Diego Garcia is the largest island of theChagos Archipelago. It has been used as a joint UK–U.S. military base since the 1970s, following theexpulsion of the Chagossians by the UK government. The Chagos Islands are aBritish overseas territory, though a treaty to transfer sovereignty from the UK toMauritius was signed on 22 May 2025, with a provision that the military base at the island would remain under British control for at least 99 years.[3] The agreement may be renewed for an additional 40 years after the initial 99-year period, and for an additional period thereafter.[4] The UK government expected the treaty to be ratified sometime in 2026.[5] TheUN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has expressed "deep concern" at the terms of the deal.[6]
Located just south of the equator in the centralIndian Ocean, Diego Garcia lies 3,535 km (2,197 mi) east ofTanzania, 2,984 km (1,854 mi) east-southeast ofSomalia, 726 km (451 mi) south of theMaldives, 1,796 km (1,116 mi) southwest ofIndia, 2,877 km (1,788 mi) west-southwest ofSumatra, 4,723 km (2,935 mi) northwest ofAustralia, and 2,112 km (1,312 mi) northeast ofMauritius Island. Diego Garcia is part of theChagos-Laccadive Ridge, an underwater mountain range[7] that includes theLakshadweep, theMaldives, and the other 60 small islands of the Chagos Archipelago. The island observesUTC+6 year-round.[8]
Diego Garcia was discovered by Portuguese sailors in 1512 and remained uninhabited until the French began using it as aleper colony and forcoconut plantations in the late 18th century. After theNapoleonic Wars, the island was transferred to British control. It remained part of Mauritius until 1965, when it became part of the newly formedBritish Indian Ocean Territory.
In 1966, Diego Garcia had a population of 924,[9] mostly contract workers employed incoconut plantations. However, between 1968 and 1973, the Chagossian inhabitants were forcibly removed to make way for the military base. In 2019, theInternational Court of Justice issued a non-binding advisory opinion that the decolonisation of Mauritius had not been lawfully completed when it gained independence in 1968, and that the UK was "under an obligation to end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible". TheUnited Nations General Assembly later voted overwhelmingly in favor of a resolution endorsing this opinion and calling on the UK to end its administration, though the UK has dismissed the ruling as non-binding.[10][11]
Diego Garcia remains the only inhabited island of theBIOT, with a population of around 4,000 consisting predominantly of military personnel.[12] It is one of two critical U.S.bomber bases in theIndo-Pacific region, alongsideAndersen Air Force Base inGuam.[13] It is nicknamed the "Footprint of Freedom" by theU.S. Navy[14] due to its shape and strategic location in the Indian Ocean.[15]
Coconut plantation,East Point (former main settlement)
No tangible evidence exists of people on Diego Garcia before the arrival of Europeans. There is speculation about visits during theAustronesian diaspora around AD 700, as some say the old Maldivian name for the islands originated fromMalagasy.Arabs, who reachedLakshadweep andMaldives around AD 900, may have visited the Chagos. Southern Maldivianoral tradition tells of occasional traders and fishermen marooned on, and later rescued from, Foalhavahi (Dhivehi:ފޯޅަވަހި) Chagos.[16]
The uninhabited islands werediscovered by the Portuguese navigator, explorer, and diplomatPedro Mascarenhas in 1512, first named as Dom Garcia, in honour of his patron, DomGarcia de Noronha[17][18][better source needed] when he was detached from thePortuguese India Armadas[19][better source needed] during his voyage of 1512–1513. Another Portuguese expedition with a Spanish explorer of Andalusian origin,Diego García de Moguer,[20] rediscovered the island in 1544 and named it after himself. Garcia de Moguer died the same year on the return trip to Portugal in the Indian Ocean, off the South African coast. The misnomer "Diego" could have been made unwittingly by the British ever since, as they copied the Portuguese maps. It is assumed[by whom?] that the island was named after one of its first two discoverers—the one by the name of Garcia, the other with name Diego. Also, acacography of the sayingDeo Gracias (literally 'Thank God') is eligible for the attribution of theatoll. Although theCantino planisphere (1504) and theRuysch map (1507) clearly delineate the Maldive Islands, giving them the same names, they do not show any islands to the south which can be identified as the Chagos archipelago.
TheSebastian Cabot map (Antwerp 1544) shows a number of islands to the south which may be theMascarene Islands. The first map which identifies and names "Los Chagos" (in about the right position) is that ofPierre Desceliers (Dieppe 1550), although Diego Garcia is not named. An island called "Don Garcia" appears on theTheatrum Orbis Terrarum ofAbraham Ortelius (Antwerp 1570), together with "Dos Compagnos", slightly to the north. It may be the case that "Don Garcia" was named after Garcia de Noronha, although no evidence exists to support this.[citation needed] The island is also labelled "Don Garcia" onMercator'sNova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigatium Emendate (Duisburg 1569). However, on theVera Totius Expeditionis Nauticae Description of Jodocus Hondius (London 1589), "Don Garcia" mysteriously changes its name to "I. de Dio Gratia", while the "I. de Chagues" appears close by.
The first map to delineate the island under its present name, Diego Garcia, is theWorld Map ofEdward Wright (London 1599), possibly as a result of misreadingDio (or simply "D.") as Diego, and Gratia as Garcia. TheNova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica ofHendrik Hondius II (Antwerp 1630) repeats Wright's use of the name, which is then proliferated on all subsequent Dutch maps of the period, and to the present day.
