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Adigital media player (also known as astreaming device orstreaming box)[1] is a type ofconsumer electronics device designed for the storage, playback, or viewing ofdigital media content. They are typically designed to be integrated into ahome cinema configuration, and attached to atelevision orAV receiver or both.
The term is most synonymous with devices designed primarily for the consumption of content fromstreaming media services such asinternet video, including subscription-basedover-the-top content services. These devices usually have a compact form factor (either as a compactset-top box, or adongle designed to plug into anHDMI port), and contain a10-foot user interface with support for aremote control and, in some cases,voice commands, as control schemes. Some services may support remote control on digital media players using their respectivemobile apps, whileGoogle'sChromecast ecosystem is designed around integration with the mobile apps of content services.
A digital media player's operating system may provide asearch engine for locating content available across multiple services and installed apps. Many digital media players offer internal access todigital distribution platforms, where users can download or purchase content such as films, television episodes, andapps. In addition to internet sources, digital media players may support the playback of content from other sources, such as external media (includingUSB drives ormemory cards), or streamed from acomputer ormedia server. Some digital media players may also supportvideo games, though their complexity (which can range fromcasual games to ports of larger games) depends on operating system and hardware support, and besides those marketed asmicroconsoles, are not usually promoted as the device's main function.
Digital media players do not usually include atuner for receivingterrestrial television, nor disc drives forBlu-rays orDVD. Some devices, such as standalone Blu-ray players, may include similar functions to digital media players (often in a reduced form), as well as recent generations ofvideo game consoles, whilesmart TVs integrate similar functions into the television itself. Some TV makers have, in turn, licensed operating system platforms from digital media players asmiddleware for their smart TVs—such asAndroid TV,Amazon Fire TV, andRoku—which typically provide a similar user experience to their standalone counterparts, but with TV-specific features and settings reflected in their user interface.
In the 2010s, with the popularity ofportable media players anddigital cameras, as well as fast Internet download speeds and relatively cheap mass storage, many people came into possession of large collections of digital media files that cannot be played on a conventional analogHiFi without connecting a computer to an amplifier or television. The means to play these files on a network-connected digital media player that is permanently connected to a television is seen as a convenience. The rapid growth in the availability of online content has made it easier for consumers to use these devices and obtain content.YouTube, for instance, is a common plug-in available on most networked devices.Netflix has also struck deals with many consumer-electronics makers to make their interface available in the device's menus, for their streaming subscribers. This symbiotic relationship between Netflix and consumer electronics makers has helped propel Netflix to become the largest subscription video service in the U.S. as of 2011[update][2] using up to 20% of U.S. bandwidth at peak times.[3]
Media players are often designed for compactness and affordability, and tend to have small or non-existent hardware displays other than simpleLED lights to indicate whether the device is powered on. Interface navigation on the television is usually done with aninfraredremote control, while more advanced digital media players come with high-performanceremote controls that allow control of the interface using integrated touch sensors. Some remotes also includeaccelerometers forair mouse features, which allow basic motion gaming. Most digital media player devices are unable to play physical audio or video media directly, and instead require a user to convert these media into playable digital files using a separate computer and software. They are also usually incapable of recording audio or video. In the 2010s, it is also common to find digital media player functionality integrated into other consumer-electronics appliances, such asDVD players,set-top boxes,smart TVs, or evenvideo game consoles.
Digital media players are also commonly referred to as adigital media extender,digital media streamer,digital media hub,digital media adapter, ordigital media receiver (which should not be confused withAV receiver).[4][5]
Digital media player manufacturers use a variety of names to describe their devices. Some more commonly used alternative names include:
By November 2000, an audio-only digital media player was demonstrated by a company called SimpleDevices, which was awarded two patents covering this invention in 2006.[6][7] Developed under the SimpleFi name byMotorola in late 2001, the design was based on a Cirrus Arm-7 processor and the wirelessHomeRF networking standard which pre-dated 802.11b in the residential markets.[8] Other early market entrants in 2001 included theTurtle Beach AudioTron,Rio Receiver andSliMP3 digital media players. An early version of a video-capable digital media player was presented by F.C. Jeng et al. in the International Conf. on Consumer Electronics in 2002.[9] It included a network interface card, a media processor for audio and video decoding, an analog video encoder (for video playback to a TV), an audio digital to analog converter for audio playback, and an IR (infrared receiver) for remote-control interface.
