navy SquadronVA-25 on a ferry flight fromNaval Air Station Cubi Point (Philippines) toUSS Coral Sea was lost to two Chinese MiG-17s on 14 February 1968: Lieutenant (jg) Joseph P. Dunn, USN flew too close to the Chinese island ofHainan and was intercepted. Lieutenant Dunn's A-1H Skyraider 134499 (Canasta 404) was the last Navy A-1 lost in the war. He was observed to survive the ejection and deploy his raft, but was never found. Initially listed as missing in action, he is now listed as killed in action and posthumously promoted to the rank of Commander. In October 1965, to highlight the dropping of the six millionth pound of ordnance,Commander Clarence J. Stoddard of VA-25, flying an A-1H, dropped a special, one-time-only object in addition to his other munitions – a toilet.[26] During the Vietnam War, the US Navy lost 65 Skyraiders, 48 of these in combat.[27]
The US Air Force used the naval A-1 Skyraider for the first time in Vietnam. As the Vietnam War progressed, USAF A-1s were painted incamouflage, while USN A-1 Skyraiders were gray/white in color in contrast to the Korean War, when A-1s were painted dark blue. After November 1972, all A-1s in US service inSoutheast Asia were transferred to the RVNAF. The Skyraider in Vietnam pioneered the concept of tough, survivable aircraft with long loiter times and large ordnance loads. The USAF lost 191 Skyraiders in Southeast Asia, 150 of these in combat. Of the combined total of 256 lost A-1s, five were shot down bysurface-to-air missiles (SAMs), and three were shot down in air-to-air combat; the rest were shot down byanti-aircraft artillery.[28]
The A-1 Skyraider was the close air support workhorse of the RVNAF for much of the Vietnam War. The US Navy began to transfer some of its Skyraiders to the RVNAF in September 1960, replacing the RVNAF's olderGrumman F8F Bearcats. By 1962 the RVNAF had 22 of the aircraft in its inventory,[29] and by 1968 an additional 131 aircraft had been received. Initially Navy aviators and crews were responsible for training their South Vietnamese counterparts on the aircraft, but over time responsibility was gradually transferred to the USAF.
The initial trainees were selected from among RVNAF Bearcat pilots who had accumulated 800 to 1200 hours flying time. They were trained atNAS Corpus Christi, Texas, and then sent toNAS Lemoore, California for further training. Navy pilots and crews in Vietnam checked out the Skyraiders that were being transferred to the RVNAF, and conducted courses for RVNAF ground crews.[30]
Over the course of the war, the RVNAF acquired a total more than 350 Skyraiders, and was operating six A-1 squadrons by the end of 1965. About one third of these were A-1E/G. These were reduced during the period ofVietnamization from 1968 to 1972, as the US began to supply the South Vietnamese with more modern close air support aircraft, such as theA-37 Dragonfly andNorthrop F-5, and at the beginning of 1968, only three of its squadrons were flying A-1s.[31]
As the US ended its direct involvement in the war, it transferred the remainder of its Skyraiders to the South Vietnamese, and by 1973, all remaining Skyraiders in US inventories had been turned over to the RVNAF.[32] Unlike their American counterparts, whose combat tours were generally limited to 12 months, individual South Vietnamese Skyraider pilots ran up many thousands of combat hours in the A-1, and many senior RVNAF pilots were extremely skilled in the operation of the aircraft.[33] The last Skyraiders transferred to the VNAF were 23 A-1H/J and 21 A-1E/G in late 1972. In 1974, 61 were put in storage. A year later, eleven fled to Thailand (5 A-1E, 1 A-1G, 5 A-1H) and more than 40 were captured by North Vietnam.[34]
A-1H 134600 was operated by the VNAF from 1965 to 1975. In 1997, it was acquired by the U. S. Army Center of Military History before it was restored and put on display at the National Museum of the USAF in 2022 (painted as 52–139738).[35]
The Royal Navy acquired 50 AD-4W early warning aircraft in 1951 through theMilitary Assistance Program. All Skyraider AEW.1s were operated by849 Naval Air Squadron, which provided four-plane detachments for the British carriers. Flights fromHMS Eagle (R05) andHMS Albion (R07) took part in theSuez Crisis in 1956.[36][37]778 Naval Air Squadron was responsible for the training of the Skyraider crews atRNAS Culdrose until July 1952.[38]
In 1960, theFairey Gannet AEW.3 replaced the Skyraiders, using theAN/APS-20 radar of the Douglas aircraft. The last British Skyraiders were retired in 1962.[38] In the late 1960s, the AN/APS-20 radars from the Skyraiders were installed inAvro Shackleton AEW.2s of theRoyal Air Force which were finally retired in 1991.
