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Don L. Anderson | |
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| Born | (1933-03-05)March 5, 1933 |
| Died | December 2, 2014(2014-12-02) (aged 81) |
| Alma mater | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,California Institute of Technology |
| Known for | Plate Tectonics,Seismology,Geochemistry, Scientific Poetry |
| Awards |
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| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Seismology,Geophysics,Geology,Geochemistry |
| Institutions | California Institute of Technology,Caltech Seismological Laboratory |
| Doctoral advisor | Frank Press[1] |
| Doctoral students | Thomas H. Jordan[2] |
| Notes | |
Anderson's expertise in numerous scientific disciplines has been recognized with gold medals from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Geological Society of America, the Royal Astronomical Society, and the highest science medals from the American Geophysical Union and the President of the United States. | |
Don Lynn Anderson (March 5, 1933 – December 2, 2014) was an Americangeophysicist who made significant contributions to the understanding of the origin, evolution, structure, and composition ofEarth and other planets. An expert in numerous scientific disciplines, Anderson's work combinedseismology,solid state physics,geochemistry andpetrology to explain how theEarth works. Anderson was best known for his contributions to the understanding of the Earth's deep interior, and more recently[when?], for theplate theory hypothesis thathotspots are the product ofplate tectonics rather than narrow plumes emanating from the deepEarth. Anderson was Professor (Emeritus) of Geophysics in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at theCalifornia Institute of Technology (Caltech). He received numerous awards from geophysical, geological and astronomical societies.[3] In 1998 he was awarded theCrafoord Prize by theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences along withAdam Dziewonski.[4] Later that year, Anderson received theNational Medal of Science. He held honorary doctorates fromRensselaer Polytechnic Institute (where he did his undergraduate work ingeology andgeophysics) and theUniversity of Paris (Sorbonne), and served on numerous university advisory committees, including those atHarvard,Princeton,Yale,University of Chicago,Stanford,University of Paris,Purdue University, andRice University. Anderson's wide-ranging research resulted in hundreds of published papers in the fields ofplanetary science,seismology,mineral physics,petrology,geochemistry,tectonics and thephilosophy of science.
Born inFrederick,Maryland, in 1933,[5] Anderson moved toBaltimore when he was six. He graduated fromBaltimore Polytechnic Institute[6] then attendedRensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) where he earned a Bachelor of Science in geology and geophysics in 1955. He then worked in the oil industry in California, Montana and Wyoming, and served in the Air Force in Massachusetts and Thule, Greenland before moving to California, where he received a Ph.D. in geophysics and mathematics at Caltech in 1962. He spent most of his subsequent academic career atCaltech's Seismological Laboratory, becoming its second longest serving director from 1967 to 1989. He was married to Nancy Ruth Anderson, had two children, Lynn Anderson Rodriguez and Lee Weston Anderson, and four granddaughters.
Anderson began his scientific career while serving in theU.S. Air Force. InGreenland, he studied the properties of sea ice. Anderson was charged with determining whether the ice was strong enough to withstand the landing of heavy aircraft. In working with his colleague, Dr. Wilford Weeks, on scientific papers resulting from the research, it became clear to Anderson that he needed more education. He chose to attend Caltech in geophysics. Anderson's thesis focused on theanisotropic, or directionally dependent, properties of themantle. It analyzed wave propagation in layered complex media. Prior to Anderson's work, seismologists had assumed that the Earth's interior behaved like glass, and was isotropic. After completing his Ph.D. in 1962, Anderson joined the faculty at Caltech and moved on to other areas of study, writing papers on the composition, physical state, and origin of the Earth as well as other planets. Much later in his career, he returned to the effects ofanisotropy and partial melting and the presence of fluids in theupper mantle. He and his colleagues developed methods for taking into account anisotropy and the non-elastic behavior of seismic waves to explain how the Earth works. The technical terms for the subjects of his studies are anharmonicity, asphericity, anelasticity, as well as anisotrophy. In other words, the Earth is not an ideal, elastic sphere.