Diego Garcia and the rest of the Chagos islands were uninhabited until the late 18th century. In 1778, the French Governor ofMauritius granted Monsieur Dupuit de la Faye the island of Diego Garcia, and evidence exists of temporary French visits to collect coconuts and fish.[21] Several Frenchmen living in "a dozen huts" abandoned Diego Garcia when the BritishEast India Company attempted to establish a settlement there in April 1786.[21] The supplies of the 275 settlers were overwhelmed by 250 survivors of the wreck of the British East Indian ShipAtlas in May, and the colony failed in October.[22] Following the departure of the British, the French colony of Mauritius began marooninglepers on the island,[22] and in 1793, the French established acoconut plantation usingslave labour, which exported cordage made from coir (coconut fibre), andsea cucumbers as a far-eastern delicacy.[23]
Diego Garcia became a colony of the UK after theNapoleonic Wars as part of theTreaty of Paris (1814), and from 1814 to 1965 it was administered from Mauritius;[24] the main plantations were at East Point, the main settlement, Minni Minni, 4.5 km (2.8 miles) north of East Point, and Pointe Marianne, on the western rim, all on the lagoon side of the atoll. The workers lived at each and at villages scattered around the atoll.
In 1882, the French-financed, Mauritian-basedSociété Huilière de Diego et de Peros (the 'Oilmaking Company of Diego and Peros'), consolidated all the plantations in the Chagos under its control.[25]
Barachois Maurice, Diego GarciaCatalina wreck on the beach
In 1914, the island was visited by the German light cruiserSMS Emden halfway through its commerce-raiding cruise during the early months ofWorld War I.[26]
In 1942, the British opened RAF Station Diego Garcia and established an advanced flying boat unit at the East Point Plantation, staffed and equipped byNo. 205 andNo. 240 Squadrons, then stationed on Ceylon. BothCatalina andSunderland aircraft were flown during the course ofWorld War II in search of Japanese and German submarines and surface raiders. At Cannon Point,[27] two 6-inch (150 mm) naval guns were installed by aRoyal Marines detachment. In February 1942, the mission was to protect the small Royal Navy base and Royal Air Force station located on the island from Japanese attack.[27] Operation of the guns was later taken over by Mauritian and Indian Coastal Artillery troops.[28] Following the conclusion of hostilities, the station was closed on 30 April 1946.[29]
In 1962, the Chagos Agalega Company of the British colony of Seychelles purchased the Société Huilière de Diego et Peros and moved company headquarters to Seychelles.[30]
In the early 1960s, the UK waswithdrawing its military presence from the Indian Ocean, not including the airfield atRAF Gan to the north of Diego Garcia in the Maldives (which remained open until 1976), and agreed to permit the United States to establish a naval communication station on one of its island territories there. The United States requested an unpopulated island belonging to the UK to avoid political difficulties with newly independent countries, and ultimately the UK and United States agreed that Diego Garcia was a suitable location.[31]
Anunpaved road in Diego Garcia in the eastern restricted zone, home to the former plantations
To accomplish the UK–US mutual defence strategy, in November 1965, the UK purchased theChagos Archipelago, which includes Diego Garcia, from the then self-governing colony of Mauritius for £3 million to create theBritish Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), with the intent of ultimately closing the plantations to provide the uninhabited British territory from which the United States would conduct its military activities in the region.[31]
In April 1966, the British government bought the entire assets of the Chagos Agalega Company in the BIOT for £600,000 and administered them as a government enterprise and immediately leased the plantations back to Chagos Agalega while awaiting United States funding of the proposed facilities, with an interim objective of paying for the administrative expenses of the new territory.[30] However, the plantations, both under their previous private ownership and under government administration, proved consistently unprofitable due to the introduction of new oils and lubricants in the international marketplace, and the establishment of vast coconut plantations in the East Indies and the Philippines and the company terminated the lease at the end of 1967.[32]
On 30 December 1966, the United States and the UK executed an agreement through an Exchange of Notes which permitted the United States to use the BIOT for defence purposes for 50 years until December 2016, followed by a 20-year extension (to 2036) as long as neither party gave notice of termination in a two-year window (December 2014 – December 2016) and the UK may decide on what additional terms to extend the agreement.[33] No monetary payment was made from the United States to the UK as part of this agreement or any subsequent amendment. Rather, the United Kingdom received a US$14-million discount from the United States on the acquisition of submarine-launchedPolaris missiles per a now-declassified addendum to the 1966 agreement.[34]
To the United States, Diego Garcia was a prime territory for setting up a foreign military base. According to Stuart Barber—a civilian working for the US Navy atthe Pentagon—Diego Garcia was located far away from any potential threats, it was low in a native population and it was an island that was not sought after by other countries as it lacked economic interest. To Barber, Diego Garcia and other acquired islands would play a key role in maintaining US dominance. Here Barber designed the strategic island concept, where the US would obtain as many less populated islands as possible for military purposes. According to Barber, this was the only way to ensure security for a foreign base. Diego Garcia is often referred to as "Fantasy Island" for its seclusion.
