Donald Dewar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.jpg) Dewar in 1999 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Minister of Scotland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 17 May 1999 – 11 October 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy | Jim Wallace | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Office established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Henry McLeish[a] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leader of the Labour Party in Scotland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 19 September 1998 – 11 October 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UK party leader | Tony Blair | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Henry McLeish | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secretary of State for Scotland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 2 May 1997 – 17 May 1999 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Tony Blair | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Michael Forsyth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | John Reid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Donald Campbell Dewar (1937-08-21)21 August 1937 Glasgow, Scotland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 11 October 2000(2000-10-11) (aged 63) Edinburgh, Scotland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cause of death | Cerebral hemorrhage | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Scottish Labour | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Education | University of Glasgow | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Secretary of State for Scotland (1997–1999) First Minister of Scotland (1999–2000)  | ||
Donald Campbell Dewar (21 August 1937 – 11 October 2000) was a Scottish statesman and politician who served as the inauguralfirst minister of Scotland from 1999 until his death in 2000 andleader of the Labour Party in Scotland from 1998 until his death in 2000.[1] He was widely regarded as the "Father of the Nation" during his tenure as first minister,[2] and the "Architect ofDevolution" whilst serving asSecretary of State for Scotland from 1997 to 1999.[3] He wasMember of Parliament (MP) forGlasgow Anniesland (formerlyGlasgow Garscadden) from1978 to2000.[4] Dewar was alsoMember of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for theequivalent seat from1999 to 2000.[5]
Born inGlasgow, Dewar studied history, and later law, at theUniversity of Glasgow. Before entering politics, he worked as a solicitor in Glasgow. At the age of 28, he was elected to theHouse of Commons, representingAberdeen South from1966 to1970. After losing his seat, he returned to law and hosted his own Friday evening talk show onRadio Clyde. Dewar was re-elected in the1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election and served as the MP until his death in 2000. Following Labour's landslide victory in1997, he was appointedSecretary of State for Scotland byPrime MinisterTony Blair. As the Scottish secretary, he was an advocate ofScottish devolution, and campaigned for aScottish Parliament in the1997 Scottish devolution referendum. Following a successful campaign, Dewar worked on creating theScotland Act 1998.
Dewar led the Labour campaign through thefirst Scottish Parliament election and was elected aMember of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) forGlasgow Anniesland. On 7 May 1999, he was appointedLeader of the Labour Party in Scotland and he led coalition talks with theScottish Liberal Democrats. Following successful talks, the Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition was announced. Dewar was elected as first minister on 13 May 1999, by a vote of the parliament, and formed thefirst Scottish Executive cabinet. As first minister, he set out the legislative programme for the Executive which included: an Education bill to improve standards in Scottish schools; land reform to give right of access to the countryside, a bill to abolish the feudal system of land tenure; anda bill to establishnational parks in Scotland.[6]
On 10 October 2000, Dewar sustained a fall, and the following day he died of abrain hemorrhage at the age of 63 while still in office.Deputy First MinisterJim Wallace served as the acting first minister, untilHenry McLeish was announced to succeed Dewar.
