| Doc Savage | |
|---|---|
 Doc Savage Magazine, March 1933, "The Man of Bronze", illustrated byWalter M. Baumhofer. | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Street & Smith |
| First appearance | Doc Savage Magazine #1 (March 1933) |
| Created by | Henry W. Ralston John L. Nanovic Lester Dent |
| In-story information | |
| Full name | Clark Savage Jr. |
| Notable aliases | The Man of Bronze |
| Abilities | Genius-level intellect Peak physical and mental conditioning Skilledscientist,surgeon,inventor,detective,athlete, andmartial artist Photographic memory Master of disguise |
Doc Savage is a fictional character of thecompetent man hero type, who first appeared in Americanpulp magazines during the 1930s and 1940s. Real nameClark Savage Jr., he is apolymathicscientist,explorer,detective, andwarrior who "rights wrongs and punishes evildoers." He was created by publisherHenry W. Ralston and editorJohn L. Nanovic atStreet & Smith Publications, with additional material contributed by the series' main writer,Lester Dent. Doc Savage stories were published under theKenneth Robeson name. The illustrations were byWalter Baumhofer,Paul Orban,Emery Clarke,Modest Stein, andRobert G. Harris.
The heroic-adventure character would go on to appear in other media, including radio, film, and comic books, with his adventures reprinted for modern-day audiences in a series ofpaperback books, which had sold over 20 million copies by 1979.[1] Into the 21st century, Doc Savage has remained a nostalgic icon in the U.S., referenced in novels andpopular culture. LongtimeMarvel Comics editorStan Lee credited Doc Savage as being the forerunner to modernsuperheroes.[2]
Doc Savage Magazine was printed byStreet & Smith from March 1933 to the summer of 1949 to capitalize on the success ofThe Shadow magazine and followed by the originalAvenger in September 1939. In all, 181 issues were published in various entries and alternative titles.[3]
Doc Savage became known to a new generation of readers whenBantam Books began reprinting the individual magazine novels in 1964, this time with covers by artistJames Bama that featured a bronze-haired, bronze-skinned Doc Savage with an exaggeratedwidows' peak, usually wearing a torn khaki shirt and under the by-line "Kenneth Robeson". The stories were not reprinted in chronological order as originally published, though they did begin with the first adventure,The Man of Bronze. By 1967, Bantam was publishing once a month until 1990, when all 181 original stories (plus an unpublished novel,The Red Spider) had run their course. AuthorWill Murray produced seven more Doc Savage novels for Bantam Books from Lester Dent's original outlines. Bantam also published a novel byPhilip José Farmer,Escape From Loki (1991), which told the story of how inWorld War I Doc met the men who would become his five comrades.[4]
Clark Savage Jr. first appeared in March 1933 in the first issue ofDoc Savage Magazine. Because of the success of the Shadow, who had his own pulp magazine, the publishers Street & Smith quickly launched this pulp title. Unlike the Shadow, Clark Savage, "Doc" to his friends, had no special powers but was raised from birth by his father and other scientists to become one of the most perfect human beings in terms of strength, intelligence, and physical abilities.[5]
Doc Savage set up base on the 86th floor of a world-famous New York skyscraper (implied, but never outright stated, as theEmpire State Building; Phillip José Farmer, in hisDoc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life, gives good evidence that this is likely the case). Doc Savage fights against evil with the assistance of the "Fabulous Five".[citation needed]
Doc Savage has appeared in comics and a movie, on radio, and as a character in numerous other works, and continues to inspire authors and artists in the realm of fantastic adventure.
Doc Savage Magazine was created by Street & Smith Publications executive Henry Ralston and editor John Nanovic to capitalize on the success of Street and Smith's pulp character,The Shadow. Ralston and Nanovic wrote a short premise establishing the broad outlines of the character they envisioned, but Doc Savage was only fully realized by the author chosen to write the series,Lester Dent. Dent wrote most of the 181 original novels, hidden behind the "house name" ofKenneth Robeson.[citation needed] (SeeList of Doc Savage novels for a complete list of the titles in the original pulp magazine series.)