The key component in obtaining Diego Garcia was the perceived lack of a native population on the island. Uninhabited until the late 18th century, Diego Garcia had no indigenous population. Its only inhabitants were European overseers who managed the coconut plantations for their absentee landowners and contract workers mostly of African, Indian, and Malay ancestry, known asChagossians, who had lived and worked on the plantations for several generations. Prior to setting up a military base, the United States government was informed by the British government—which owned the island—that Diego Garcia had a population of hundreds. The eventual number of Chagossians numbered around 1,000.[35]
The Chagossians were removed from the island before the base was constructed. In 1968, the first tactics were implemented to decrease the population of Diego Garcia. Those who left the island—either for vacation or medical purposes—were not allowed to return, and those who stayed could obtain only restricted food and medical supplies. This tactic was in hope that those that stayed would leave "willingly".[36] One of the tactics used was ordering all Chagossian dogs to be killed.[37]
In March 1971, United States Navalconstruction battalions arrived on Diego Garcia to begin the construction of the communications station and an airfield.[38][better source needed] To satisfy the terms of an agreement between the UK and the United States for an uninhabited island, the plantation on Diego Garcia was closed in October of that year.[39] The plantation workers and their families were relocated to the plantations on Peros Banhos and Salomon atolls to the northwest. The by-then-independent Mauritian government refused to accept the islanders without payment, and in 1974, the UK gave the Mauritian government an additional £650,000 to resettle the islanders.[40] Those who still remained on the island of Diego Garcia between 1971 and 1973 were forced onto cargo ships that were heading to Mauritius and the Seychelles.
By 1973, construction of the Naval Communications Station was complete.[41] In the early 1970s, setbacks to United States military capabilities in the region including thefall of Saigon, victory of theKhmer Rouge in Cambodia, the closure of thePeshawar Air Station listening post inPakistan andKagnew Station in Eritrea, theMayaguez incident, and the build-up of Soviet naval presence inAden and a Soviet airbase at Berbera,Somalia, caused the United States to request, and the UK to approve, permission to build a fleet anchorage and enlarged airfield on Diego Garcia,[42] and the Seabees doubled the number of workers constructing these facilities.[42]
This 1982 photo shows anunpaved road made of crushed coral common throughout the island and the officers' dining area at the Diego Garcia Naval Support Facility.
Following the fall of theShah of Iran and theIran Hostage Crisis in 1979–1980, the West became concerned with ensuring the flow of oil from thePersian Gulf through theStrait of Hormuz, and the United States received permission for a $400-million expansion of the military facilities on Diego Garcia consisting of two parallel 12,000-foot-long (3,700 m) runways, expansive parking aprons for heavy bombers, 20 new anchorages in the lagoon, a deep-water pier, port facilities for the largest naval vessels in the U.S. and British fleets, aircraft hangars, maintenance buildings and an air terminal, a 1,340,000 barrels (213,000 m3) fuel storage area, andbilleting and messing facilities for thousands of sailors and support personnel.[42] The closure of the U.S. bases in thePhilippines in the early 1990s brought many workers fromSubic Bay andClark Air Base to Diego Garcia.[43]
On 23 June 2017, theUnited Nations General Assembly (UNGA) voted in favour of referring the territorial dispute between Mauritius and the UK to theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) in order to clarify the legal status of the Chagos Islands archipelago in the Indian Ocean. The motion was approved by a majority vote with 94 voting for and 15 against.[44][45]
In February 2019, the ICJ inThe Hague ruled that the United Kingdom must transfer the islands to Mauritius as they were not legally separated from the latter in 1965. The UK Foreign Office said the ruling is not legally binding.[46] In May 2019, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed the decision of the International Court of Justice and demanded that the United Kingdom withdraw its colonial administration from the Islands and cooperate with Mauritius to facilitate the resettlement of Mauritian nationals in the archipelago.[47][48] In a written statement, the U.S. government said that neither the Americans nor the British have any plans to discontinue use of the military base on Diego Garcia. The statement said in a footnote: "In 2016, there were discussions between the United Kingdom and the United States concerning the continuing importance of the joint base. Neither party gave notice to terminate and the agreement remains in force until 2036".[49][13]
In June 2020, a Mauritian official offered to allow the United States to retain its military base on the island if Mauritius succeeded in regaining sovereignty over the Chagos archipelago.[50]
On 1 April 2010, theChagos Marine Protected Area (MPA) was declared to cover the waters around the Chagos Archipelago. However, Mauritius objected, stating this was contrary to its legal rights, and on 18 March 2015, in light of theMauritius v. United Kingdom case, thePermanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the Chagos Marine Protected Area was illegal under theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as Mauritius had legally binding rights to fish in the waters surrounding the Chagos Archipelago, to an eventual return of the Chagos Archipelago, and to the preservation of any minerals or oil discovered in or near the Chagos Archipelago prior to its return.[51][52]
On 3 October 2024, the UK prime ministerKeir Starmer announced in a statement with the Mauritian prime ministerPravind Jugnauth that the UK will hand over the Chagos islands to Mauritius. The joint base on the island will stay, with the UK initially taking a 99-year lease of the base from Mauritius. Mauritius will be allowed to begin resettlement on the Chagos Archipelago, but not on Diego Garcia due to the sensitive nature of the base. U.S. presidentJoe Biden welcomed the agreement, saying that it was a "clear demonstration that through diplomacy and partnership, countries can overcome long-standing historical challenges to reach peaceful and mutually beneficial outcomes".[53] The deal was put on hold following the2024 United States presidential election to allow consideration from theincoming Trump administration.[54] On 1 April 2025, the new administration approved letting treaty negotiations continue.[55]
On 22 May 2025, Starmer signed a formal agreement on the transfer of sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius.[56] Under the terms of the deal, the strategic atoll of Diego Garcia and its surrounding 24-mile (40 km) buffer zone are immediately leased back to the UK. This arrangement permits the continued operation of the joint British–American base on the island for the next 99 years, with an additional 40-year extension and a subsequent right of first refusal.[57]
In June 2025, British Conservatives asserted that the restitution agreement will cost the British taxpayer more than the agreement to return the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius was expected to cost.[58]
In January 2026, the Trump administration reversed their previous approval of the transfer with a post by Donald Trump onTruth Social reading in part: "Shockingly, our ‘brilliant’ NATO Ally, the United Kingdom, is currently planning to give away the Island of Diego Garcia, the site of a vital U.S. Military Base, to Mauritius, and to do so FOR NO REASON WHATSOEVER... The UK giving away extremely important land is an act of GREAT STUPIDITY, and is another in a very long line of National Security reasons why Greenland has to be acquired." The criticism of the transfer appeared to be a part of the ongoingGreenland crisis.[59]
Diego Garcia had no permanent inhabitants when discovered by the Spanish explorer Diego García de Moguer in the 16th century, then in the service of Portugal, and this remained the case until it was settled as a French colony in 1793.[25]
Most inhabitants of Diego Garcia through the period 1793–1971 were plantation workers, but also included Franco-Mauritian managers, Indo-Mauritian administrators, Mauritian and Seychellois contract employees, and in the late 19th century, Chinese and Somali employees.