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Donald Campbell Dewar was born on Saturday, 21 August 1937 in Glasgow.[7] He grew up in amiddle-class[8] household inKelvingrove as the only child of Dr. Alasdair Dewar, aconsultant dermatologist,[9] and Mary Howat Dewar (née Bennett).[10] Both of Dewar's parents had ill health during his childhood; his father contractedtuberculosis and his mother suffered from a benign brain tumour when he was young.[11]
Dewar attended a small school in theScottish Borders during theSecond World War.[12] From the age of nine, he was educated atMosspark Primary School and thenThe Glasgow Academy.[13][14] He made few friends at school and blamed his "shyness and gauche manner" on his experience as being anonly child.[8] A year before his death, Dewar admitted that he had been an "isolated misfit" in his youth, which is a reasoning for his public image of being awkward.[12]
In 1957, Dewar attended theUniversity of Glasgow where his father, mother, two uncles and aunt also attended. He met several future politicians at the universityDialectic Society, includingJohn Smith, who would later become leader of theLabour Party, SirMenzies Campbell,[15] who would later become leader of theLiberal Democrats, andLord Irvine of Lairg, who would serve asLord Chancellor. He met Alison McNair at Glasgow University, who he would later marry in 1964.[16]
Dewar was an editor of theGlasgow University Guardian and sales manager forGlasgow University Magazine in 1960. He served as chairman of the University Labour Club from 1961 from 1962 and president of theGlasgow University Union. Dewar was an Honorary Secretary of theStudents' Representative Council. In 1962, he campaigned forAlbert Luthuli, the bannedAfrican National Congress leader, asUniversity Rector.[16]
In 1961, Dewar gained aMaster of Arts degree in History and in 1964 a second-classBachelor of Law degree. After graduating, he worked as a solicitor in Glasgow.[16]
Dewar was a member of theLabour Party, and soon turned his sights towards being elected toparliament. In 1962, he was selected as the Labour candidate for theAberdeen South constituency. In the 1964 general election, he failed to win the seat, but won it at the1966 general election at the age of 28 defeatingPriscilla Tweedsmuir by 1,799 votes.[17]
In his maiden speech to theHouse of Commons on 4 May 1966,[18] Dewar spoke against a proposed increase on potato tax. His speech became his first political success: as the tax was repealed the following year. Dewar was made a member of the public accounts committee and in October 1967, he was appointed aParliamentary Private Secretary to thePresident of the Board of Trade,Anthony Crosland.[19]
Dewar remained in that position at the Department of Education until 1969, in which year he opposed a visit to Aberdeen by the Springbok rugby team and staged a silent vigil near the team's ground. In April 1968, he was proposed for aMinister of State position byRoy Jenkins, but was not appointed. Dewar lost his constituency seat to the Conservative candidateIain Sproat at the 1970 general election by over 1,000 votes.
Dewar spent much of the 1970s looking for another parliamentary seat. He hosted a Friday evening talk show onRadio Clyde, and in June 1971 was beaten byDennis Canavan when he applied for the seat ofWest Stirlingshire. He worked as a solicitor for much of that decade and became a reporter on children's panels and was involved with the Lanarkshire local authority. Dewar became a partner in Ross Harper Murphy, in 1975.
Donald Dewar was selected for the seat ofGlasgow Garscadden by a majority of three, after Dewar's friend in theAmalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, MPWillie Small, died unexpectedly. He was returned to parliament at aby-election on 13 April 1978, a crucial victory which was seen as halting the rise of theScottish National Party.
InScotland's first referendum on devolution, held in March 1979, he campaigned for a "Yes" vote alongside the ConservativeAlick Buchanan-Smith and the LiberalRussell Johnston. Though they won a narrow majority, it fell short of the 40% required, contributing to the downfall of the Callaghan Government, in May 1979.[citation needed]
Dewar gained a parliamentary platform as chairman of theScottish Affairs Select Committee. After a year honing his inquisitorial skills, he joined the front bench in November 1980 as a Scottish affairs spokesman whenMichael Foot became party leader. In 1981, as the Labour Party divided itself further due to internal disagreement, Dewar was almost deselected in his constituency by hard left activists, but he successfully defended himself against this threat.
He rose quickly through the ranks, becoming Shadow Scottish Secretary in November 1983. On 21 December 1988, Dewar was in Lockerbie after the bombing ofPan Am Flight 103,[20] as the member of the Shadow Cabinet in charge of Scottish affairs. In 1992,John Smith made him ShadowSocial security Secretary and three years later, Dewar was made a Chief Whip for the Labour Party byTony Blair.
