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During his career as a businessman and politician,Donald Trump has had a relationship with the sport ofgolf. As a real estate developer,[1] Trump began acquiring and constructinggolf courses in 1999. By 2016, he owned 17 golf courses worldwide through hisholding company,the Trump Organization.[2][1]
Courses owned by Trump have been selected to host variousPGA andLPGA events, including the 2022PGA Championship,[3] although the PGA terminated this in the aftermath of theJanuary 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021.[4] A spokesman for the Trump Organization said that "This is a breach of a binding contract and they have no right to terminate the agreement".[5]
Following his election, Trump broke precedent with recent presidents and chose not todivest from his business holdings, including his golf courses. Although not illegal, this led to criticism from ethics lawyers and journalists for potentialconflicts of interest. At least three lawsuits (D.C. and Maryland v. Trump,Blumenthal v. Trump andCREW v. Trump) were filed claiming that foreign payments at Trump golf courses and hotels violate theEmoluments Clause of theU.S. Constitution. The three lawsuits were dismissed as moot, dismissed for lack of standing, and allowed, respectively.
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Business and personal
45th and 47th President of the United States Tenure
Shutdowns Speeches
Opinion polls Legal affairs
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Trump, according toJack Nicklaus, "loves the game of golf more than he loves money". According toGolf Digest, hishandicap is as low as 2.8,[2] a figure that sportswriterRick Reilly dismisses at length in his bookCommander in Cheat: How Golf Explains Trump.[6] Trump began playing golf while attendingFordham University.[1] In the introduction to his 2005 bookThe Best Golf Advice I Ever Received, Trump wrote, "for me and millions of people—men, women, young and old around the world—golf is more than a game. It is a passion".[7]
Trump's love of golf has also affected American diplomacy.Prime Minister of JapanShinzo Abe played golf with him five times, helping the two leaders to become personally close. After Trump's victory in the2024 United States presidential election,President of South KoreaYoon Suk Yeol reportedly began playing golf again to similarly benefit his country when Trump was again president.[8]
In 1999, Trump opened his first golf course: theTrump International Golf Club, West Palm Beach in Florida. Land for the US$45 million course was acquired through a lawsuit againstPalm Beach County, Florida, after Trump's purchase of theMar-a-Lago resort.[9] By 2007, Trump owned four courses around the US.[9] After the2008 financial crisis, Trump began purchasing existing golf courses and re-designing them.[3]
Golf courses owned by Trump hosted theLPGA Tour finale from 2001 to 2008, as well as the 2009US Junior Amateur andUS Junior Girls Championships.[10] In 2014, theProfessional Golfers' Association of America announced a multi-year partnership with the Trump Organization. The PGA of America selected Trump golf courses to host the 2017Senior PGA Championship and the 2022PGA Championship.[11]
In June 2015, Trump announced hiscandidacy in the2016 presidential election with a controversial speech which led to companies such asMacy's andNBC cutting ties with the businessman.[12] While speaking onillegal immigration, Trump claimed that Mexico is "sending people that have lots of problems... they're bringing drugs, they're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people," drawing criticism from immigration andLatinoadvocacy groups.[12] The LPGA, PGA of America,PGA Tour, andUnited States Golf Association issued a joint statement, saying that while the organizations "do not usually comment on presidential politics, Mr. Trump's comments are inconsistent with our strong commitment to an inclusive and welcoming environment in the game of golf."[13] The PGA of America also decided to relocate the 2015PGA Grand Slam of Golf—an exhibition match which had been scheduled to take place atTrump National Golf Club, Los Angeles.[14] In 2018,PGA Tour Latinoamérica held itsShell Tour Championship atTrump National Doral Miami's Golden Palm course after plans were announced to demolish theMelreese Country Club in Miami, which had held the event, for a football stadium.[15]
In July 2024, an hour-long YouTube video was released of Trump playing 18 holes withBryson DeChambeau.[16]
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As of December 2016, Trump owned golf courses in the United States and abroad.[2][1][17] Over nearly two decades (as he reported in his 2000–2018 tax filings), these golf courses had combined losses of $315.6 million.[18]
The Trump Organization also operates golf courses not owned by them.
