Discrimination based on hair texture, also known astextureism, is a form ofsocial injustice, whereafro-textured hair or coarse hair types, and their associated hair styles, are viewed negatively, often perceived as unprofessional, unattractive, or unclean.[1][2][3] This view can lead, for example, to some school students being excluded from class.[4]
In theWestern world, afro-textured hair has historically been treated with disdain, by members of all ethnicities.[verification needed] In the 15th and 16th centuries, theAtlantic slave trade saw Black Africans forcibly transported fromSub-Saharan Africa toNorth America and, upon their arrival in theNew World, their heads would be shaved in effort to erase their culture,[5] as many Africans used hairstyles to signify their tribal identity, marital status, age, and other personal characteristics.[6] Early on, both men and women would wearheadscarves in order to protect their scalps fromsunburn andlice but, as time progressed, these hair wraps became more associated with women, who began to wear them in various fashions, based on their region and personal style. In the 19th century, when enslaved men and women were no longer being brought from Africa, quality of life increased for them somewhat as they became more valuable in their owners' eyes. Now enjoying Sundays off, Black women would take the day to style their hair, uncovering it for church services but keeping it wrapped Monday through Saturday. As traditional styling tools were not available to them, Black women began to use butter, kerosene, and bacon grease and combs meant for livestock to style their hair.[5]
The concept of "good hair" arose in the time leading up to theabolition of slavery in the United States. To straighten their hair, Black women would often use a mixture oflye, which could burn their skin, and other harmful chemical treatments to become "presentable" towards white standards.Madam C. J. Walker, an African American businesswoman, achieved great fortune and recognition for widening the teeth of the hot comb, as well as the modern perm, which would straighten afro-textured hair and become a staple in the black community.[7][8] This "good hair" concept not only created a set standard to adhere to the white community, but it created a divide within the black community itself. The ideal oftextureism arose as black [women] with tighter curls were seen as unkept or less than those with looser curls, whom were often of European descent.[9]
Similar to many countries around the world, black andFirst Nations Canadians have experienced discrimination in educational and professional environments.[10] One type of discrimination has been based on their hair textures and styles. The cause of this type of discrimination is based on long standingEurocentric views of beauty that were established during earlycolonization. Setting this standard was used as a tool to suppress both African[11] and First nations culture.[12] Though Canada has made a commitment to support anti-racism and reconciliation[13] there has been no specific protections put in place (such as the United StatesCROWN Act) to protect against this form of discrimination.
InCanada, there has been notable cases of discrimination that made national news sites about Black Canadian women being discriminated against at their work place, due to their hair being deemed unprofessional. In 2016, a mixed race woman in Scarborough, Ontario, who was working at the retail chainZARA, was asked to remove herbox braids because her hair style was considered unprofessional.[14] In another case, an African-American woman living inMontreal, Quebec, was sent home from a restaurant and denied shifts, because her hair was incornrows. The woman gained representation through theCentre for Research Action on Race Relations (CRARR), and filed a case with theQuebec Human Rights Commission based racial and gender discrimination. She won her case and was awarded $14,500 in damages.[15][16]
First Nations people in Canada have also experienced discrimination and harm due to wearing hair styles that do not conform toEurocentric view. During the time ofresidential schools, First Nations children braids were cut from their heads to force assimilation.[17] Similar incidents have happened recently in Canada. In 2009, in Thunder Bay, Ontario, a First Nations boy's hair was cut by a teachers aide.[18] In 2018, a boy in Calgary, Alberta came from school with his hair cut after another student bullied him and then cut out his braid.[19] Braids hold significant ties to the past before colonization and have important culture meaning.[20][21]
In theDominican Republic, hair is seen as an important attribute of physical beauty. Many view straight hair as beautiful and appropriate for a professional setting while also seeingafro-textured hair as inappropriate and distracting.[22] This mindset had stemmed fromracial discrimination. This has changed over the years in the United States and abroad as the AmericanNatural Hair Movement gains popularity.
In the Dominican Republic,hair straightening is done for the same reasons it is done in the United States and the diaspora for convenience and to conform to western beauty standards. In 1996 Rooks affirmed "Hair in 1976 spoke to racial identity politics as well as bonding between African American women. Its style could lead to acceptance or rejection from certain groups and social classes, and its styling could provide the possibility of a career".[23]: 5–6
Straightened and more conservative styles are still the standard in the workplace, as it is in the United States and other countries with African descendants of the diaspora. The views expressed aren't exclusive to the Dominican Republic. Contrary to popular misconception many Dominican women do wear natural hair and it is becoming increasingly accepted in society.
Indonesians living in thewest half of New Guinea (Papua Barat) who areMelanesian are often racially profiled or insulted for their curly hair by their own countrypeople elsewhere outside the island who are straight-haired and ofAustronesian stock.[24][25] In August 2019, a Papuan student who participated inanti-racism protests atJayapura was interrogated and beaten by police officers while his dreadlocks were forcibly cut off.[26]
Along with the United States and other Caribbean islands, Jamaica also served as a hub where slaves were transported from Africa during theTrans Atlantic Slave trade. In Jamaica specifically,skin bleaching is common practice used to combat societal views on beauty.Colorism plays as the main factor in this dangerous practice, and has expanded intotextureism and other forms of discrimination in Jamaica.[27] In 2018, a five-year-old girl was banned from attending classes at her primary school inKingston, Jamaica, for having dreadlocks.[28]
During theArab slave trade, manyBantus were captured in Tanzania and brought to work as slaves in Somalia. The Bantus are phenotypically, linguistically and culturally distinct from the ethnic Somalis of Somalia and were discriminated based on this and still are to this day.[29] The Bantus brought there, who are now calledSomali Bantus, were called "Jareer" by the ethnic Somalis which is a derogatory word meaning kinky-haired.[30]
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