At the 1997 general election, he became MP forGlasgow Anniesland, which was mostly the same constituency with minor boundary changes. Labour won this election by a landslide, and Dewar was given the post ofSecretary of State for Scotland. He was able to start the devolution process he dreamt of years earlier, and worked on creating theScotland Act, popularly referred to as "Smith's unfinished business". When ratified, this was to give Scotland its firstParliament for nearly 300 years.
In January 1998, he confirmed that he would stand for a seat in theScottish Parliament.[21] Thefirst elections to the Scottish Parliament were held on 6 May 1999, with Dewar leading the Scottish Labour Party against their main opponents, theScottish National Party led byAlex Salmond. He was elected as theMember of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) forGlasgow Anniesland, having the unusual distinction of being both an MP and MSP for the same constituency.
On 13 May 1999, Dewar was elected by theScottish Parliament for the nominee forFirst Minister of Scotland, after receiving 71 votes by MSPs.[22] On 17 May, he received theRoyal Warrant of Appointment byHer Majesty the Queen atHolyroodhouse and was officially sworn in at theCourt of Session.[23][24]
There shall be a Scottish parliament.' Through long years, those words were first a hope, then a belief, then a promise. Now they are a reality.
— Dewar, at the official opening of the Scottish Parliament on 1 July 1999.[25]
Although Scottish Labour won more seats than any other party, they did not have a majority in Parliament to allow them to form an Executive without the help of a smaller party. A deal was agreed with theScottish Liberal Democrats to form a coalition, with Dewar agreeing to their demand for the abolition of up front tuition fees for university students.[26]
On 13 May 1999, Dewar was nominated as first minister, and was officially appointed by the Queen on 17 May at a ceremony in thePalace of Holyroodhouse. He later travelled to theCourt of Session to be sworn in by thelord president and receive theGreat Seal of Scotland.[27]
Dewar made his initial appointments to the firstScottish cabinet in over 300 years in May 1999. Before the formal announcement of his cabinet appointments, Dewar said that he was "confident" that he had "chosen a strong team who will serve Scotland well".[28]
Dewar decided to re–organise most of the former portfolios of the precedingScottish Office, the department of the UK Government responsible for Scotland prior to the establishment of the Scottish Executive and Scottish Parliament. The only exception to this was the creation of a new ministerial post for justice and the introduction of new ministerial posts for children and education, social inclusion, local government and housing, a minister to be responsible for rural affairs and the first Scottish finance minister who would be directly responsible for the budget of the Scottish Parliament.[28]
Ahead of announcing his cabinet, Dewar advocated that he had created his team in order to ensure the Scottish Labour and Scottish Liberal Democrat coalition would be an effective administration for Scotland.[29] Some of the key appointments to Dewar's cabinet includedJim Wallace as thedeputy first minister andMinister for Justice,Henry McLeish was appointed as theMinister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning andSam Galbraith who was appointed as theMinister for Health.[29]
As first minister, Dewar was also responsible for the appointment of the two highest law officers of Scotland. BothLord Hardie andColin Boyd continued in their respective roles asLord Advocate andSolicitor General for Scotland following their initial appointments in 1997.[30][29] Less than 24 hours after announcing his cabinet, Dewar announced the eleven junior ministers of his cabinet.[30]
Ahead of forming the coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats, Dewar was urged not to succumb to pressure to scrap tuition fees in Scotland, mostly by the thenChancellor of the ExchequerGordon Brown and education secretaryDavid Blunkett of the UK Government. The Scottish Liberal Democrats claimed that any agreement to form a coalition administration with the Scottish Labour Party would require a commitment for tuition fees to be scrapped, and that the party would "not compromise" on the issue.[31]
On 16 June, Dewar set out the legislative programme for the Executive which included: an Education bill to improve standards in Scottish schools; land reform to give right of access to the countryside,a bill to abolish the feudal system of land tenure; anda bill to establishnational parks in Scotland.[6]
On 23 March 2000, Dewar presided over the launch of a consultation paper by his Minister for Justice, Jim Wallace, on stalking and harassment in Scotland. The Scottish Executive intended for the consultation paper to be used as an exercise to consult with the public to determine whether existingScots law was sufficient to protect victims of stalking and harassment or whether to determine that new laws should be introduced. Wallace claimed that the "Scottish Executive was well aware of the devastating consequences stalking can have".[32]
