Jakarta[b] (/dʒəˈkɑːrtə/;Indonesian pronunciation:[dʒaˈkarta]ⓘ,Betawi:Jakartè), officially theSpecial Capital Region of Jakarta (Indonesian:Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta;DKI Jakarta) and formerly known asBatavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city ofIndonesia and an autonomous region at the provincial level. Lying on the northwest coast ofJava, the world'smost populous island, Jakarta is thelargest metropole inSoutheast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital ofASEAN. The Special Region has a status equivalent to that of aprovince and is bordered by two other provinces:West Java to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it was separated from West Java)Banten to the west. Its coastline faces theJava Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border withLampung to the west.Jakarta's metropolitan area isASEAN's second largest economy afterSingapore. In 2023, the city'sGDP PPP was estimated at US$724.010 billion.
Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, andflooding due to subsidence and water extraction (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, meanwhile the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, PresidentJoko Widodo announced plans tomove the capital from Jakarta to the planned city ofNusantara, in the province ofEast Kalimantan on the island ofBorneo. TheMPR approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$40 billion, which is more than the cost to buildNusantara, to save the city in the next decade.[12]
Sundapura is the name mentioned in theTugu inscription fromTarumanagara, a kingdom in coastal West Java. The strategic geographical position of coastal West Java, which corresponds to today modern Jakarta, is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard toSumatra and also its connection to Asian continent ofIndia andChina.
After fall of the Tarumanagara, the name of city was changed to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda,' growing to be the main harbour for theSunda Kingdom due to its desirable location.[14][15]
The name 'Jakarta' is derived from the wordJayakarta (Devanagari: जयकर्त), which is ultimately derived from theSanskrit जयjaya (victorious),[16] and कृतkrta (accomplished, acquired),[17] thusJayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act', or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops ofFatahillah which successfully defeated and drove the Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta.'[18]Tomé Pires, a Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in hismagnum opus asJacatra orJacarta during his journey to theEast Indies.[19]
After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it to 'Batavia,' after theBatavi, a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of the Dutch. The city was then also known asKoningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty ofdowntown Batavia'scanals, mansions and ordered city layout.[20] After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g.Menteng and the area aroundMerdeka Square), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas.[21]
During theJapanese occupation, the city was renamed asJakaruta Tokubetsu-shi (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakarta Special City).[14] After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta.'[14]
The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoricBuni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD.[22] The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-centurySundanese kingdom ofTarumanagara, one of the oldestHindu kingdoms in Indonesia.[23] The area ofNorth Jakarta aroundTugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. TheTugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village,Koja,North Jakarta, mentions that KingPurnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital.[24] Following the decline ofTarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the HinduKingdom of Sunda. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under theSrivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source,Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225,Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (Sunda).[25] The source says the port of Sunda is strategic and thriving, mentioningpepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles.[26] The harbour area became known asSunda Kelapa (Sundanese:ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom.
The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships fromMalacca, arrived in 1513 while looking for a route to obtain spices.[27] The Sunda Kingdommade an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power ofDemak Sultanate from central Java.[18] In 1527,Fatahillah, a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,[18] and became a fiefdom of theBanten Sultanate, which became a major Southeast Asian trading centre.
Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an EnglishEast India Company (EIC) voyage led by SirJames Lancaster arrived inAceh and sailed on toBanten, where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682.[28] Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.[27]
When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival ofJan Pieterszoon Coen. The Dutch burned the EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the cityBatavia in 1619.
Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese weremassacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved toGlodok outside the city walls.[29] At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton,batik and clothing worn by Arab communities.[30]
Coat of Arms ofBatavia during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1930
The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. TheKoningsplein, nowMerdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park ofMenteng was started in 1913,[31] andKebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.[29] By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,[32] including 37,067 Europeans.[33] The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modernJatinegara.[34]
On 5 March 1942, the Japanese capturedBatavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ特別市,Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi), under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.
AfterWorld War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,[35] and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During theIndonesian National Revolution, Indonesian republicans withdrew fromAllied-occupied Jakarta and established their capital inYogyakarta.