A distinct Creole culture called theÎlois, which means "islanders" inFrench Creole, evolved from these workers. The Îlois, now called Chagos Islanders or Chagossians since the late-1990s, were descended primarily fromslaves brought to the island fromMadagascar by the French between 1793 and 1810, andMalay slaves from the slave market onPulo Nyas, an island off the northwest coast ofSumatra, from around 1820 until the slave trade ended following theSlavery Abolition Act 1833.[60] The Îlois also evolved a French-basedCreole dialect now calledChagossian Creole.
Throughout their recorded history, the plantations of the Chagos Archipelago had a population of approximately 1,000 individuals, about two-thirds of whom lived on Diego Garcia. A peak population of 1,142 on all islands was recorded in 1953.[35]
The primary industry throughout the island's colonial period consisted of coconutplantations producingcopra and/orcoconut oil,[25] until closure of the plantations and forced relocation of the inhabitants in October 1971. For a brief period in the 1880s, it served as acoaling station for steamships transiting the Indian Ocean from theSuez Canal to Australia.[61]
All the inhabitants of Diego Garcia were forcibly resettled to other islands in the Chagos Archipelago, Mauritius or Seychelles by 1971 to satisfy the requirements of a UK/United States Exchange of Notes signed in 1966 to depopulate the island when the United States constructed a base upon it.[62] No current agreement exists on how many of the evacuees met the criteria to be an Îlois, and thus be an indigenous person at the time of their removal, but the UK and Mauritian governments agreed in 1972 that 426 families,[63] numbering 1,151 individuals,[40] were due compensation payments as exiled Îlois. The total number of people certified as Îlois by the Mauritian Government's Îlois Trust Fund Board in 1982 was 1,579.[64]
Fifteen years after the last expulsion, the Chagossians received compensation from the British, totalling $6,000 per person; some Chagossians received nothing. The British expulsion action remains in litigation as of 2016[update].[65][66] Today, Chagossians remain highly impoverished and are living as "marginalised" outsiders on the island of Mauritius and the Seychelles.[67]
Between 1971 and 2001, the only residents on Diego Garcia were British and American military personnel and civilian employees of those countries. These included contract employees from the Philippines and Mauritius, including someÎlois.[68][better source needed] During combat operations from the atollagainst Afghanistan (2001–2006) andIraq (2003–2006), a number of allied militaries were based on the island including Australian,[69] Japanese, and the Republic of Korea.[citation needed] According to David Vine, "Today, at any given time, 3,000 to 5,000 US troops and civilian support staff live on the island."[70] The inhabitants today do not rely on the island and the surrounding waters for sustenance. Although some recreational fishing for consumption is permitted, all other food is shipped in by sea or air.[71]
In 2004, U.S. Navy recruitment literature described Diego Garcia as being one of the world's best-kept secrets, boasting great recreational facilities, exquisite natural beauty, and outstanding living conditions.[72]
Originally colonised by the French, Diego Garcia was ceded, along with the rest of the Chagos Archipelago, to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of Paris (1814) at the conclusion of a portion of the Napoleonic Wars.[25] Diego Garcia and the Chagos Archipelago were administered by the colonial government on the island ofMauritius until 1965, when the UK purchased them from the self-governing colony of Mauritius for £3 million, and declared them to be a separateBritish Overseas Territory.[74] TheBritish Indian Ocean Territory administration was moved toSeychelles following the independence of Mauritius in 1968 until the independence of Seychelles in 1976,[24] and to a desk in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London since.[75] An agreement signed by the United Kingdom and Mauritius on 22 May 2025, will see sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago returned to Mauritius on the condition that Diego Garcia will continue to be administered by the United Kingdom for at least 99 years.