A concept of a digital media player was also introduced by Intel in 2002 at theIntel Developer Forum as part of their Extended Wireless PC Initiative. Intel's digital media player was based on an Xscale PXA210 processor and supported 802.11b wireless networking. Intel was among the first to use the Linux embedded operating system andUPnP technology for its digital media player. Networked audio and DVD players were among the first consumer devices to integrate digital media player functionality. Examples include the PhilipsStreamium-range of products that allowed for remote streaming of audio, the GoVideo D2730 Networked DVD player, which integrated DVD playback with the capability to stream Rhapsody audio from a PC, and the Buffalo LinkTheater which combined a DVD player with a digital media player. More recently, the Xbox 360 gaming console from Microsoft was among the first gaming devices that integrated a digital media player. With the Xbox 360, Microsoft also introduced the concept of aWindows Media Center Extender, which allows users to access the Media Center capabilities of a PC remotely, through a home network. More recently, Linksys, D-Link, and HP introduced the latest generation of digital media players that support 720p and 1080p high-resolution video playback and may integrate both Windows Extender and traditional digital media player functionality.
A digital media player can connect to the home network using either a wireless (IEEE 802.11a, b, g, and n) or wiredEthernet connection. Digital media players includes a user interface that allows users to navigate through their digital media library, search for, and play back media files. Some digital media players only handle music; some handle music and pictures; some handle music, pictures, and video; while others go further to allow internet browsing or controlling Live TV from a PC with a TV tuner.
Some other capabilities which are accomplished by digital media players include:
In the 2010s, there were stand-alone digital media players on the market from AC Ryan, Asus, Apple (e.g.,Apple TV[12]), NetGear (e.g., NTV and NeoTV models), Dune, iOmega,Logitech, Pivos Group, Micca, Sybas (Popcorn Hour),Amkette EvoTV,[13] D-Link, EZfetch,Fire TV,Android TV,[14] Pinnacle,Xtreamer, andRoku,[15] just to name a few. The models change frequently, so it is advisable to visit their websites for current model names.
These devices come with low power consumption processors orSoC (System on Chip) and are most commonly either based onMIPS orARM architecture[16] processors combined with integratedDSPGPU in aSoC (orMPSoC) package. They also includeRAM-memory and some type of built-intype of non-volatile computer memory (Flash memory).[11]
HD media player orHDD media player (HDMP) is a consumer product that combines digital media player with ahard drive (HD)enclosure with all the hardware and software for playingaudio,video and photos to a television. All these can play computer-based media files on a television without the need for a separate computer or network connection, and some can even be used as a conventional external hard drive. These types of digital media players are sometimes sold as empty shells to allow the user to fit their own choice of hard drive (some can manage unlimited hard disk capacity and other only a certain capacity, i.e. 1TB, 2TB, 3TB, or 4TB), and the same model is sometimes sold with or without an internal hard drive already fitted.
Digital media players can usually playH.264 (SD andHD),MPEG-4 Part 2 (SD and HD),MPEG-1,MPEG-2.mpg,MPEG-2 .TS,VOB andISO images video, withPCM,MP3 andAC3 audio tracks. They can also display images (such asJPEG andPNG) and play music files (such asFLAC,MP3 andOgg).
While most media players have traditionally been runningproprietary oropen sourcesoftware frameworks versions basedLinux as their operating systems, many newer network connected media players are based on theAndroid platform which gives them an advantage in terms of applications and games from theGoogle Play store. Even without Android some digital media players still have the ability to run applications (sometimes available via anapp store), interactive on-demand media, personalized communications, and social networking features.[17][18][19][20][21]
There are two ways to connect an extender to its centralmedia server - wired or wireless.