After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.[29] With Jakarta selected to host the1962 Asian Games,Sukarno, envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic andmodernist architecture.[36] Projects includeda cloverleaf interchange, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such asThe National Monument,Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters ofCONEFO. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site ofan abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitatinga violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.[37] The event markedthe beginning of Suharto's New Order. The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta wasSoediro until he was replaced bySoemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor.
One of the largest projects launched by Sukarno was the demolition of government buildings inMerdeka Square to make way for theNational Monument.
In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province.[38] Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.[39] Lieutenant GeneralAli Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,[40]— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.[41] Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.[42] The boom ended with the1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring.
After three decades in power, support for PresidentSuharto began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students wereshot dead atTrisakti University by security forces.Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign.[43] Much of the rioting targetedChinese Indonesians.[44] In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.[45]Jemaah Islamiyah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,[29] withanother in 2009.[46] In August 2007, Jakarta heldits first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.[47]
During theJokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital toNusantara after 17 August 2024,[48] but this has not occurred due to delays.[49]
Between2016 and2017, a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire.Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf ofIslamic State.
Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast ofJava, at the mouth of theCiliwung River onJakarta Bay, an inlet of theJava Sea. It is strategically located near theSunda Strait. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level,[51] and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along withEast Timor'sDili). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km2 (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km2 (2,694 sq mi) of sea area.[52] TheThousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.
Jakarta lies in a low and flatalluvial plain, ranging from −2 to 91 m (−7 to 299 ft) with an average elevation of 8 m (26 ft)above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of the city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area.[53] Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They areCiliwung River, Kalibaru,Pesanggrahan,Cipinang,Angke, Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan,Sunter River andGrogol River.[54][55] They flow from thePuncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. TheCiliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone toflooding.
Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ringdyke known asGiant Sea Wall Jakarta is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025.[56] In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) tunnel fromCiliwung River toCisadane River to ease flooding in the city.[57] Nowadays, a 1.2 km (0.75 mi), with capacity 60 m3 (2,100 cu ft) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.[58] In 2023, theNew York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 cm) annually.[59]
Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had a groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally.[60] This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue.[61] The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.[62]
Jakarta, faces significantair pollution, particularly during the dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality.[63][64]
Jakarta experiences atropical monsoon climate (Köppen:Am) as classified by the system. The city'swet season spans most of the year, from October to May. Thedry season lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while the driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in).[65]
Every year faces recurring issues, such asfloods andthunderstorms. Acyclonic vortex leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting the rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta.[66]
Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle the heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December.[67][68] Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while the highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F).[69]
Climate data for downtown Jakarta (Kemayoran) (1991–2020 normals)
Panorama of Jakarta as seen from the Monas in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from south-west to north-east, left to right)
Most cityscape in Jakarta includes landmarks, monuments, and statues were begun in the 1960s during theSukarno era, then completed in theSuharto era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are theNational Monument,Istiqlal mosque, theLegislature Building, and theGelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in the capital city.[75]
Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences.[76] External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (Artocarpus integrifolia) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditionalJavanese joglo.[77] Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased.[78]
Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: theDutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in theJakarta Old Town andCentral Jakarta. Architects such as J.C. Schultze andEduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works includeJakarta Art Building, the Indonesia Supreme Court Building andMinistry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designedBank Indonesia Museum andMandiri Museum. In the early 20th century, most buildings were built inNeo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour ofrationalism andmodernism, particularlyart deco architecture. The elite suburbMenteng, developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate.[79] These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established byP.A.J. Moojen.
Autograph Tower, in post-modernist architecture, the tallest building in Jakarta and Indonesia since 2022
After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. TheNational Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well asSenayan Sports Stadium. Theparliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts.[80] Built-in 1996,Wisma 46 soars to a height of 262 m (860 ft) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy.
The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. TheGolden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolvingCBD's in the Asia-Pacific region.[81] According toCTBUH andEmporis, there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 m (490 ft), which puts the city in thetop 10 of world rankings.[82] It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian orSouthern Hemisphere cities.