The following is a current list of courses owned and/or managed by The Trump Organization:
| Name | Contribution | Year built | Year purchased | City / town / regency | State / province /council area /barrio /emirate | Country / territory | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trump National Golf Club Los Angeles | OM | 1999 | 2002 | Rancho Palos Verdes | California |  United States | formerly known as Ocean Trails Golf Club, designed byPete Dye andDonald Trump |
| Trump International Golf Club West Palm Beach | OM | 1999 | 1999 | West Palm Beach | Florida | United States | private, 27 holes, designed byJim Fazio |
| Trump National Doral Golf Club | OM | 1962 | 2012 | Doral | Florida | United States | formerly known as Doral Country Club, 90 holes |
| Trump National Golf Club Jupiter | OM | 2002 | 2012 | Jupiter | Florida | United States | designed byJack Nicklaus |
| Trump National Golf Club Bedminster | OM | 2004 | 2002 | Bedminster | New Jersey | United States | 36 holes, designed byTom Fazio |
| Trump National Golf Club Colts Neck | OM | 2004 | 2008[19] | Colts Neck Township | New Jersey | United States | Originally designed byJerry Pate, reconstructed byTom Fazio in 2009 |
| Trump National Golf Club Philadelphia | OM | 1998 | 2009 | Pine Hill | New Jersey | United States | formerly known as Pine Hill Golf Club, designed byTom Fazio |
| Trump Links at Ferry Point | DM | 2017 | 2015 | Throggs Neck,Bronx | New York | United States | located inFerry Point Park, renamed Bally's Golf Links to Ferry Point in January 2024, designed byJack Nicklaus |
| Trump National Golf Club Hudson Valley | OM | 2001 | Hopewell Junction | New York | United States | private, formerly known as Branton Woods, designed by Eric Bergstol | |
| Trump National Golf Club Westchester | OM | 1922 | 1996 | Briarcliff Manor | New York | United States | private, formerly known as Briarcliff CC, Briar Hills CC and Briar Hall G&CC, designed by Jim Fazio |
| Trump National Golf Club Charlotte | OM | 1999 | 2012 | Charlotte | North Carolina | United States | designed byGreg Norman |
| Trump National Golf Club Washington, D.C. | OM | 1999 | 2009 | Sterling | Virginia | United States | 36 holes (The Championship Course, The Riverview Course), formerly known as Lowes Island Club, designed byTom Fazio andArthur Hills |
| Trump International Resort & Golf Club Bali | F | Tabanan Regency | Bali |  Indonesia | designed byPhil Mickelson | ||
| Trump International Resort & Golf Club Lido | F | Bogor | West Java | Indonesia | designed byErnie Els | ||
| Trump International Golf Links & Hotel Doonbeg Ireland | OM | 2002 | 2014 | Doonbeg | Munster |  Ireland | formerly known as Doonbeg Golf Club, designed byGreg Norman |
| Trump International Golf Club in Rio Grande | M | 2005 | 2007 | Río Grande | Río Grande barrio-pueblo |  Puerto Rico | 36 holes, formerly known as Coco Beach Golf Club & CC, designed byTom Kite, Trump management ended in July 2015, renamed Coco Beach Golf Club |
| Trump International Golf Links Scotland | OM | 2012 | 2010 | Balmedie | Aberdeenshire |  Scotland | private, designed byMartin Hawtree |
| Trump Turnberry Scotland | OM | 1906 | 2014 | Turnberry | South Ayrshire | Scotland | private, 45 holes, designed byWillie Fernie and Martin Ebert |
| Trump International Golf Club Dubai | M | 2017 | 2017 | Dubai | Dubai |  United Arab Emirates | designed byGil Hanse and Jim Wagner |
| Trump World Golf Club Dubai | F | Dubai | Dubai | United Arab Emirates | designed byTiger Woods |
In 2007, the Trump Organization took over the management and licensed Trump's name to the 4-year old, 36-hole oceanfront golf course at Coco Beach, Puerto Rico. It hosted the 2008 PGA Puerto Rico Open, but the club kept losing money and in 2015 filed for bankruptcy protection.[20][21]