During his more than 50-year career, Anderson published papers on the composition and origin of theMoon,Venus andMars as well asEarth. He was a principal investigator on theViking mission toMars in 1971. Anderson and his collaborators investigated the relations between the behavior of mantle rock under high pressures and temperatures, phase transformations of mantle minerals, and the generation ofearthquakes. They contributed significantly to the understanding of tectonic plate motions by mapping convection currents in the Earth's mantle using seismological methods. These studies led to the development of thePreliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM), which provides standard values for Earth's important properties, including seismic velocities, density, pressure, attenuation, and anisotropy as a function of planetary radius and wavelength. PREM is now the standard reference model for the Earth. This work was cited when Anderson, along with his colleagueAdam Dziewonski ofHarvard University, were awarded the Crafoord Prize in 1998 in Sweden.
By taking into account the physics and thermodynamics of Earth materials under the high temperature and pressure conditions in the deep interior, Anderson developed theories that depart from mainstream scientific speculations. In particular, Anderson showed that the standard geochemical and evolutionary models for the Earth are flawed because they violate the laws ofthermodynamics in ways that would make Earth behave as aperpetual motion machine. Anderson likened these models toRudyard Kipling’s “Just-So Stories,” and pointed out that these theories are perpetuated when countervailing evidence is explained away as anomalies or paradoxes. Anderson's models are based onphysics andthermodynamics as well asgeophysics, and stand up to observations and evidence-based tests.
Anderson developed an alternative model of the mineralogical and isotopic composition of the mantle. The Earth had a high-temperature origin and has been chemically stratified since it accreted 4.5 billion years ago. Conventional scientific wisdom is that the entire mantle is largely made up of olivine-dominatedperidotite, some of it primordial material. Anderson, on the other hand, showed that the mid-mantle is composed of piclogite, apyroxene andgarnet-rick rock. Counter to prevailing scientific views, Anderson argued that the deeper layers of the mantle are dense and refractory and unable to rise to the surface or to producebasalts. Anderson suggested that all basalts are produced in the upper mantle. These ideas evolved from the integration of geochemistry, petrology, seismology, and thermodynamics, while standard models are based only on one or two of these disciplines and many assumptions.
Anderson also challenged traditional scientific views on howvolcanoes are formed, particularly, the theory of convectivemantle plumes in the Earth, as proposed byW. Jason Morgan, Anderson argued that the so-called mantle plume hypothesis is invalid and thathotspots and oceanic islands such asHawaii orIceland are, instead, the normal products ofplate tectonics. While many geochemists believe that volcanoes stem from narrow plumes coming up from just above the Earth's core, Anderson showed that they can be explained entirely by chemical and mineralogical anomalies in the upper mantle. Moreover, Anderson pointed out that all demonstrations of the mantle plume hypothesis violate the basic laws ofthermodynamics because they rely on a constant supply of heat coming from the deep Earth or even from outside the Earth. Anderson, on the other hand, accepted the classical view that the Earth's interior is cooling and that volcanoes simply tap a layer of melted rock that exists in the upper mantle, or outer shell of the Earth. It is through the movement of the plates that themagma is allowed to reach the surface through fracture zones,rifts,volcanoes and so-called hot spots. Anderson also considered thatplate tectonics is a natural result of a planet being cooled from above.[7]
Although his work was based on seismology, classical physics and thermodynamics as well as his knowledge of the Earth's interior, Anderson's theories are considered to be controversial because they depart from the prevailing ideas developed by the geochemical community and which are widely cited in influential publications such asNature andScience. An active website, mantleplumes.org, is devoted to the challenge by Anderson and his colleagues to standard, or text-book explanations of volcanoes and Earth dynamics. Anderson's multidisciplinary approach, combined with his expertise ingeophysics,geochemistry,solid-state physics, andthermodynamics, enabled him to explain the evolution and structure of the Earth in ways that challenge accepted ideas of his time. ColleagueSeth Stein[who?] ofNorthwestern University said of Anderson'sNew Theory of the Earth: “An old adage says that there are no true students of the Earth because we dig our small holes and sit in them. This book is a striking counter example that synthesizes a broad range of topics dealing with the planet’s structure, evolution, and dynamics. Even readers who disagree with some of the arguments will find them insightful and stimulating.”[citation needed]
Anderson died inCambria, California, on December 2, 2014, from cancer, at the age of 81.[5]