In May 2000, a report indicated that 400,000 Scots were unable to source employment as a result of poor adult literacy rates, with the estimated total being roughly one million adults deemed as "functionally illiterate". In response, Henry McLeish, the Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning in the Dewar government confirmed that "efforts would be made to gather exact statistics to tackle the issue". Dewar and the government were criticised due to there being a considerable lack of opportunities and programmes available to provide basic adult education similar to programmes that had already been established inEngland and inWales.[33]
During his tenure as first minister, Dewar claiming that tacklingpoverty was the main agenda for the Scottish Executive. To reduce the level of poverty in Scotland, Dewar vowed that Scottish Executive policy would largely follow the policy agenda as set by the UK Government, claiming that the "exchange of ideas with Westminster is vital" but claimed that "we must never be afraid to take a different path when that is in Scotland's interest". Dewar supported an increase in spending available from the UK Government to be used by the Scottish Executive and had indicated that additional funds could be used to progress the executive's work on tackling poverty.[34]
Under Dewar, the Scottish Executive also spearheaded policy relating to social justice, including deprivation and disadvantage. Dewar stated that the executive was committed to tackling the core root of the issues to be "sure that all our children have the best start in life" whilst also advocating the role education and employment plays in social justice.[34]
During his time in office, Dewar presided over record levels of employment in Scotland and advocated that this was in part the responsibility of his executives agenda and policies. Dewar claimed that the introduction of quality child-care, the national minimum income guarantee for pensioners and the establishment of the "New Deal" had "laid the foundations" for an increase in employment in the country. Additionally, Dewar was hopeful that strong numbers of 18 year olds in full time education would continue to increase under his premiership, stating that he wanted to "skill the workforce, not only to make the Scottish economy truly competitive but to provide opportunities for the individual".[34]
Around April 2000, Dewar temporarily stepped back from his duties as first minister to allow him to undergoheart surgery. For a period of four months, he was succeeded by his deputy first ministerJim Wallace asActing first minister.[35] Following his surgery, Dewar publicly thankedNHS Scotland for their "care and commitment" in which he claimed "did so much for me over this period".
Upon resuming his post of first minister in August 2000, Dewar praised Wallace's tenure as acting first minister, acknowledging his "distinction, style and energy" and praised his "success at question time is only the most visible aspect of a job well done". Additionally, Dewar issued a public message of thanks to both the Scottish Parliament and cabinet colleagues for messages following his surgery. Upon resuming his government duties, Dewar was said to be "in fine form" with Dewar claiming he was "looking forward to working with colleagues to drive forward the Executive's agenda".[36]
One of the first scandals to hit the new Scottish Parliament occurred when allegations that the lobbying arm of public relations company Beattie Media had privileged access to ministers were published, prompting Dewar to ask the standards committee to investigate the reports.[37] The minister for finance,Jack McConnell, was called to appear before the standards committee during the investigation although he was later cleared of any wrongdoing and the committee declared there was no evidence he had been influenced from lobbying by Beattie Media.[38]
Dewar also threatened to sack any minister or aide who briefed the media against another member of the Scottish Executive, following public rows between Jack McConnell andHealth MinisterSusan Deacon over the budget allocated to health .[39]
The introduction in Scotland of the reformed examinations system in 2000 was criticised in the press and by the Government after a series of administrative and computer errors led to several thousand incorrectHigher and Intermediate certificates being sent out by post. In a statement to the Scottish Parliament, Dewar stated he "greatly regrets" the errors made by the SQA but assured the parliament that he was aware that "many people are working hard to put matters right". Dewar announced that independent consultants had been drafted in by the Scottish Executive to investigate the issue.[40]
The crisis took several months to resolve, and several management figures including theChief Executive, Ron Tuck, resigned or lost their jobs as a result.[41]