One Lester Dent biographer hypothesizes that one inspiration for Doc Savage may have been the American military officer and authorRichard Henry Savage, who wrote more than 40 books of adventure and mystery stories and lived a dashing and daring life.[6]
The character first appeared on screen in a 1975 film,Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze.
It was announced on May 30, 2016, thatDwayne "The Rock" Johnson would be playing Clark "Doc" Savage, billed as the "World's First Superhero", and the film would be directed byShane Black with a script by Anthony Bagarozzi and Chuck Mondry.[7] In 2020, the concept was changed from a film to a television show.[8]
A team of scientists assembled by his father deliberately trained his mind and body to near-superhuman abilities almost from birth, giving him great strength and endurance, aphotographic memory, a mastery of themartial arts, and vast knowledge of the sciences. Doc is also a master of disguise and an excellent imitator of voices. He is aphysician, scientist, adventurer, detective, inventor, explorer, researcher, and, as revealed inThe Polar Treasure, a musician. Dent described the hero as a mix ofSherlock Holmes' deductive abilities,Tarzan's outstanding physical abilities,Craig Kennedy's scientific education, andAbraham Lincoln's goodness. He also described Doc Savage as manifesting "Christliness." Doc's character and world-view is displayed in his oath, which goes as follows:[9]
Let me strive every moment of my life to make myself better and better, to the best of my ability, that all may profit by it. Let me think of the right and lend all my assistance to those who need it, with no regard for anything but justice. Let me take what comes with a smile, without loss of courage. Let me be considerate of my country, of my fellow citizens and my associates in everything I say and do. Let me do right to all, and wrong no man.
By the third story, Doc already has a reputation as a "superman".[10]
Savage is accompanied on his adventures by up to five other regular characters (referred to in the 1975 movie and in marketing materials from the Bantam Books republication as "The Fabulous Five"), all highly accomplished individuals in their own right.
In later stories, Doc's companions become less important to the plot as the stories focus more on Doc. The "missing" characters are explained as working elsewhere, too busy with their own accomplishments to help. Toward the end of the series, usually only Monk and Ham appear with Doc.
Doc's cousinPatricia "Pat" Savage, who has Doc's bronze skin, golden eyes, and bronze hair, also is along for many of the adventures, despite Doc's best efforts to keep her away from danger. Pat chafes under these restrictions, or indeed any effort to protect her simply because she is female. She is also able to fluster Doc, even as she completely charms Monk and Ham.[citation needed]
Doc's office is on the 86th floor of a New York City skyscraper, implicitly theEmpire State Building, reached by Doc's private high-speed elevator. Doc owns a fleet of cars, trucks, aircraft, and boats which he stores at a secret hangar on theHudson River, under the nameThe Hidalgo Trading Company, which is linked to his office by a pneumatic-tube system nicknamed the "flea run". He sometimes retreats to his Fortress of Solitude in theArctic, which pre-datesSuperman's similarhideout of the same name. The entire operation is funded with gold from aCentral American mine given to him by the local descendants of theMaya people in the firstDoc Savage story. (Doc and his assistants learned the little-knownMayan language of this people at the same time, allowing them to communicate privately when others might be listening.)[citation needed]
Lester Dent kept current with the scientific developments of his era. While some of Doc's gadgets were simply science fiction many of his 'futuristic' devices were actual inventions, or ideas engineers were attempting to produce. Futuristic devices described in the series include theflying wing, theanswering machine,television,automatic transmission,night vision goggles, electromagneticrail guns, and a hand-heldautomatic weapon, known variously as themachine pistol, the supermachine pistol, or the rapid-firer. A wide range of ammunition types were used for the machine pistols, including incendiary bullets that smash on contact, coating the target with a high-temperature paste-fed fire, high explosive bullets able to uproot trees, ordinary lead bullets, and the sleep-inducing "mercy bullets".[citation needed] Doc also developed an automated typewriter.