According to the Trump Organization, it is neither the owner nor the developer of the Trump International Golf Club.[22][23] The financial disclosures Trump filed with the Federal Election Commission in 2016 show that the Trump Organization manages the two golf courses in Dubai. The second Trump-branded golf course, the Trump World Golf Club, was designed byTiger Woods and developed and built byDAMAC Properties, a company founded byHussain Sajwani. It was scheduled to be opened in 2017, the year in which a report revealed thatmigrants working on the project were not being paid on time.[22] In February 2021, it was announced that the inauguration was delayed at least until 2022, as the work on the project was paused. Some officials working on the construction project were told that the delay was because of theCOVID-19 pandemic, but developers in the Emirates were reportedly struggling to finish such developments even before the global health crisis.[24]
From 2015 to 2023, the Trump Organization operated the Trump Links at Ferry Point, New York, a public golf course built and owned by New York City, under a 20-year contract awarded in 2013 by the administration of then-Mayor Bloomberg.[25][26][27] Under the agreement, the city paid the course's utility and water bills while collecting no income for the first four years. In the first year of operation, ending in March 2016, the company had $8 million in gross receipts, and the city paid $1 million in water and sewage bills.[26] In the second year of operation, gross receipts dropped 9.5%.[28] For the operating year that ended March 2019, the Trump Organization reported a loss of $122,000; it now faces contractual fees of at least $300,000 per operating year from the city.[29]
On January 13, 2021, New York City mayorBill de Blasio announced that the city government would be terminating all contracts with the Trump Organization effective November 14, 2021, for "directly incit[ing] a deadly insurrection at the U.S. Capitol."[30][31][32] The city of New York also stated that the Trump Organization had defaulted in its contractual obligations because it had failed to attract a major tournament. In June 2021, the Trump Organization sued the city for wrongful termination of the contract.[31] The court allowed the Trump Organization to continue operating the golf course while the case was pending.[33] In April 2022, the judge ruled that "the city had not given a valid legal reason for ending the contract."[34]
In September 2023, the Trump Organization sold the operating rights to gaming and entertainment companyBally's Corporation for $60 million.[35] The course was renamed "Bally Links" in January 2024.[36]
Trump has used a number of logos in the style of coats of arms for his businesses.
Joseph E. Davies, third husband ofMarjorie Merriweather Post and a former U.S. ambassador ofWelsh origins, was granted a coat of arms, bearing themottoIntegritas, byBritish heraldic authorities in 1939. After Donald Trump purchasedMar-a-Lago, the Florida estate built by Merriweather Post, in 1985, the Trump Organization started using Davies's coat of arms atTrump golf courses and estates across the country.[37] It was also registered with the U.S. patent and trademark office.[38]
In 2008, Trump attempted to establish the American logo at his newTrump International Golf Links inBalmedie,Scotland, but was warned by theLord Lyon King of Arms, the highest authority forScottish heraldry, that an act of the Scottish Parliament from 1672 disallows people using unregistered arms. In January 2012, shortly after the inauguration of the golf course, Trump unveiled the new coat of arms that had been granted toThe Trump International Golf Course Scotland Ltd by theCourt of the Lord Lyon, Scotland's heraldic authority, in 2012.[39][40]
From 2014, Trump used the same logo forthe Trump International Golf Links, Ireland, the golf resort built from his acquisition ofDoonbeg Golf Club.[41][42]
Following his election in 2016, Trump announced that he would notdivest his business holdings, as other recent presidents had. Instead, Trump kept his ownership stake in the Trump Organization and appointed his sonsDonald Trump Jr. andEric Trump to manage the business.[43] In an unusual rebuke from theOffice of Government Ethics, directorWalter Shaub called Trump's actions "wholly inadequate" and "meaningless from aconflict of interest perspective."[44] In an interview withThe New York Times, Trump explained: "As far as the, you know, potential conflict of interests, though, I mean I know that from the standpoint, the law is totally on my side, meaning, the president can't have a conflict of interest."[45]