On 15 August 2000, it was announced that several senior officials with theScottish Qualification Authority (SQA) would be facing disciplinary action as a result of the error.BBC News suggested that Chief Executive Ron Tuck and the Minister for EducationSam Galbraith were "kept in the dark" about the problems. It had been announced that concerns were raised months prior to the error being made that exam results would not be ready when expected but assurances continued to be provided that results would be issued on time and when expected. Bill Morton became the new Chief Executive of the SQA, the organisations third in only five days, and upon his appointment said that the reassessing of exam results was his priority and that of the SQA.[42]
| # | Country | Areas visited | Dates | Details[43] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Belgium | Brussels | October 10–13, 1999 | Scotland Week events, as well as addressing the Democratic renewal seminar |
| 2 |  Ireland | Dublin | October 29, 1999 | Meeting with theTaoiseach |
| 3 |  Netherlands | December 8, 1999 | Gave the William and Mary lecture and met with the Dutch Justice Minister | |
| 4 |  Japan | April 10 – 14, 2000 | Inward Investment visit | |
| 5 | Ireland | Dublin | September 29, 2000 | Delivered speech to the Irish-Scottish Academic Initiative |
Dewar was an atheist[44][45] who while "sceptical of religion"[46][47] treated religious beliefs with "bemused tolerance" and "gracious respect".[48] His political style in relation to religion was characterised as one of "quiet, non-interfering, practical secularism";[45] his political rivalAlex Salmond credits this with enabling the "Time for Reflection" system at Holyrood, implemented as an alternative to the Westminster parliamentary prayers model.[46][47]
On 20 July 1964, Dewar married Alison Mary McNair, with whom he had two children: a daughter, Marion, and a son, Ian. In 1972, McNair separated from Dewar and entered a relationship with the thenDerry Irvine, a prominent Scottishbarrister in London. Dewar and his wife divorced in 1973, and he never remarried.[49] Dewar and Lord Irvine of Lairg never reconciled, even though they later served in the sameCabinet from May 1997 until 1999.
In September 2009,Dennis Canavan said Dewar reacted callously when Canavan's son was diagnosed withskin cancer in 1989. The disease eventually killed him. Canavan said Dewar remarked, "Oh no! That's all we need. He was mad enough before but I shudder to think what he'll be like now."[50]
Dewar amassed a personal fortune in excess of £2,000,000 including public utility shares, antiques and artwork with a value of over £400,000.[51]
In early 2000, Dewar was admitted to theGlasgow Royal Infirmary after tests atStobhill Hospital highlighted "minor irregularity" in his heart.[52][53] In May 2000, tests revealed he had a faulty aortic valve and he underwent a four-hour heart operation to repair a leaking heart valve.[54] His personal spokesperson,David Whitton, stated "he is as concerned about his health as anyone else would be". Although Dewar was not going under surgery, considerations over whether to cancel foreign trips to Japan were under close watch.[55]
Dewar was forced to take a three-month break and Deputy First MinisterJim Wallace took over as acting first minister.[56] After returning to office, Dewar was described as being "visibly tired" and fears for his health at this stage were officially dismissed following aFirst Minister's Question Time.[57][58][59]
Dewar dealt with the2000 exam results controversy and the lorry drivers' strike, and attended the Labour Party conference inBrighton, but on 29 September 2000[60] he told the historianTom Devine inDublin that if he did not feel any better, he would have to reappraise the situation in a few months' time.[61]
On 10 October 2000, Dewar sustained a seemingly harmless fall outside his official residence atBute House following a meeting of theScottish Cabinet.[62] He seemed fine at first, but later that day suffered a massivebrain haemorrhage which was possibly triggered by theanticoagulant medication he was taking following his heart surgery. At 7pm, five hours after his fall, Dewar was admitted to theWestern General Hospital inEdinburgh after his condition rapidly deteriorated. By 9pm, he was put on a life-support machine in the hospital'sintensive care unit.[63] Dewar's condition worsened and he failed to regain consciousness. On 11 October at 12:18pm, after his children gave permission for his life support to be switched off, Dewar was officially pronounced dead, aged 63.[64][65]
Dewar's funeral service was held atGlasgow Cathedral, he was cremated on 18 October 2000 and his ashes were scattered atLochgilphead inArgyll.[66][67]
Dewar's death came as a shock to Scotland. The UK Foreign Secretary described his death as "a tragedy for Donald and a tragedy for Scotland." Henry McLeish said: "this is a day of enormous sadness for Scotland and for me personally. Donald was devolution. The architect of the most successful constitutional change this century."[71]
"Although he has become something of a political legend, Donald would have abhorred any attempt to turn him into some kind of secular saint. He would have been horrified at a Diana-style out-pouring of synthetic grief at his untimely death." —Iain Macwhirter,Sunday Herald, 15 October 2000.