In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces.[83] There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019.[84] As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.[85]
Merdeka Square (Medan Merdeka) is an almost 1 km2 field housing the symbol of Jakarta,Monas orMonumen Nasional (National Monument). Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-GeneralHerman Willem Daendels (1810) and was originally namedKoningsplein (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features include a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia.[86]
Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta nearIstiqlal Mosque,Jakarta Cathedral, and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially, it was calledWaterlooplein and functioned as a ceremonial square during the colonial period. During the Sukarno era, colonial buildings and memorials that were erected in the square during the colonial period were destroyed and the most famous monument in this square is theWest Irian Liberation Monument.[87]
National Gallery of Indonesia is an art gallery and museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. This art gallery was established as a cultural institution in the field offine arts on 8 May 1999. The institution plays an important role in expanding the public's awareness of artworks through preservation, development, and exploitation of thevisual arts in Indonesia.[89]
Suropati Park is located inMenteng,Central Jakarta. The park is surrounded by Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known asBurgemeester Bisschopplein during colonial times. The park is circular-shaped with a surface area of 16,322 m2 (175,690 sq ft). Several modern statues were made for the park by artists ofASEAN countries, which contributes to its nickname 'Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN' ('Park of the ASEAN artists friendship').[90]
Kalijodo Park is the newest park, inPenjaringan subdistrict, with 3.4 ha (8.4 acres) beside the Krendang River. It formally opened on 22 February 2017. The park is open 24 hours as a green open space (RTH) and child-friendly integrated public space (RPTRA) and has international-standard skateboard facilities.[91]
Ragunan Zoo Park is located inPasar Minggu,South Jakarta. It is the largest park in Jakarta and world's third-oldest zoo and the second-largest with the most diverse animal and plant populations.[95]
Glodok is an area known asPecinan or Chinatown since the Dutch colonial era, and is considered the largest in Indonesia.
National Museum of Indonesia is anarchaeology, history,ethnology, andgeographical museum whose extensive collections cover the entire territory of Indonesia and almost all of its history. This museum has attempted to preserve Indonesia's heritage for two centuries.[96]
Setu Babakan is a 32-hectare lake surrounded by Betawi cultural village, located atJagakarsa,South Jakarta.[97] Dadap Merah Park is also found in this area.
Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex The Gelora Bung Karno complex is one of the largest sports activity centres in Indonesia and is often used for sporting activities by Jakarta residents.[102]
Taman Literasi Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park Martha Christina Tiahahu Is City Park And Literacy Park In Blok M business and shopping quarter located in Blok MKebayoran Baru,South Jakarta, Indonesia.
Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK) is often the most sought-after residential area for wealthyChinese Indonesians, featuring large houses in exclusive, gated clusters. This area never floods, even though it is close to a flood-prone district. Although most of Pantai Indah Kapuk is a residential area, there are businesses and tourist attractions on the main roads such as North Beach, South Beach, and Marina Indah. Ruko Cordoba and Crown Golf on Jalan Marina Indah are very popular with restaurants and cafes. PIK is one of the nightlife areas in Jakarta, full of nightclubs, discos, bars, and cafes.[104]
Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.[105] Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.[39] The Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID cards were required in the last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 at yearend 2021.
Note: Census figures cover the actual and projected populations of the largest Asian urban agglomerations.[106] According to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics, 23 per cent of urban residents live in poverty. With a population of 7.9 million in 1985, Jakarta accounted for 19 per cent of the total Indonesia urban population.[107] Source:[108]
Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.[109] The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates.[110] The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while the population ofGreater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10 million,[111] with a population density of 15,174 people/km2.[112][113] In 2014, the population ofGreater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population.[114] It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become the world's biggestmegacity.[115] The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010,[116] and 101.3 in 2014.[117]
Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population wereJavanese, 28.29%Betawi (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61%Sundanese, 6.62%Chinese, 3.42%Batak, 2.85%Minangkabau, 0.96%Malays,Indo and others 7.06%.[118]
The 'Betawi' (Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of the old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs.[119] They are thus a Creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab, and European descent.[120] Most Betawis lived in the fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta.[121] It is thus a conundrum for some first generation Betawi people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either their parents' ethnicity or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families.