While early digital media players used proprietary communication protocols to interface with media servers, today most digital media players either use standard-based protocols suchSMB/CIFS/SAMBA orNFS, or rely on some version ofUPnP (Universal Plug and Play) andDLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance) standards. DLNA-compliant digital media players and Media Servers are meant to guarantee a minimum set of functionality and proper interoperability among digital media players and servers, regardless of the manufacturer, but unfortunately, not every manufacturer follows the standards perfectly, which can lead to incompatibility.
Some digital media players will only connect to specific media server software installed on a PC to stream music, pictures and recorded or live TV originating from the computer. Apple iTunes can, for example, be used this way with the Apple TV hardware that connects to a TV. Apple has developed a tightly integrated device and content management ecosystem with theiriTunes Store, personal computers,iOS devices, and theApple TVdigital media receiver.[23] The most recent version of the Apple TV has lost the hard-drive that was included in its predecessor and fully depends on either streaming internet content, or another computer on the home network for media.[24]
Television connection is usually done via; composite,SCART, Component,HDMI video, with Optical Audio (TOSLINK/SPDIF), and connect to the local network andbroadband internet using either a wiredEthernet or a wirelessWi-Fi connection, and some also have built-inBluetooth support for remotes and game-pads or joysticks. Some players come withUSB (USB 2.0 orUSB 3.0) ports which allow local media content playback.
The convergence of content, technology, and broadband access allows consumers to stream television shows and movies to their high-definition television in competition withpay television providers. The research company SNL Kagan expects 12 million households, roughly 10%, to go without cable, satellite or telco video service by 2015 usingOver The Top services.[25] This represents a new trend in the broadcast television industry, as the list of options for watching movies and TV over the Internet grows at a rapid pace. Research also shows that even as traditional television service providers are trimming their customer base, they are addingBroadband Internet customers. Nearly 76.6 million U.S. households get broadband from leading cable and telephone companies,[26] although only a portion have sufficient speeds to support quality video steaming.[27] Convergence devices for home entertainment will likely play a much larger role in the future of broadcast television, effectively shifting traditional revenue streams while providing consumers with more options.[27]
According to a report from the researcher NPD In-Stat, only about 12 million U.S. households have their either Web-capable TVs or digital media players connected to the Internet, although In-Stat estimates about 25 million U.S. TV households own a set with the built-in network capability. Also, In-Stat predicts that 100 million homes in North America and western Europe will own digital media players and television sets that blend traditional programs with Internet content by 2016.[28]
Since at least 2015,[29][30][31][32] dealers have marketed digital media players, often running the Android operating system and branded as being "fully-loaded", that are promoted as offering free streaming access to copyrighted media content, including films and television programs, as well aslive feeds of television channels. These players are commonly bundled with the open source media player softwareKodi, which is in turn pre-loaded withplug-ins enabling access to services streaming this content without the permission of their respective copyright holders. These "fully-loaded" set-top boxes are often sold through online marketplaces such asAmazon.com andeBay, as well as local retailers.[33][34] The spread of these players has been attributed to their low cost and ease of use, with user experiences similar to legal subscription services such asNetflix.[34][35][33]
"Fully-loaded" set-top boxes have been subject to legal controversies, especially noting that their user experiences made them accessible to end-users who may not always realize that they are actually streaming pirated content.[34][35] In the United Kingdom, theFederation Against Copyright Theft (FACT) has taken court actions on behalf of rightsholders against those who market digital media players pre-loaded with access to copyrighted content. In January 2017, an individual seller plead not guilty to charges of marketing and distributing devices thatcircumventtechnological protection measures.[36][37][38] In March 2017, theHigh Court of Justice ruled thatBT Group,Sky plc,TalkTalk, andVirgin Media must block servers that had been used on such set-top boxes to illegally streamPremier League football games.[39] Later in the month,Amazon UK banned the sale of "certain media players" that had been pre-loaded with software to illegally stream copyrighted content.[40] On 26 April 2017, theEuropean Court of Justice ruled that the distribution of set-top boxes with access to unauthorized streams of copyrighted works violated the exclusive rights to communicate them to the public.[34] In September 2017, a British seller of such boxes pled guilty to violations of theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act for selling devices that can circumvent effectivetechnical protection measures.[41]
