Innewborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure.[5] In childrenepinephrine ornorepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure.[6][7]
Low-dosage dopamine has been routinely used for the treatment and prevention ofacute kidney injury. However, since 1999 a number of reviews have concluded that doses at such low levels are not effective and may sometimes be harmful.[11][12]
Since thehalf-life of dopamine inplasma is short—approximately one minute in adults, two minutes in newborn babies and up to five minutes inpreterm babies—it is usually given as a continuousintravenous drip rather than a single injection.[13]
TheLD50, or dose which is expected to prove lethal in 50% of the population, has been found to be: 59 mg/kg (mouse; administeredintravenously); 950 mg/kg (mouse; administeredintraperitoneally); 163 mg/kg (rat; administered intraperitoneally); 79 mg/kg (dog; administered intravenously).[15]
While some effects result from stimulation of dopamine receptors, the prominent cardiovascular effects result from dopamine acting atα1,β1, andβ2adrenergic receptors.[18][19]
In March 2024, theCommittee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of theEuropean Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a pediatric use marketing authorization (PUMA) for the medicinal product Neoatricon, intended for treatment of hypotension in neonates, infants and children under 18 years of age.[3][20] The applicant for this medicinal product is BrePco Biopharma Limited.[3]
^ab"Dopamine: Biological activity".IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved29 January 2016.
^abc"Neoatricon EPAR".European Medicines Agency (EMA). 21 March 2024. Retrieved23 March 2024. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
^abcdefghijklm"Dopamine Hydrochloride".drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 29 June 2016.Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved15 July 2016.
^abDe Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL (March 2012). "Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis*".Critical Care Medicine.40 (3):725–730.doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31823778ee.PMID22036860.S2CID24620964.
^Fahn S (2008). "The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease".Movement Disorders.23 (Suppl 3):S497–S508.doi:10.1002/mds.22028.PMID18781671.S2CID45572523.According to Hornykiewicz,6 dopamine was first synthesized by George Barger and James Ewens in 1910 at the Wellcome labs in London, England.
^World Health Organization (2019).World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization.hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^Power DA, Duggan J, Brady HR (April 1999). "Renal-dose (low-dose) dopamine for the treatment of sepsis-related and other forms of acute renal failure: ineffective and probably dangerous".Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. Supplement.26:S23–S28.PMID10386250.
^Deng WP, Wong KA, Kirk KL (2002). "Convenient syntheses of 2-, 5- and 6-fluoro- and 2,6-difluoro-L-DOPA".Tetrahedron: Asymmetry.13 (11):1135–1140.doi:10.1016/S0957-4166(02)00321-X.
^Lewis RJ (2004).Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 11th Ed. Hoboken, NJ.: Wiley & Sons. p. 1552.ISBN978-0-471-47662-7.
^abBronwen JB, Knights KM (2009).Pharmacology for Health Professionals (2nd ed.). Elsevier Australia. p. 192.ISBN978-0-7295-3929-6.
^Moses S."Dopamine".Family Practice Notebook.Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved1 February 2016.Dopamine binds to alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic receptors. Mediated through myocardial beta-1 adrenergic receptors, dopamine increase heart rate and force, thereby increasing cardiac output. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation on vascular smooth muscle, leads to vasoconstriction and results in an increase in systemic vascular resistance