Under the terms of the UK–Mauritius Agreement signed in May 2025, Mauritius is to have sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago in its entirety, including Diego Garcia. The United Kingdom is granted administrative rights over Diego Garcia, including a 12-nautical-mile zone surrounding it, as required to maintain its military bases on the island for a period of at least 99 years. The United Kingdom is responsible for the defence and security of the island. The United Kingdom has criminal and civil jurisdiction in relation to the operation of the bases on the island. Mauritius has jurisdiction over its nationals and persons not connected to the bases. The United Kingdom may not issue coins or postage stamps for the island nor register births, deaths or marriages of persons not connected to the bases. The island's natural and marine resources belong to Mauritius, which also maintains responsibility for environmental conservation and management. Exiled Chagossians and their descendants are not permitted to return to the island.[76]
Administration as part of the British Indian Ocean Territory
The UK represents the territory internationally. A local government, comparable to those in other British Overseas Territories, does not exist.[77] Rather, the administration is represented in the territory by the officer commanding British Forces on Diego Garcia, the "Brit rep". Laws and regulations are promulgated by the commissioner and enforced in the BIOT by Brit rep.
Of major concern to the BIOT administration is the relationship with the United States military forces resident on Diego Garcia. An annual meeting called "The Pol-Mil Talks" (for "political-military") of all concerned is held at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London to resolve pertinent issues. These resolutions are formalised by an "Exchange of Letters".[39]
Neither the US nor the UK recognises Diego Garcia as being subject to theAfrican Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty, which lists BIOT as covered by the treaty.[78][79] It is not publicly known whethernuclear weapons have ever been stored on the island.[80] Peter Sand has observed and emphasised that the US and UK stance is blocking the implementation of the treaty.[81]
There are two transnational political issues which affect Diego Garcia and the BIOT, through the British government.
The island state of Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (which is conterminous with the BIOT), including Diego Garcia. A subsidiary issue is the Mauritian opposition to the UK Government's declaration of 1 April 2010 that the BIOT is a marine protected area with fishing andextractive industry (including oil and gas exploration) prohibited.[82]
The issue of compensation and repatriation of the former inhabitants,exiled since 1973, continues in litigation and as of August 2010 had been submitted to the European Court of Human Rights by a group of former residents.[83] Some[who?] groups allege that Diego Garcia and its territorial waters out to 3 nautical miles (6 km) have been restricted from public access without permission of the BIOT Government since 1971.[citation needed]
On 3 November 2022, the British Foreign SecretaryJames Cleverly announced that the UK and Mauritius had decided to begin negotiations on sovereignty over the British Indian Ocean Territory, taking into account international legal proceedings. Both states had agreed to ensure the continued operation of the joint UK/US military base on Diego Garcia.[84][85]
In 2015, U.S. Secretary of StateColin Powell's former chief of staff,Lawrence Wilkerson, said Diego Garcia was used by theCIA for "nefarious activities". He said that he had heard from three US intelligence sources that Diego Garcia was used as "a transit site where people were temporarily housed, let us say, and interrogated from time to time" and, "What I heard was more along the lines of using it as a transit location when perhaps other places were full or other places were deemed too dangerous or insecure, or unavailable at the moment".[86][87]
In June 2004, the BritishForeign SecretaryJack Straw stated that United States authorities had repeatedly assured him that no detainees had passed in transit through Diego Garcia or were disembarked there.[88]
Diego Garcia was first rumoured to have been one of the locations of theCIA'sblack sites in 2005.[89]Khalid Sheikh Mohammed is one of the "high-value detainees" suspected to have been held in Diego Garcia.[90] In October 2007, theForeign Affairs Select Committee of the British Parliament announced that it would launch an investigation of continued allegations of a prison camp on Diego Garcia, which it claimed were twice confirmed by comments made by retired U.S. Army generalBarry McCaffrey.[91] On 31 July 2008, an unnamed former White House official alleged that the United States had imprisoned and interrogated at least one suspect on Diego Garcia during 2002 and possibly 2003.[92]
Manfred Nowak, one of fiveUnited Nations special rapporteurs ontorture, said that credible evidence exists supporting allegations that ships serving as black sites have used Diego Garcia as a base.[93] The human rights groupReprieve alleged that United States-operated ships moored outside theterritorial waters of Diego Garcia were used to incarcerate and torture detainees.[94]
Several groups claim that the military base on Diego Garcia has been used by the United States government for transport of prisoners involved in the controversialextraordinary rendition program, an allegation formally reported to theCouncil of Europe in June 2007.[95] On 21 February 2008, British Foreign SecretaryDavid Miliband admitted that two United States extraordinary rendition flights refuelled on Diego Garcia in 2002, and was "very sorry" that earlier denials were having to be corrected.[96]
According toleaked diplomatic cables, in a calculated move planned in 2009, the UK proposed that the BIOT become a "marine reserve" with the aim of preventing the former inhabitants from returning to the islands. A summary of the diplomatic cable is as follows:[97][98]
HMG would like to establish a "marine park" or "reserve" providing comprehensive environmental protection to the reefs and waters of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), a senior Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) official informed Polcouns on 12 May. The official insisted that the establishment of a marine park—the world's largest—would in no way impinge on USG use of the BIOT, including Diego Garcia, for military purposes. He agreed that the UK and United States should carefully negotiate the details of the marine reserve to assure that United States interests were safeguarded and the strategic value of BIOT was upheld. He said that the BIOT's former inhabitants would find it difficult, if not impossible, to pursue their claim for resettlement on the islands if the entire Chagos Archipelago were a marine reserve.
No species of plant, bird, amphibian, reptile, mollusc, crustacean or mammal isendemic on Diego Garcia or the surrounding waters, though some species of fish and aquatic invertebrates are endemic. All plants, wildlife, and aquatic species are protected to some degree.