Doc's greatest foe, and the only enemy to appear in two of the original pulp stories, was the Russian-bornJohn Sunlight, introduced in October 1938 in theFortress of Solitude. Early villains in the "super-sagas" were fantastic schemers bent on ruling the world. Later, the magazine was retitledDoc Savage, Science Detective, and Doc dealt with more conventional criminal organizations. The super-saga was revived in 1948 by new editorDaisy Bacon shortly before the final cancellation of the magazine. In a September 20, 1948, letter toLester Dent, Bacon wrote "As long as we are dropping the science detective and returning to just Doc Savage, I think we should return to a real adventure story..."[13]
A key characteristic of the Doc Savage stories is that the threats, no matter how fantastic, usually have a rational explanation. For example, a giant mountain-walking spider is revealed as a blimp, a scorching death comes from super-charged electric batteries, a "sea angel" is a mechanical construct towed by a submarine, Navy ships sunk by a mysterious force are actually sabotaged, and so on. But Doc Savage also battles invisible killers, a murderous teleporter, and superscientific foes from the center of the Earth.[citation needed]
In earlier stories, some of the criminals captured by Doc receive "a delicate brain operation" to cure their criminal tendencies. These criminals return to society, unaware of their past, to lead productive lives. The operation is mentioned inTruman Capote's novelIn Cold Blood, as an older Kansan recalls Doc's "fixing" of the criminals he had caught.[14]
Lester Dent, the series' principal author, had a mixed regard for his own creations. Though usually protective of his own work, he could be derisive of his pulp output. In interviews, he stated that he harbored no illusions of being a high-quality author of literature; for him, the Doc Savage series was simply a job, a way to earn a living by "churning out reams and reams of sellable crap", never dreaming how his series would catch on.[citation needed] Comics historianJim Steranko revealed that Dent used a formula[15] to write his Doc Savage stories, so that his heroes were continually, and methodically, getting in and out of trouble.[16] Dent was initially paid $500 per story and this was later increased to $750 during theGreat Depression, enabling him to buy ayacht and vacation in the Caribbean.[citation needed]
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All of the original stories were reprinted in paperback form byBantam Books in the 1960s through 1990s. Of the first 67 paperback covers, 62 were painted in extraordinary monochromatic tones and super-realistic detail byJames Bama, whose updated vision of Doc Savage with the exaggerated widow's peak captured, at least symbolically, the essence of the Doc Savage novels.[17] The first 96 paperbacks reprinted one of the original novels per book. Actor and modelSteve Holland, who had playedFlash Gordon in a 1953 television series, was the model for Doc on all the covers. The next 15 paperbacks (consisting of stories 97 through 126 in the Bantam reissue series) were "doubles", reprinting two novels each (these were actually shorter novellas written during paper shortages of World War II). The last of the original novels were reprinted in a numbered series of 13 "omnibus" volumes of four to five stories each. It was one of the few pulp series to be completely reprinted in paperback form.[citation needed]
The Red Spider was a Doc Savage novel written by Dent in April 1948, about theCold War with the Soviet Union. The story was killed in 1948 by new editorDaisy Bacon, though previous editor William de Grouchy had commissioned it. It was forgotten until 1975, when Doc Savage scholarWill Murray found hints of its existence in the Street & Smith archives. After a two-year search, the carbon manuscript was located among Dent's papers. It finally saw print in July 1979 as Number 95 in Bantam's Doc Savage series.[citation needed]
When the original pulp stories were exhausted, Bantam Books hiredPhilip José Farmer to pen the tale of how Doc and his men met in World War I.Escape from Loki was published in 1991. It was followed by seven traditional Doc Savage stories written by novelist Will Murray, working from unpublished Lester Dent outlines, beginning withPython Isle. Philip José Farmer had earlier written the bookDoc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life in 1973, which described the characters and the stories on the entertaining premise that Doc actually existed and the novels chronicled his exploits in "fictionized" form.[citation needed]
In 2011,Altus Press revived the series with another Murray-Dent posthumous collaboration,The Desert Demons. Nine new novels are planned for the new seriesThe Wild Adventures of Doc Savage. In 2011,Doc Savage: Horror in Gold was published. In 2012,Altus Press publishedDoc Savage: Death's Dark Domain,Doc Savage: The Forgotten Realm,Doc Savage: The Infernal Buddha andDoc Savage: The Desert Demons.Doc Savage: Skull Island, a crossover withKing Kong, was released in 2013.[18] Murray teamed Doc up with another Street & Smith pulp-era hero,The Shadow, in Doc Savage:The Sinister Shadow (2015) and Doc Savage:Empire of Doom (2016).[19]
