Doabi
ਦੁਆਬੀ دوآبی
Native to	India,Pakistan[a]
Region	Punjab Bist Doab Faisalabad District Toba Tek Singh District
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi Eastern Punjabi Doabi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	doab1238
Doabi in lime

Doabi (Standard:[doːaːˈbi];Doabi:[dʊʋaːˈbi]), also known asBist Doabi orJalandhari, is aneastern dialect of thePunjabi language. The dialect is named after the region in which it originated,Doaba orBist Doab,^[1] between theBeas andSutlej. Its occurrence in parts ofPakistani Punjab owes topost-1947 migration ofPunjabi Muslim populace fromEast Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: theJalandhar,Hoshiarpur,Kapurthala,Una andNawanshahr districts ofIndian Punjab, including the areas known as the Dona andManjki; and theToba Tek Singh andFaisalabad districts ofPakistani Punjab; and some areas ofHimachal Pradesh andJammu and Kashmir.^{[citation needed]}

The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.^[2]

Spirantisation of /pʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/ is quite common in Punjabi, but this is less apparent in Doaba. Similarly, other Persian-borrowed phonemes are also pronounced in a more indigenous manner./z,x,ɣ,/ are pronounced/d͡ʒ,kʰ,g/ respectively. Another surprising aspect is that/j/ is almost always pronounced as/d͡ʒ/.

Debuccalisation of/s/, to/ɦ/ in between vowels also occurs.

In the modern generation,/ɳ/ and/ɭ/ are pronounced as/n/ and/l/. Except, some youngsters end up replacing/n/ and/l/ with/ɳ/ and/ɭ/ completely, rather than preferring the alveolar counterparts./ɳ/ and/ɭ/ are also often realised asnasal andlateralflaps.

Doabi'sfortition/ʋ/ at the start of a word to[b]^[3] as in/'ʋə̀ɖ:a:/ (big) to['bə̀ɖ:a:] .

They also use[o] elsewhere in a word instead of/ʋ/ as in/'kʰʋa:b/ (dream) to['kʰoa:b]. A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of w. Where/ʋ/ appears in the middle of a word inStandard Punjabi, Doabis use[w] so that/ɦəʋa:/ (wind) becomes[ɦəwa:].

Also, the vowel/ʊ/ is pronounced[o]. Accordingly,/'kʰʊʃ/ (happy) becomes['kʰoʃ] or/'kʊʈ/ (to beat - noun form) becomes['koʈ]. In Doabi, any word beginning with stressed/ɪ/ is pronounced[e]. For example, the word/'kʰɪt͡ʃ/ (to pull - noun form) is pronounced as['kʰet͡ʃ] or the word/'ʋɪt͡ʃ/ (in [something]) is pronounced as['bet͡ʃ].

The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana District, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below:^[4]

* does not occur word initially

Doabi has ten vowels. These are/ə,ɪ,ʊ,aː,ɛː,eː,iː,ɔː,oː,uː/

For example:

One of the most distinctive features of Doabi is how its short close vowels are pronounced. Phonemically, they are:

• /ʊ/
• /ɪ/

But are phonetically:^{[citation needed]}

• [o]
• [e]

Nasalisation in Punjabi is phonemic.

Three tones are used in Doabi: low, mid and high. For example;

Thistonogenesis occurred from the loss ofbreathy voiced consonants. Word-initially, they became voiceless plosives, but remained voiced word-medially and finally. This loss ofphonemes led to tone to distinguish between similarmorphemes.

When the consonant (that was breathy-voiced) is word initial, the vowel that follows has a falling tone. When the consonant is medial or word-final, it has a rising tone.

Loss of word-final/ɦ/ also led to a rising tone in the preceding vowel.

Stress, however can change what tone on what syllable is present.

Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.

Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.

For example:

Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;

Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b"^[3] as in "vàdda" (big) to "bàdda". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".

Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.

Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi'sprestige dialect,Majhi.

Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)

Examples:

Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi

Examples:

Doabi uses the Gurmukhi script.

Tone that occurs from the loss of breathy voiced consonants is shown through the following characters inorthography:

• ਘ
• ਝ
• ਢ
• ਧ
• ਭ
• ੜ੍ਹ

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• Malwi dialect
• Puadhi dialect
• Omission of word-final shwa in Indo-Aryan languages

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