A significantChinese community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such asPinangsia,PIK,Pluit andGlodok (Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in the oldChinatowns ofSenen andJatinegara. As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% of the population, which was thought of as under-reported;[122] this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later.
The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000Batak; 300,960Minangkabau and 101,370Malays lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000.Toba Batak is the largest subset in Jakarta.[123] Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists.[124][125]Minang merchants are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen.[126]
Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speakDutch orChinese, depending on their upbringing.English is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta.[127] Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such asBetawi,Javanese, andSundanese. TheBetawi language is distinct from those of theSundanese orJavanese, forming itself as alanguage island in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the EastMalay dialect and enriched byloan words fromDutch,Portuguese,Sundanese,Javanese,Chinese, andArabic. Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartanslang and are used by most people regardless of their ethnic background. It is now popular not only in Jakarta, but all over Indonesia.
The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during theSoehartoNew Order era; older people may be fluent inHokkien dialect andMandarin, meanwhile the younger generation are fluent in Indonesian and English, some educated in Mandarin. With the recent urbanisation of Chinese communities from several rural areas in Indonesia, other Chinese dialects have been brought into the Chinese community in Jakarta, such asHakka,Teochew andCantonese.Hokkien, which is mainly from Sumatra (Medan,Bagansiapiapi,Batam) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as inPantai Indah Kapuk,Pluit, andKelapa Gading, meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities inPontianak andSingkawang, are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like inTambora andGrogol Petamburan. The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while the older generation tend to speak their native languages, such asBatak Toba,Mandailing, andKaro, depending on which ancestral towns and places inNorth Sumatra they came from. The Minangkabau mainly speakMinangkabau together with Indonesian.
Map of subdistricts in Jakarta, Indonesia, coloured by the plurality/majority religious affiliation in the subdistrict and what percentage of citizens it represents
Indonesia is the largest economy ofASEAN, and Jakarta is the economic nerve centre of the Indonesian archipelago. Jakarta's nominal GDP was US$203.702 billion and PPP GDP was US$602.946 billion in 2021, which is about 17% of Indonesia's GDP.[149] Jakarta was ranked 21st in the list ofCities of Economic Influence Index in 2020 by CEOWORLD magazine.[150] According to theJapan Center for Economic Research,GRP per capita of Jakarta will rank 28th among the 77 cities in 2030 from 41st in 2015, the largest in Southeast Asia.[151]Savills Resilient Cities Index has predicted Jakarta to be within the top 20 cities in the world by 2028.[152][153]Jakarta's economy depends highly on manufacturing and service sectors such as banking, trading and finance. Industries include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical sciences. The head office ofBank Indonesia and theIndonesia Stock Exchange are located in the city. Most of theSOEs includingPertamina,PLN,Angkasa Pura, andTelkomsel operate head offices in the city, as do majorIndonesian conglomerates, such asSalim Group,Sinar Mas Group,Astra International,Gudang Garam,Kompas-Gramedia,CT Corp,Emtek, andMNC Group. The headquarters of theIndonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry andIndonesian Employers Association are also located in the city. As of 2017, the city is home to sixForbes Global 2000, twoFortune 500 and sevenUnicorn companies.[154][155][156]
Google andAlibaba have regional cloud centres in Jakarta.[157] In 2017, economic growth was 6.22%.[158] Throughout the same year, the total value of the investment was Rp 108.6 trillion (US$8 billion), an increase of 84.7% from the previous year.[159] In 2021, nominal GDP per capita was estimated at Rp 274.710 million (US$19,199).[149] The most significant contributions to GRDP were by the finance, ownership and business services (29%); the trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and the manufacturing industry sector (16%).[39]
The Wealth Report 2015 byKnight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth of at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.[160] The cost of living continues to rise. Both land prices and rents have become expensive.Mercer's2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as the 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.[161] Industrial development and the construction of new housing thrive on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre.[162] Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market.Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.[163]
Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories,[171] and ranked eighth most-posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image-sharing siteInstagram,[172] it is not a top international tourist destination. The city, however, is ranked as the fifth fastest-growing tourist destination among 132 cities according toMasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.[173]TheWorld Travel and Tourism Council also listed Jakarta as among the top ten fastest-growing tourism cities in the world in 2017[174] and categorised it as anemerging performer, which will see a significant increase in tourist arrivals in less than ten years.[175]According toEuromonitor International's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking of 2019, Jakarta ranked at 57th among 100 most visited cities of the world.[176]Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists. As the gateway ofIndonesia, Jakarta often serves as a stop-over for foreign visitors on their way to other Indonesian tourist destinations such asBali,Lombok,Komodo Island andYogyakarta. In 2023 about 1.97 million foreign tourists visited the city.[177]
Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourists throughMICE tourism, and arranging increasing numbers ofconventions.[178][179] In 2012, the tourism sector contributed Rp. 2.6 trillion (US$268.5 million) to the city's total direct income of Rp. 17.83 trillion (US$1.45 billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011.