Fourteen ex-British AEW.1 Skyraiders were sold to Sweden to be used bySvensk Flygtjänst AB between 1962 and 1976. All military equipment was removed and the aircraft were used astarget tugs supporting theSwedish Armed Forces.[38]
TheFrench Air Force bought 20 ex-USN AD-4s as well as 88 ex-USN AD-4Ns and five ex-USN AD-4NAs with the former three-seaters modified as single-seat aircraft with removal of the radar equipment and the two operator stations from the rear fuselage. The AD-4N/NAs were initially acquired in 1956 to replace agingRepublic P-47 Thunderbolts in Algeria.[39]
The Skyraiders were first ordered in 1956 and the first was handed over to the French Air Force on 6 February 1958 after being overhauled and fitted with some French equipment by Sud-Aviation. The aircraft were used until the end of theAlgerian War. The aircraft were used by the 20eEscadre de Chasse (EC 1/20 "Aures Nementcha", EC 2/20 "Ouarsenis" and EC 3/20 "Oranie") and EC 21 in the close air support role armed with rockets, bombs andnapalm.
The Skyraiders had only a short career in Algeria, but they nonetheless proved to be the most successful of all the ad hoccounter-insurgency aircraft deployed by the French. The Skyraider remained in limited French service until the 1970s.[39] They were heavily involved in the civil war in Chad, at first with theArmée de l'Air, and later with a nominally independentChadian Air Force staffed by French mercenaries. The aircraft also operated under the French flag in Djibouti and on the island of Madagascar. When France at last relinquished the Skyraiders it passed the survivors on to allied states, including Gabon,Chad,Cambodia and theCentral African Republic[40] (several aircraft from Gabon and Chad were recovered by French warbird enthusiasts and entered on the French civil register).
The French frequently used the aft station to carry maintenance personnel, spare parts and supplies to forward bases. In Chad they even used the aft station for a "bombardier" and his "special stores" – empty beer bottles – as these were considered asnon-lethal weapons, thus not breaking the government-imposed rules of engagement, during operations against Libyan-supported rebels in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[citation needed]
%2c_in_1952.jpg)
Data from McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I[42]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
The A-1 Skyraider received various nicknames including: "Spad" and "Super Spad" (derived from the aircraft's AD designation, its relative longevity in service and an allusion to the "Spad" aircraft of World War I), "Able Dog" (phonetic AD), "the Destroyer", "Hobo" (radio call sign of the US Air Force's1st Air Commando/1st Special Operations Squadron), "Firefly" (a call sign of the 602nd ACS/SOS), "Zorro" (the call sign of the22nd SOS), "The Big Gun", "Old Faithful", "Old Miscellaneous", "Fat Face" (AD-5/A-1E version, side-by-side seating), "Guppy" (AD-5W version), "Q-Bird" or "Queer Bird" (AD-1Q/AD-5Q versions), "Flying Dumptruck" (A-1E), "Sandy" (the 602nd ACS/SOS call sign for Combat Search And Rescue helicopter escort), and "Crazy Water Buffalo" (South Vietnamese nickname).[44][failed verification]
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
Photo caption: Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Douglas AD-4W Skyraider AEW1 of C Flight of No. 849 Squadron taking off from the deck of HMSAlbion during the Suez Crisis of 1956.
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