Sanctum Books, in association with Nostalgia Ventures, began a new series of Doc reprints (starting November 2006), featuring two novels per book, in magazine-sized paperbacks. Several editions came with a choice of the original pulp cover or the covers from the Bantam paperbacks, and most include the original interior artwork, as well as new essays and reprints of other old material. In late 2008, Nostalgia Ventures ended their relationship, and Sanctum Books continued with the reprints on their own.[citation needed]
TwoDoc Savage radio series were broadcast during the pulp era. The first, in 1934, was a 15-minute serial which ran for 26 episodes. The 1943 series was based not on the pulps, but on the comic book version of the character. No audio exists from either series, although some scripts survived. In 1985,National Public Radio airedThe Adventures of Doc Savage, as 13 half-hour episodes,[20] based on the pulps and adapted byWill Murray and Roger Rittner.Daniel Chodos starred as Doc.[21]
Street & Smith Comics published comic book stories of Doc both inThe Shadow comic and his own title. These started withShadow Comics #1–3 (1940).[22] In May 1940, the character moved to his own book,Doc Savage Comics.[23] Originally, these stories were based on the pulp version, but withDoc Savage Comics #5 (1941), he was turned into a genuine superhero when he crashed in Tibet and was given a blue hood with a sacredruby in the forehead that deflected bullets andhypnotized anyone who gazed into its mystical red light. These stories had a Doc (now known as "The Invincible") who bore little resemblance to the character in the pulps. This lasted through the end ofDoc Savage Comics in 1943 after 20 issues, and briefly with his return toShadow Comics in vol. 3, #10 (Jan. 1944). He would last until the final issue, vol. 9, #5 (1948), though did not appear in every one. He also appeared inSupersnipe Comics #9 (June 1943).
Post-Golden Age, there have been several Doc Savage comic books:
With the Bantam Books reprints a success, media tie-ins for Doc Savage began immediately. A 1965 house ad for a poster, "The Arch-Enemy of Evil", announces, "Tougher than Tarzan, braver than Bond, Doc is America's newest rage - with teenagers, college students, and the 'in' groups all over the country. And there's a television series and feature motion picture in the future."[31]
In 1967, aTV Guide article reported talks were underway to haveChuck Connors play Doc Savage in a movie adaptation ofThe Thousand-Headed Man.[32] Complications with rights killed the project.[citation needed]
In 1975, producer and directorGeorge Pal produced theaction filmDoc Savage: The Man of Bronze, starringRon Ely as Doc Savage. The movie was a critical failure and did poorly at the box office.[33] Several articles and a later interview with Pal suggest the movie's failure had much to do with its loss of funding during filming when the studio changed heads and Pal was forced to cut costs. Nevertheless, Pal, as producer, is generally blamed for using the "high camp" approach in the style of theBatman television series. An original soundtrack for the film was also commissioned, but when Pal lost his funding, he resorted to a patriotic march fromJohn Philip Sousa, which was in thepublic domain. Science-fiction writerPhilip José Farmer tried to get another movie made (there is a notation at the end of the original film that a sequel adapted from the novelDeath in Silver featuring the infamousSilver Death's-Heads was in the works, but nothing came of it, despite the drafting of a script for it).[citation needed]
According to the screenplay byJoe Morhaim that was posted on the Internet, as well as other archival and news accounts,Doc Savage: The Arch Enemy of Evil was based very loosely on the October 1934 pulp novelDeath in Silver.Doc Savage: The Arch Enemy of Evil would feature a deformed, German-speakingsupervillain, whose pet man-eatingoctopus was a nod to a similar plot element in the September 1937 pulp novelThe Feathered Octopus.[34]
In fact, this screenplay was originally intended to be filmed as the first Doc Savage movie. However, producerGeorge Pal commissioned a second script based on the first Doc Savage pulp novel,The Man of Bronze, because he felt the movie-going audience needed more background information about Doc and his origin.[35][36]
Contemporary news accounts indicated thatDoc Savage: The Arch Enemy of Evil had been filmed in theLake Tahoe area simultaneously with theprincipal photography for the first Doc Savage film.[35] However, due to thepoor reception of the first film,Doc Savage: The Arch Enemy of Evil was never completed or released. In an interview conducted in 2014, while he was filming the television movieExpecting Amish, actor Ron Ely stated unequivocally that "no portion ofThe Arch Enemy of Evil wasever filmed, concurrently withThe Man of Bronze or otherwise. That's a total myth."
