Dolby AC-4 is an audio compression technology developed byDolby Laboratories.[1] Dolby AC-4 bitstreams can contain audio channels and/or audio objects.[1] Dolby AC-4 has been adopted by theDVB project and standardized by theETSI.[2]
Its development started in late 2011 to create a high-quality audio format to be used in streaming services, future TV broadcasts, and mainly to replace the traditionalDolby AC-3.[citation needed] AC-4 was standardized by theEuropean Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) under the code "TS 103 190" in April 2014,[1] and in December 2014Dolby Laboratories approved the sound format for commercial use.[citation needed]
On March 10, 2015, theAdvanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) announced that Dolby AC-4 was one of the three standards proposed for the audio system ofATSC 3.0.[3]
On July 14, 2015, Dolby Laboratories announced thatSony Visual Products andVizio would support Dolby AC-4.[4]
On April 14, 2016, Dolby Laboratories announced thatSamsung would ship TVs with support for Dolby AC-4 in 2017.[5]
Dolby AC-4 can have up to 5.1 core audio channels which all Dolby AC-4 decoders are required to decode.[1] Additional audio channels may be encoded as side signals which Dolby AC-4 decoders can optionally support which would allow for the delivery of 7.1.4 channel audio.[1] Side signals may also contain audio objects.[1] Dolby AC-4 has two different channel based encoding tools with Advanced Joint Channel Coding (A-JCC) used for low bit rates and Advanced Coupling (A-CPL) used for high bit rates.[1] A-JCC doesn't support side signals and is limited to 5.1 channel audio while A-CPL does support side signals.[1] Dolby AC-4 supports up to 7 audio objects with a core decoder and can optionally support additional audio objects with a more advanced decoder.[1] The use of different decoders allows Dolby AC-4 to support lower cost devices while also allowing for more advanced decoders forAV receivers.[1]
AC-4 uses an improvedmodified discrete cosine transform (MDCT)audio coding algorithm.[6] Dolby states that Dolby AC-4 provides a 50% reduction in bit rate overDolby Digital Plus.[1] When Dolby AC-4 was tested by the DVB theMultiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor test (MUSHRA) score was 90 at 192 kbit/s for 5.1 channel audio.[1] When tested for ATSC 3.0 the bit rates needed for the required audio score was 96 kbit/s for stereo audio, 192 kbit/s for 5.1 channel audio, and 288 kbit/s for 7.1.4 channel audio.[1] However, for 22.2 channel audio, the required bit rate may be as high as 1536 kbit/s.[7]
Dolby AC-4 is extensible and audio substreams allow for new features to be added to Dolby AC-4 while maintaining compatibility with older decoders.[1]
Dolby AC-4 is covered by patents and requires a license from Dolby Laboratories.[8] Dolby AC-4 has a consumer royalty rate of US$0.15 to US$1.20 depending on the type of device and volume of sales.[8] Dolby only charges for one technology per device, which means that Dolby AC-4 effectively costs nothing in devices that include existing Dolby technologies such as Dolby Digital Plus.[8] The professional royalty rate is up to US$50 for an eight channel transcoder.[8]