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Just days after hisinauguration,a lawsuit was filed in federal court seeking to block the president from receiving payments from foreign government entities at his businesses. The lawsuit alleged that these payments constitute a violation of theForeign Emoluments Clause of theUnited States Constitution.[46] In February 2017, Trump invitedPrime Minister of JapanShinzō Abe to play at theTrump International Golf Club in Florida and stay at hisMar-a-Lago resort. Legal and ethical concerns were raised by organizations such as theSunlight Foundation over foreign payments Trump may receive from the visit. Trump has vowed to donate any such payments to theTreasury Department, although the specifics of this arrangement remain unclear.[47] In June 2017, theattorneys general of Maryland andthe District of Columbia fileda separate lawsuit, claiming Trump was "flagrantly violating" the Emoluments Clause.[48]
A 2016 investigation byUSA Today found thatlobbyists andcorporate executives had been purchasing memberships at Trump golf courses to gain favor or contact with the president. Membership fees at Trump courses can exceed US$100,000, leading to ethical concerns over a sitting president accepting money from people lobbying the government.[49]
While campaigning to be president, Trump declared in August 2016: "I'm going to be working for you. I'm not going to have time to play golf".[50] As president, the amount of time he spent golfing generated controversy. Despite having frequently criticized his predecessorBarack Obama for having played golf too much as president, Trump golfed 11 times during his first eight weeks in office, when Obama did not golf at all in his first eight weeks. concluded that Obama played 333 rounds of golf over his two terms,[51] whichGolf Digest describes as "...a fairly remarkable amount of golf while in office".[52] Trump visited a Trump Organization property on 428 (nearly one in three) of the 1,461 days of his first presidency and is estimated to have played 261 rounds of golf, one every 5.6 days.[53]
According toCNN, Trump visited Trump-owned golf courses 92 times between becoming president in January 2017 and January 3, 2018, although the White House did not disclose whether he played golf during a visit to a golf course.[54] The White House on some occasions denied that Trump played golf during his visits even after photos published on social media showed him doing so.[50] In November 2018,The Washington Post found that the average number of days between golf rounds was around 5 days for Trump, and around 12–13 days for Obama.[55]
Journalists and ethics experts have alleged that these frequent visits are a means of boosting publicity at the courses to sell more memberships.[56][57][58] White House press secretarySarah Huckabee Sanders defended Trump's golfing, saying that his time on the course was spent "developing deeper and better relationships with members ofCongress in which those relationships have helped push forward the president's agenda." CNN reported in January 2018 that Trump was known to have played golf with members of Congress only seven times.[54]
Vice PresidentMike Pence stayed at the Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Ireland in 2019 while meeting with Irish officials inDublin. Pence was originally going to end his trip inDoonbeg, where he has familial ties, but Trump suggested that he stay at the Trump property instead, which required daily flights of more than one hour each way.[59]
At thepresidential debate between Trump and Joe Biden on June 27, 2024, the candidates had a brief open-mic exchange about their golfing abilities.[60]
On September 15, 2024, during a tour of his course in West Palm Beach, Trump's security detail spotted an armed man,Ryan Wesley Routh, behind a fence. The incident is considered to have been thesecond attempt to assassinate Trump in 2024. Security opened fire on Routh, and he fled in a vehicle; he was later captured.[61]
Trump began his second term on January 20, 2025. By July, his expenses for taxpayer-funded golf in his second term had reached $52 million.[62] By the end of October, a month into thegovernment shutdown, the total had reached $60.7 million.[63]
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