Finally, in anticipation of a proposedDoc Savage TV series, George Pal commissioned a two-part teleplay byAlvin Sapinsley based on the May 1935 pulp novelThe Secret in the Sky. The teleplay was completed in January 1975, but due to thepoor reception of the first Doc Savage film, apilot was never filmed.[37]
Another screenplay was written byPhilip José Farmer based on the January 1936 pulp novelMurder Mirage.[38] It included a potentialWold Newton Universe cross-over involving a meeting between Doc Savage and a retiredSherlock Holmes in 1936. In any case, this screenplay was never filmed.[39][40] In 1966, the basic premise of Doc Savage's origin was an obvious influence on the Mexican lucha libre film characterMil Mascaras (1966), which was released at the height of the popularity of the Doc Savage paperback book series in the U.S.[citation needed]
In 1999, there was an announcement[41] that apossible remake featuringArnold Schwarzenegger was in the works, with the involvement ofFrank Darabont andChuck Russell, but it and several other Schwarzenegger projects (Sgt. Rock and an epic aboutthe Crusades) were shelved when Schwarzenegger ran for and was electedGovernor of California.[42]
In late 2006,Sam Raimi was rumoured to be making a film involving severalStreet and Smithpulp heroes, includingThe Shadow,The Avenger, and Doc Savage. A screenplay was supposedly written by Siavash Farahani but since then, no other news surfaced with regards to this script.[43]
Writer/directorShane Black was set to direct a film adaptation forOriginal Film andSony Pictures. Black would also co-write the screenplay with Anthony Bagarozzi andChuck Mondry. The film version will be set in the 1930s and will include theFabulous Five.Neal H. Moritz will produce.[44][45][46] In September 2013, talking about the difficulty in casting the character, Black commented, "He's the perfect physical specimen, people look at him and they are over-awed by the symmetry and perfection he exudes."[47] In June 2014, it was revealed that he wantedChris Hemsworth for the lead role but Hemsworth was never officially announced or attached to the project.[48]
On May 22, 2016, Black toldThrillist that he would like to make the movie withDwayne Johnson, stating, "I made a decision that Dwayne is the guy. I would like to do Doc with Dwayne Johnson if we can make that work. It's on the back burner while he's busy."[49] On May 30, 2016, Johnson confirmed on hisInstagram account that he will be starring as Savage in the film, also hinting that the character is being dubbed the "World's First Superhero", mentioning that Savage's published appearance pre-dated that ofSuperman's (who debuted in 1938). Johnson also included thehashtag "#World'sFirstSuperhero".[50][51] On April 11, 2018, Johnson said he and Black were still eager to do the project, but, "That project had a few issues, not creative issues but more so business affairs issues—where the project once was, who had rights to it, where we were trying to move it to. There was a lot of that, which we're still kind of working through."[52]
On February 19, 2020, it was announced Original Film would, instead, shift development to a television series. The project is a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and Condé Nast Entertainment.[8]
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