Much of the lagoon and other waters of Diego Garcia are protected wetlands, following an application by the UK in 2004 to obtainRamsar site wetlands conservation status,[99] and large parts of the island are nature preserves.[100]
Diego Garcia is the largest land mass in the Chagos Archipelago (which includesPeros Banhos, theSalomon Islands, theThree Brothers, theEgmont Islands, and theGreat Chagos Bank), being an atoll occupying approximately 174 km2 (67 sq mi), of which 27.19 km2 (10 sq mi) is dry land.[101] The continuous portion of the atoll rim stretches 64 km (40 miles) from one end to the other, enclosing a lagoon 21 km (13 miles) long and up to 11 km (7 miles) wide, with a 6-kilometre (4-mile) pass opening at the north. Three small islands are located in the pass.[102]
The island consists of the largest continuous dryland rim of all atolls in the world. The dryland rim varies in width from a few hundred metres to 2.4 km (1.5 miles). Typical of coral atolls, it has a maximum elevation on some dunes on the ocean side of the rim of 9 m (30 ft) above mean low water. The rim nearly encloses a lagoon about 19 km (12 miles) long and up to 8 km (5 miles) wide. The atoll forms a nearly complete rim of land around a lagoon, enclosing 90% of itsperimeter, with an opening only in the north. The main island is the largest of about 60 islands which form the Chagos Archipelago. Besides the main island, three small islets are at the mouth of the lagoon: West Island (3.4 ha or 8.4 acres), Middle Island (6 ha or 15 acres) and East Island (11.75 ha or 29 acres). A fourth, Anniversary Island, 1 km (1,094yards) southwest of Middle Island, appears as just a sand bar on satellite images. Both Middle Island and Anniversary Island are part of the Spur Reef complex.[102]
The total area of the atoll is about 170 km2 (66 sq mi). The lagoon area is roughly 120 km2 (46 sq mi) with depths ranging down to about 25 m (82 ft). The total land area (excluding peripheral reefs) is around 30 km2 (12 sq mi). The coral reef surrounding the seaward side of the atoll is generally broad, flat, and shallow around 1 m (3.3 ft) below mean sea level in most locations and varying from 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) in width. This fringing seaward reef shelf comprises an area around 35.2 km2 (14 sq mi). At the outer edge of the reef shelf, the bottom slopes very steeply into deep water, at some locations dropping to more than 450 m (1,500 ft) within 1 km (0.62 mi) of the shore.[102]
In the lagoon, numerous coral heads present hazards to navigation. The shallow reef shelf surrounding the island on the ocean side offers no ocean-side anchorage. The channel and anchorage areas in the northern half of the lagoon aredredged, along with the pre-1971 shipturning basin. Significant saltwater wetlands calledbarachois exist in the southern half of the lagoon. These small lagoons off of the main lagoon are filled withseawater at high tide and dry at low tide. Scientific expeditions in 1996 and 2006 described the lagoon and surrounding waters of Diego Garcia, along with the rest of the Chagos Archipelago, as "exceptionally unpolluted" and "pristine".[103]
Diego Garcia is frequently subject to earthquakes caused bytectonic plate movement along theCarlsberg Ridge located just to the west of the island. One was recorded in 1812; one measuring 7.6 on the Richter Scale hit on 30 November 1983, at 11:46 pm local time and lasted 72 seconds, resulting in minor damage including wave damage to a 50-metre (160 ft) stretch of the southern end of the island, and another on 2 December 2002, an earthquake measuring 4.6 on the Richter scale struck the island at 12:21 am.[104][better source needed]
Diego Garcia lies within the influence of theSouth Equatorial Current year-round. The surface currents of the Indian Ocean also have a monsoonal regimen associated with the Asian Monsoonal wind regimen.[citation needed] Sea surface temperatures are in the range of 27–29 °C (80–84 °F) year-round.[106]
Diego Garcia is the above-water rim of a coral atoll composed ofHolocene coral rubble and sand to the depth of about 36 m (118 ft; 20 fathoms), overlayingPleistocene limestone deposited at the then-sea level on top of aseamount rising about 1,800 m (5,900 ft) from the floor of the Indian Ocean. The Holocene sediments are porous and completely saturated with sea water. Any rain falling on the above-water rim quickly percolates through the surface sand and encounters the salt water underneath. Diego Garcia is of sufficient width to minimise tidal fluctuations in theaquifer, and the rainfall (in excess of 2,600 mm or 102.5 inches per year on average)[107] is sufficient in amount and periodicity for the fresh water to form a series of convex, freshwater,Ghyben-Herzberg lenses floating on the heavier salt water in the saturated sediments.[108][109]
The horizontal structure of each lens is influenced by variations in the type and porosity of the subsurface deposits, which on Diego Garcia are minor. At depth, the lens is globular; near the surface, it generally conforms to the shape of the island.[110] When a Ghyben-Herzberg lens is fully formed, its floating nature will push afreshwater head abovemean sea level, and if the island is wide enough, the depth of the lens below mean sea level will be 40 times the height of the water table above sea level. On Diego Garcia, this equates to a maximum depth of 20 m (66 ft; 11 fathoms). However, the actual size and depth of each lens is dependent on the width and shape of the island at that point, the permeability of the aquifer, and the equilibrium between recharging rainfall and losses to evaporation to the atmosphere, transpiration by plants, tidal advection, and human use.
