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Directorial system

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Socio-political system with shared executive power

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**World's states colored by systems ofgovernment**:
**Parliamentary systems:** Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature.
  Constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial monarch
  Parliamentary republic with a ceremonial president
  Parliamentary republic with an executive president
**Presidential system:** Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature.
  Presidential republic
**Hybrid systems:**
  Semi-presidential republic: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature.
  Assembly-independent republic: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it.
**Other systems:**
  Theocratic republic: Supreme Leader is both head of state and faith and holds significant executive and legislative power
  Semi-constitutional monarchy: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power but is still restricted by the constitution.
  Absolute monarchy: Monarch has unlimited power.
  One-party state: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party.
  Military junta: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended.
  Governments with no constitutional basis: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime, i.e.,provisional governments orIslamic theocracies.
  Dependent territories or places without governments
**Note:** this chart represents thede jure systems of government, not thede facto degree of democracy.
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Basic forms ofgovernment

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Source of power

Democracy(rule by many)
Demarchy Direct Economic Liberal Representative Social Socialist Others
Oligarchy(rule by few)
Anocracy Aristocracy Broligarchy Gerontocracy Kleptocracy Kritarchy Meritocracy Particracy Plutocracy Stratocracy Technocracy Theocracy
Autocracy(rule by one)
Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Tyranny
Anarchy(rule by none)
Anarchism Free association Stateless

Power ideology

Monarchy Republic (socio-political ideologies)
Absolute Communist Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Presidential Semi-presidential
Authoritarian Libertarian (socio-economic ideologies)
Anarchism Colonialism Communism Despotism Distributism Fascism Feudalism Islamism Socialism Totalitarianism Tribalism
Religious Secular
State religion Secular state Separation of church and state State atheism
Global Local (geo-cultural ideologies)
City-state Intergovernmental organisation National government World government Nationalism Internationalism Globalism

Power structure

Unitarism
Unitary state Empire Principality
Client state
Associated state Dependent territory Dominion Protectorate Puppet state Puppet monarch Satellite state Self-governing colony Tributary state Buffer state Vassal state Viceroyalty
Federalism
Confederation Devolution Federation Superstate Supranational union
International relations
Small power Middle power Regional power Emerging power Great power Superpower

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Adirectorial system is apolitical system governed by acollegial body of several people whojointly exercise the powers of ahead of state and/or ahead of government.

Current directorial systems

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Countries with directorialheads of state sharing ceremonial functions:

Countries governed by an executive directorial head of state:

Supranational and subnational entities governed by a directorial system:

Directorial republic in Switzerland

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One country now using this form of government isSwitzerland^[1] (another, to a lesser extent, isSan Marino). In Switzerland, directories operate at all levels of administration: federal,cantonal and municipal. On the face of it, theSwiss Federal Council might appear to be a typical parliamentary government; technically, however, it is not a meeting of ministers, but a college of heads of state and simultaneously the federalcabinet. The current president of the confederation is in fact only aprimus inter pares (first among equals) with representative functions in particular for diplomacy with other States, and without any power either of direction or of coordination of the activity of colleagues.^[2] TheSwiss Federal Council is elected by theFederal Assembly for four years, and comprises seven members, among whom one serves as president and one as vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. Unlike in a parliamentary system, the Federal Council is not answerable before the Federal Assembly, but is elected for a roughly concurrent term of office. The link between the Swiss managerial system and the presidential system is even more evident for the cantonal governments, where currently all directors are all individually directly elected by the voters.^[3]

History

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In political history, the termdirectory, in Frenchdirectoire, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. Early directorial systems were theAmbrosian Republic (1447-1450), theBohemian Revolt (1618–1620),New England Confederation (1643–1686), partially inFirst Stadtholderless Period ofDutch Republic (1650–1672),Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and theDirectory of 1795–1799 inFrance.^[4]

The French Directory was inspired by thePennsylvania Constitution of 1776, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with the president in fact onlyprimus inter pares (first among equals). Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during theFrench Revolutionary Wars. Directorial systems have a lowerpresidentialism metric value compared to presidential systems due to lower concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.^[5]Military juntas differ from the directorial system by not being elected. Utilizingsortition to select multiple executives can lead to a directorial system.