As the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta is a melting pot of cultures from all ethnic groups in the country. AlthoughBetawi people are Jakarta's indigenous community, the city's culture represents many languages and ethnic groups, favouring differences in religion, tradition, and linguistics, rather than a single, dominant culture. Jakarta is dominated byJavanese people, followed by Betawi people andSundanese people.
Ondel-ondel puppets are the mascot of the city and the symbol ofBetawi culture
TheBetawi culture is distinct from those of theSundanese orJavanese, forming alanguage island in the surrounding area. There is a significant Chinese influence in Betawi culture, reflected in the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets,firecrackers, and Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.
Some festivals such as theJalan Jaksa Festival,Kemang Festival,Festival Condet andLebaran Betawi include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to display performances.[180][181][182] Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran,Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art centre in Cikini,Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area,Bentara Budaya Jakarta in the Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) inAncol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces inTaman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, includingWayang andGamelan performances. JavaneseWayang Orang performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata Theatre.
Arts and culture festivals and exhibitions include the annual ARKIPEL – Jakarta International Documentary and Experimental Film Festival,Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest),Djakarta Warehouse Project,Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Muslim Fashion Week,Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF),Jakarnaval, Jakarta Night Festival, Kota Tua Creative Festival,Indonesia International Book Fair (IIBF),Indonesia Comic Con, Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition.Art Jakarta is acontemporary art fair, which is held annually.Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August atLapangan Banteng Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets.Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is mostly centred around a tradefair. However, this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians.Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world, the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and is held annually in March.
All varieties ofIndonesian cuisine have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine isBetawi cuisine, which reflects various foreign culinary traditions. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced byMalay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine,Sundanese, andJavanese cuisine, which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic, and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betawi cuisine isSotoBetawi which is prepared from chunks of beef andoffal in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes includesoto kaki,nasi uduk (mixed rice),kerak telor (spicy omelette),nasi ulam,asinan,ketoprak,rujak andgado-gado Betawi (salad in peanut sauce).Jakarta cuisine can be found in modest street-sidewarung food stalls andHawkers travelling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants.[183] Live music venues and exclusive restaurants are abundant.[184] Many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditionalPadang restaurants and low-budgetWarteg (Warung Tegal) food stalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods includenasi goreng (fried rice),sate (skewered meats),pecel lele (fried catfish),bakso (meatballs),bakpau (Chinese bun) andsiomay (fish dumplings).
Roti buaya, a crocodile-shaped bread is often served on festive occasions.
Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, home of the Indonesiamen,women national football team, and thePersija FC, has a seating capacity of 78,000. It is Indonesia's second-biggest stadium.