In the plantation period, shallow wells, supplemented by rainwater collected incisterns, provided sufficient water for the pastoral lifestyle of the small population. On Diego Garcia today, the military base uses over 100 shallow "horizontal" wells to produce over 560,000 L (120,000 imp gal; 150,000 US gal) per day from the "Cantonment" lens on the northwest arm of the island—sufficient water for western-style usage for a population of 3,500. This 3.7-square-kilometre (1.4 sq mi) lens holds an estimated 19 million cubic metres (670 million cubic feet) of fresh water and has an average daily recharge from rainfall over 10,000 m3 (350,000 cubic feet), of which 40% remains in the lens and 60% is lost throughevapotranspiration.[111]
Extracting fresh water from a lens for human consumption requires careful calculation of the sustainable yield of the lens by season because each lens is susceptible to corruption bysaltwater intrusion caused by overuse or drought. In addition, overwash by tsunamis and tropical storms has corrupted lenses in the Maldives and several Pacific islands. Vertical wells can cause salt upcoming into the lens, and overextraction will reduce freshwater pressure resulting in lateral intrusion by seawater. Because the porosity of the surface soil results in virtually zero runoff, lenses are easily polluted by fecal waste, burials, and chemical spills. Corruption of a lens can take years to "flush out" and reform, depending on the ratio of recharge to losses.[108]
A few natural depressions on the atoll rim capture the abundant rainfall to form areas of freshwater wetlands.[112] Two are of significance to island wildlife and to recharge their respective freshwater lenses. One of these is centred on the northwest point of the atoll; another is found near the Point Marianne Cemetery on the southeast end of the airfield. Other, smaller freshwater wetlands are found along the east side of the runway, and in the vicinity of the receiver antenna field on the northwest arm of the atoll.[113]
Also, several man-made freshwater ponds resulted from excavations made during construction of the airfield and road on the western half of the atoll rim. These fill from rainfall and from extending into the Ghyben-Herzberg lenses found on this island.[114]
Diego Garcia has an equatorialtropical rainforest climate (KöppenAf). The surrounding sea surface temperature is the primary climatic control, and temperatures are generally uniform throughout the year, with an average maximum of 30 °C (86 °F) by day during March and April, and 29 °C (84 °F) from July to September. Diurnal variation is roughly 3–4 °C (5.4–7.2 °F), falling to the low 27 °C (81 °F) by night.[115] Humidity is high throughout the year. The almost constant breeze keeps conditions reasonably comfortable.
From December through March, winds are generally westerly around 6 knots (6.9 mph; 11 km/h). During April and May, winds are light and variable, ultimately backing to an east-southeasterly direction. From June through September, the influence of the Southeast trades is felt, with speeds of 10–15 knots (12–17 mph; 19–28 km/h). During October and November, winds again go through a period of light and variable conditions veering to a westerly direction with the onset of summer in the Southern Hemisphere.[115]
Allprecipitation falls asrain, characterised by air mass-type showers. Annual rainfall averages 2,603.5 mm (102.50 in), with the heaviest precipitation from September to April. January is the wettest month with 353 mm (13.9 in) of mean monthly precipitation, and August the driest month, averaging 106.5 mm (4.19 in) of mean monthly precipitation.[115]
Thunderstorm activity is generally noticed in the afternoon and evening during the summer months (December through March), when theIntertropical Convergence Zone is in the vicinity of the island.[115]
Diego Garcia is at minimum risk fromtropical cyclones due to its proximity to theequator where thecoriolis parameter required to organise circulation of theupper atmosphere is minimal. Low-intensity storms have hit the island, including one in 1901, which blew over 1,500 coconut trees;[116] one on 16 September 1944,[117][better source needed] which caused the wreck of a Royal Air Force PBY Catalina; one in September 1990 which demolished the tent city then being constructed for United States Air Force bomber crews during Operation Desert Storm;[104][better source needed] and one on 22 July 2007, when winds exceeded 60 knots (69 mph; 110 km/h) and over 250 mm (10 in) of rain fell in 24 hours.[104][better source needed]
Sunset at Cannon Point
The island was somewhat affected by thetsunami caused by the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Service personnel on the western arm of the island reported only a minor increase in wave activity. The island was protected to a large degree by its favourableocean topography. About 80 km (50 miles) east of the atoll lies the 650-kilometre-long (400-mile) Chagos Trench, an underwater canyon plunging more than 4,900 m (16,100 ft). The depth of the trench and its grade to the atoll's slope and shelf shore makes it more difficult for substantial tsunami waves to build before passing the atoll from the east. In addition, near-shorecoral reefs and an algal platform may have dissipated much of the waves' impact.[118][119] A biological survey conducted in early 2005 indicated erosional effects of the tsunami wave on Diego Garcia and other islands of the Chagos Archipelago. One 200-to-300 m (220-to-330 yd) stretch of shoreline was found to have been breached by the tsunami wave, representing about 10% of the eastern arm. A biological survey by the Chagos Conservation Trust reported that the resulting inundation additionally washed away shoreline shrubs and small to medium-sized coconut palms.[119]
Climate data for Diego Garcia (extremes 1951–2021)
A mixed-species freshwater wetland on Diego Garcia
The firstbotanical observations of the island were made by Hume in 1883, when the coconut plantations had been in operation for a full century. Subsequent studies and collections during the plantation era were made in 1885, 1905, 1939, and 1967.[122] Thus, very little of the nature of the precontact vegetation is known.