Dewar was succeeded byHenry McLeish asFirst Minister.[72]
Dewar's commitment to re-establishing theScottish Parliament and his tireless work on theScotland Act 1998 has led to his epithet the "Father of the Nation" and the "Father of Devolution".[73][74][75][76][77] Hisadvocacy forScottish devolution began in the 1960s, at a time when devolution was fairly unpopular among Labour politicians. However, he persevered to gain support from all parties.[78] Although Dewar did not associate withScottish nationalism or support attempts forindependence, he was a "great unionist" and saw the new Parliament as a "journey not a destination", which left many Labour supporters questioning devolution.[79] His leadership prioritisedsemi-proportional representation forScottish parliamentary elections. At the time, many thought this, and devolution, would "end theScottish National Party's success". However, in the late-2000s Labour's popularity plummeted in Scotland while the SNP's popularity grew rapidly.[74]
Dewar received nicknames such as "Donald Dour" for his stiff, matter-of-fact tone and "The Gannet" due to his large appetite.[81]
In May 2002, then Prime MinisterTony Blair unveileda statue of Dewar at the top of Glasgow'sBuchanan Street. In keeping with his famously unkempt appearance, it showed Dewar wearing a slightly crumpled jacket.[82]
The statue was taken down in October 2005 to be cleaned, and was re-erected on a 6-foot (1.8 m) high plinth in December to protect it from vandalism. On the base of the statue was inscribed the opening words of the Scotland Act: "There Shall Be A Scottish Parliament", a phrase to which Dewar himself famously said, "I like that!"
Dewar called theOld Royal High School onCalton Hill in Edinburgh a "nationalistshibboleth", mainly because it had been the proposed site of theScottish Assembly in the1979 referendum. Dewar's opposition to the Calton Hill site partly contributed to the selection of theHolyrood site,which proved expensive.
The First ScotRailClass 334 train334001 was namedDonald Dewar in his memory. The "Dewar Arts Award" was created by the Scottish Executive in 2002 dedicated to his memory. This award supports talented young Scottish artists.[83]
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forAberdeen South 1966–1970 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forGlasgow Garscadden 1978–1997 | Constituency abolished |
| New constituency | Member of Parliament forGlasgow Anniesland 1997–2000 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Secretary of State for Scotland 1997–1999 | Succeeded by |
| New office | First Minister of Scotland 1999–2000 | Succeeded by Jim Wallace Acting |
| Party political offices | ||
| New office | Leader of the Scottish Labour Party 1999–2000 | Succeeded by |
| Scottish Parliament | ||
| New parliament | Member of the Scottish Parliament forGlasgow Anniesland 1999–2000 | Succeeded by |
| Secretaries of state for Scotland 1707–1746 | .svg) | |
|---|---|---|
| Secretaries for Scotland 1885–1926 | ||
| Secretaries of state for Scotland (pre-devolution) 1926–1999 | ||
| Secretaries of state for Scotland (post-devolution) 1999–present | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