The Senayan sports complex has several sports venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium,Madya Stadium,Istora Senayan, an aquatic arena, a baseball field, a basketball hall, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis courts. The Senayan complex was built in 1960 to accommodate the 1962 Asian Games. For basketball, theKelapa Gading Sport Mall inKelapa Gading, North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team.The BritAma Arena serves as a playground forSatria Muda Pertamina Jakarta, the 2017 runner-up of theIndonesian Basketball League.Jakarta International Velodrome is a sporting facility located atRawamangun, which was used as a venue for the Asian Games. It has a seating capacity of 3,500 fortrack cycling, and up to 8,500 for shows and concerts,[203] which can also be used for various sports activities such as volleyball, badminton and futsal.Jakarta International Equestrian Park is anequestrian sports venue located atPulomas, which was also used as a venue for the Asian Games.[204]
The JakartaCar-Free Days are held bi-weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman, and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 am to 11 am. The briefer Car-Free Day, which lasts from 6 am to 9 am, is held every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are usually full of traffic. Along the road from the Senayan traffic circle on Jalan Sudirman, South Jakarta, to the "Selamat Datang" Monument at the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on Jalan Thamrin, north to the National Monument in Central Jakarta, cars are blocked from entering. During the event, morning gymnastics,calisthenics andaerobic exercises,futsal games,jogging,bicycling,skateboarding,badminton,karate, on-street library and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks.[205]
Jakarta's most popular home football club isPersija, which plays inLiga 1. Another football team in Jakarta isPersitara which competes inLiga 3 and plays inTugu Stadium.
Jakarta is home to most of the Indonesian national newspapers, besides some local-based newspapers. The daily local newspapers in Jakarta arePos Kota andWarta Kota. National newspapers based in Jakarta includeKompas andMedia Indonesia, and most of them have a news segment covering the city. A number of business newspapers (Bisnis Indonesia,Investor Daily andKontan) and a sports newspaper (Super Ball) are also published.
Around 75 radio stations broadcast in Jakarta, 52 on theFM band, and 23 on theAM band. Radio entities are based in Jakarta, for example, national radio networksMNC Trijaya FM,Prambors FM, Trax FM, I-Radio, Hard Rock FM, Delta FM, Global FM and the public radioRRI; as well as local stationsGen FM,Radio Elshinta andPM2FAS.
Jakarta is administratively equal to aprovince with special status. The executive branch is headed by an electedgovernor and avice governor, while theJakarta Regional People's Representative Council (Indonesian:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, DPRD DKI Jakarta) is the legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. TheJakarta City Hall at the south ofMerdeka Square houses the office of the governor and the vice governor and serves as the main administrative office.
Executive governance consists of five administrative cities (Indonesian:Kota Administrasi), each headed by amayor (walikota) and oneadministrative regency (Indonesian:Kabupaten Administrasi) headed by aregent (bupati). Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent is directly elected, Jakarta's mayors and regents are chosen by the governor. Each city and regency is divided into administrative districts.
Aside from representatives to the provincial parliament, Jakarta sends 21 delegates to thenational lower house parliament. The representatives are elected from Jakarta's three national electoral districts, which also include overseas voters.[213] It also sends 4 delegates, just like other provinces, to thenational upper house parliament.
The Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on 14 December 2014 with the goal of smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living, and a smart environment in the city using the web and various smartphone-based apps.[214]
TheGreater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police (Indonesian:Polda Metro Jaya) is the police force that is responsible for maintaining law, security, and order for theJakarta metropolitan area. It is led by a two-star police general (Inspector General of Police) with the title of "Greater Jakarta Regional Police Chief" (Indonesian:Kepala Kepolisian Daerah Metro Jaya, abbreviatedKapolda Metro Jaya). Its office is located at Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 55, Senayan, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, and their hotline emergency number is 110.
TheJayakarta Military Regional Command (Indonesian:Komando Daerah Militer Jayakarta, abbreviatedKodam Jaya) is the territorial army of theIndonesian Army, which serves as a defence component for Jakarta and its surrounding areas (Greater Jakarta). It is led by an armyMajor General with the title of "Jakarta Military Regional Commander" (Indonesian:Panglima Daerah Militer Kodam Jaya, abbreviatedPangdam Jaya). The Jakarta Military Command is located atEast Jakarta and oversees several military battalions ready to defend the capital city and its vital installations. It also assists the Jakarta Metropolitan Police during certain tasks, such as supporting security duringstate visits,VVIP security, andriot control.