In Canada, it was initially believed that these set-top boxes fell within a legal grey area, as the transient nature of streaming content did not necessarily mean that the content was being downloaded in violation ofCanadian copyright law.[33] However, on 1 June 2016, a consortium of Canadian media companies (BCE Inc.,Rogers Communications, andVideotron) obtained a temporary federal injunction against five retailers of Android-based set-top boxes, alleging that their continued sale were causing "irreparable harm" to their television businesses, and that the devices' primary purpose were to facilitate copyright infringement. The court rejected an argument by one of the defendants, who stated that they were only marketing a hardware device with publicly available software, ruling that the defendants were "deliberately encourag[ing] consumers and potential clients to circumvent authorized ways of accessing content."[42] 11 additional defendants were subsequently added to the suit. The lawyer of one of the defendants argued that retailers should not be responsible for the actions of their users, as any type of computing device could theoretically be used for legal or illegal purposes.[43] In April 2017, theFederal Court of Appeal blocked an appeal requesting that the injunction be lifted pending the outcome of the case.[44]
Although the software is free to use, the developers of Kodi have not endorsed any add-on or Kodi-powered device intended for facilitating copyright infringement. Nathan Betzen, president of the XBMC Foundation (the non-profit organization which oversees the development of the Kodi software), argued that the reputation of Kodi had been harmed by third-party retailers who "make a quick buck modifying Kodi, installing broken piracy add-ons, advertising that Kodi lets you watch free movies and TV, and then vanishing when the user buys the box and finds out that the add-on they were sold on was a crummy, constantly breaking mess." Betzen stated that the XBMC Foundation was willing to enforce itstrademarks against those who use them to promote Kodi-based products which facilitate copyright infringement.[45][29]
Following a lawsuit byDish Network against TVAddons, a website that offered streaming add-ons that were often used with Kodi and on such devices, in June 2017, the group shut down its add-ons and website. A technology analyst speculated that the service could eventually re-appear under a different name in the future, as havetorrent trackers.[46] In June, the service's operator was also sued by the Bell/Rogers/Videotron consortium for inducing copyright infringement.[47]
In June 2017,Televisa was granted a court order banning the sale of allRoku products in Mexico, as it was alleged that third parties had been operating subscription television services for the devices that contain unlicensed content. The content is streamed through unofficial apps that are added to the devices through hacking. Roku objected to the allegations, stating that these services were not certified by the company or part of its official Channels platform, whose terms of service require that they have rights to stream the content that they offer. Roku also stated that it actively cooperates with reports of channels that infringe copyrights.[48] The ruling was overturned in October 2018 after Roku took additional steps to remove channels with unauthorized content from the platform.[49]
In May 2018, theFederal Communications Commission sent letters to the CEOs ofAmazon.com andeBay, asking for their help in removing such devices from their marketplaces. The letter citedmalware risks, fraudulent use of FCC certification marks, and how their distribution through major online marketplaces may incorrectly suggest that they are legal and legitimate products.[50]
In Saudi Arabia, the practice of using digital media players for pirated television content first became popular during theQatar diplomatic crisis, after Qatari pay television networkbeIN Sports was banned from doing business in the country. The pirate subscription television serviceBeoutQ operated asatellite television service featuring repackaged versions of the beIN Sports channels, but its Android-based satellite boxes also included a pre-loaded app store offering apps for multiple streaming and subscription services dealing primarily in copyrighted media.[51][52][53]
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