The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees, among others.[215] The ability of the regional government to respond to Jakarta's many problems is constrained by limited finances.
The provincial government consistently runs a surplus of between 15 and 20% of planned spending, primarily because of delays in procurement and other inefficiencies.[216] Regular under-spending is a matter of public comment.[217] In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50 trillion ($US5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US380 per citizen. Spending priorities were on education, transport, flood control, environment, and social spending (such as health and housing).[218] Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.[219][220][221]
Map of the administrative cities (Kota administratif) in Jakarta province; the Thousand Islands Regency (which is to the north) is shown in the inset to the lower left. Each administrative city is further divided intodistricts (Kecamatan)
Jakarta consists of fiveKota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and oneKabupaten Administratif (Administrative regency). Each city and regency is divided into districts (kecamatan). The administrative cities/municipalities of Jakarta are:
Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat) is Jakarta's smallest city and administrative and political centre. It is divided into eight districts. It is charactesised by large parks and Dutch colonial buildings. Landmarks include the National Monument (Monas),Istiqlal Mosque,Jakarta Cathedral and museums.[222]
West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat) has the city's highest concentration of small-scale industries. It has eight districts. The area includes Jakarta's Chinatown and Dutch colonial landmarks such as the Chinese Langgam building andToko Merah. It contains part ofJakarta Old Town.[223]
South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan), originally planned as a satellite city, is now the location of upscale shopping centres and affluent residential areas. It has ten districts and functions as Jakarta'sgroundwater buffer,[224] but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Much of thecentral business district is concentrated all area in Kebayoran Baru, Setiabudi, a small part in Tebet, Pancoran, Mampang Prapatan, and bordering the Tanah Abang/Sudirman area of Central Jakarta. The area is known as theJakarta Golden Triangle.
North Jakarta (Jakarta Utara) is bounded by theJava Sea. It is the location ofPort of Tanjung Priok. Large- and medium-scale industries are concentrated there. It contains part ofJakarta Old Town, which was the centre ofVOC trade activity during the colonial era. Also located in North Jakarta isAncol Dreamland (Taman Impian Jaya Ancol), the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia.[226] North Jakarta is divided into six districts.
The only administrative regency (kabupaten) of Jakarta is theThousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu), formerly adistrict within North Jakarta. It is a collection of 105 small islands located on the Java Sea. It is of high conservation value because of its unique ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and windsurfing, are the primary tourist activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands is speed boats or small ferries.[227]
The province comprises three of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council. TheJakarta I Electoral District consists of the administrative city of East Jakarta, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. TheJakarta II Electoral District consists of the administrative cities of Central Jakarta and South Jskarta, together with all overseas voters, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council. TheJakarta III Electoral District consists of the administrative cities of North Jakarta and West Jakarta, together with the Thousand Islands Regency, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.[232]
To transform the city into a more liveable one, a ten-yearurban regeneration project was undertaken, for Rp 571 trillion ($40.5 billion). The project aimed to develop infrastructure, including the creation of a better integrated public transit system and the improvement of the city's clean water and wastewater systems, housing, and flood control systems.[233]
As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people, Jakarta has a variety of transport systems.[234] Jakarta was awarded 2021 globalSustainable Transport Award (STA) for integrated public transportation system.[235]
The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.[236] A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is thetoll road network. Composed of aninner andouterring road and five toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. An 'odd-even' policy limits road use to cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates on a particular day as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until the future introduction ofelectronic road pricing.
There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas ofGreater Jakarta and to cities across the island ofJava. The biggest of the bus terminal isPulo Gebang Bus Terminal, which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia.[237] Main terminus for long distance train services areGambir andPasar Senen.Whoosh High-speed railways is connecting Jakarta toBandung and another one is at the planning stage from Jakarta toSurabaya.
Privately owned bus systems likeKopaja,MetroMini,Mayasari Bakti andPPD also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city, many routes are/will replaced/replaced byMinitrans andMetrotrans buses.[238]Pedicabs are banned from the city for causing traffic congestion.Bajaj auto rickshaw provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city.Angkot microbuses also play a major role in road transport of Jakarta.Taxicabs andojeks (motorcycle taxis) are available in the city. As of January 2023, about 2.6 million people use public transportation daily in Jakarta.[239]
The city administration has undertaken a project to build about 500 kilometers ofbicycle lanes. As of June 2021, Jakarta already has 63 kilometers of bicycle lanes, and another 101 kilometers will be added by the end of the year 2021.[240][241]
Indonesia's busiest and Jakarta's main seaportTanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. The old portSunda Kelapa only accommodatepinisi, a traditional two-masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago.Muara Angke is used as a public port toThousand Islands, while MarinaAncol is used as a tourist port.[242]
For payment method in public transportation (for KAI Commuter line, TransJakarta, LRT Jakarta, LRT Jabodebek, MRT Jakarta) already using cashless. Travelers can use Electronic money banking cards. The electronic money cards include those issued, namely:
BRIZZI (issued by Bank BRI)
TapCash (issued by Bank BNI)
e-Money (issued by Bank Mandiri)
Flazz (issued by Bank BCA)
Jakcard (issued by Bank DKI)
The electronic banking cards is integrated cad can be accepted in KAI Commuter line, TransJakarta, LRT Jakarta, LRT Jabodebek, MRT Jakarta, eToll payment and parking payment. The electronic bank card can be bought in Bank Branch office or in e-commerce.
For the electronic banking card Top Up can be done at:
Indomaret Outlet (convenient store).
Alfamart Outlet (convenient store).
Alfamidi Outlet (convenient store).
Bright Store Outlet (convenient store).
e-Money Card Vending Machine.
Jakarta is part of the MaritimeSilk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via theSuez Canal to the Mediterranean and there to the Upper Adriatic region.[243][244][245]
Jakarta has many of the country's best-equipped private and publichealthcare facilities. In 2012, the Governor of JakartaJoko Widodo introduced auniversal health care program, the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' (Kartu Jakarta Sehat, KJS).[246] In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a universal health care system called theJaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), which is run byBPJS Kesehatan.[247] KJS integrated into JKN,[248] and KJS cards were valid till 2018.[249] As of 2021, 85.55% of the people of Jakarta is covered by JKN.[250]
Government-run hospitals are of a good standard but are often overcrowded. Government-run specialised hospitals includeDr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, as well as community hospitals andpuskesmas. Other options for healthcare services include private hospitals and clinics. The private healthcare sector has seen significant changes since the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While some private facilities are run by nonprofit or religious organisations, most are for-profit. Hospital chains such asSiloam, Pondok Indah Hospital Group, Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Ciputra, Radjak Hospital Group, RS Bunda Group, andHermina operate in the city.[251][252][253]
Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. Eighty per cent of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on theCitarum River, 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the city. The water supply was privatised by President Suharto in 1998 to the French companySuez Environnement and the British companyThames Water International. Both companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the first seven years of the concessions had been lower than before, possibly because of substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005, tariffs were frozen, leading private water companies to cut down on investments.
According to PALYJA, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% (1998) to 65% (2010) in the western half of the concession.[254] According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004 but stagnated afterward.[255] However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: one study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005,[256] while another estimated it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.[257] Those without access to piped water get water mostly from wells that are often salty and unsanitary. As of 2017, according to theMinistry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta had a crisis over clean water.[258]
Jakarta signedsister city agreements with other cities, includingCasablanca. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named afterSukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.[260]
Jakarta has established a partnership withRotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange.[262] This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas.
In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:[261]
^Jakarta is a city with province-level Special Capital Region comprising fiveKota Administrasi (administrative cities/municipalities) and oneKabupaten Administrasi (administrative regency). It has node jure capital, but many governmental buildings are located in Central Jakarta.
^Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 andRegulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
^McCawley, Tom (November 2013)."Overdue Antidote"(PDF). Asian Development Bank.Archived(PDF) from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved24 December 2013.
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