The 1967 survey, published by theSmithsonian[123] is used as the most authoritative baseline for more recent research. These studies indicate the vegetation of the island may be changing rapidly. For example, J. M. W. Topp collected data annually between 1993 and 2003 and found that on the average three new plant species arrived each year, mainly on Diego Garcia. His research added fully a third more species to Stoddart.[124] Topp and Martin Hamilton ofKew Gardens compiled the most recent checklist of vegetation in 2009.[125]
A thick forest of coconuts on Diego Garcia
In 1967, Stoddart described the land area of Diego Garcia as having alittoralhedge ofScaevola taccada, while inland,Cocos nucifera (coconut) was the most dominant tree, covering most of the island. The substory was either managed and park-like, with understory less than 0.5 m in height, or consisted of what he called "Cocos Bon-Dieu" – an intermediate story of juvenile trees and a luxuriant ground layer of self-sown seedlings – causing those areas to be relatively impenetrable.[126]
Also, areas of remnant tropical hardwood forest are at the sites of the plantation-era villages, as well asCasuarina equisetifolia (iron wood pines) woodlands.[112]
In 1997, the United States Navy contracted a vegetation survey that identified about 280 species of terrestrialvascular plants on Diego Garcia.[127] None of these wasendemic, and another survey in 2005 identified just 36 species as "native", meaning arriving without the assistance of humans, and found elsewhere in the world.[128] Noterrestrial plant species are of any conservation-related concern at present.[129]
AHernandia-dominated forest on Diego Garcia
Of the 36 native vascular plants on Diego Garcia, 12 are trees, five areshrubs, seven aredicotyledon herbs, three are grasses, four arevines, and five areferns.[130]
Also, 134 species of plants are classified as "weedy" or "naturalised alien species", being those unintentionally introduced by man, or intentionally introduced as ornamentals or crop plants which have now "gone native", including 32 new species recorded since 1995, indicating a very rapid rate of introduction.[132] The remainder of the species list consists of cultivated food or ornamental species, grown in restricted environments such as a planter's pot.[133]
A freshwater marsh composed entirely of cattails located on the eastern edge of the bomber ramp on Diego GarciaA typical oceanside littoral hedge withCasuarina fringe
Calophyllum forest, dominated byCalophyllum inophyllum, with trunks that can grow in excess of 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. This forest often contains other species such asHernandia sonora,Cocos nucifera, andGuettarda speciosa with aPremna obtusifolia edge. When found on the beaches,Calophyllum often extends over the lagoon water and supports nesting red-footed boobies, as doesBarringtonia asiatica found mostly on the eastern arm of the atoll.
Cocos forest, essentially monotypic (Cocos bon Dieu), with the understory consisting of coconut seedlings
Cocos-Hernandia forest, dominated by two canopy species—C. nucifera andH. sonora
Cocos-Guettarda forest, dominated by the canopy speciesC. nucifera andG. speciosa: The understory consists of a mix ofNeisosperma oppositifolium, withScaevola taccada andTournefortia argentea on the beach edge.
Hernandia forest, dominated at the canopy level byH. sonora: The most representative areas of this forest type are on the eastern, undeveloped part of the atoll.Calophyllum inophyllum andC. nucifera are often present. Understory species in this forest are oftenMorinda citrifolia,Cocos seedlings, andAsplenium nidus (bird's nest fern), and occasionally,N. oppositifolium andG. speciosa.
Premna shrubland, occurring generally between marshy areas and forested areas: The most conspicuous vegetation is primarilyP. obtusifolia, withCasuarina equisetifolia andScaevola taccada on the margins. The dense groundcover consists of species such asFimbristylis cymosa,Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory) andTriumfetta procumbens.Premna shrubland appears mostly adjacent to the developed areas of the atoll, particularly in the well fields.
Littoral scrub lines almost the entire seashore and lagoon shore of the island. It is dominated byS. taccada, but it also contains scattered coconut trees,G. speciosa andPisonia grandis. On the seaward side, it also containsTournefortia argentea andSuriana maritima. On the lagoon side, it may also containLepturus repens,Triumfetta procumbens andCyperus ligularis. Large pockets ofBarringtonia asiatica are also on the eastern edge of the lagoon.
Maintained areas of grasses and sedges routinely mowed: Aerial photographs of the island clearly display large areas of grasslands and park-likesavanna upon which the United States military has constructed large outdoor facilities such as antenna fields and the airport.[134][better source needed]
Mixed native forest, with no dominant canopy species
Marshes are divided into three different types: cattail (Typha domingensis), wetland, and mixed species. Cattail marshes contained almost entirely cattails. These areas are often man-made reservoirs or drainages that have been almost entirely monotypic. Wetlands were based upon vegetation that occurred in the area with fresh water. Mixed-species marshes were highly variable and usually had no standing water.
All the terrestrial and aquatic fauna of Diego Garcia are protected, with the exception of certain game fish, rats, and cats; hefty fines are levied against violators.[135]
The island is a haven for several types ofcrustacean; "warrior crabs" (Cardisoma carnifex) overrun the jungle at night. The extremely large 4-kilogram (8.8 lb)coconut crab or robber crab (Birgus latro) is found here in large numbers. Because of the protections provided the species on this atoll, and the isolation of the east rim of the atoll, the species is recorded in greater densities there than anywhere else in its range (339 crabs/ha).[136]
Nomammal species are native on Diego Garcia, with no record of bats.[137] Other than rats (Rattus rattus), all "wild" mammal species are feral descendants of domesticated species. During the plantation era, Diego Garcia was home to large herds of Sicilian donkeys (Equus asinus), dozens of horses (Equus caballus), hundreds of dogs (Canis familiaris), and house cats (Felis catus). In 1971, the BIOT Commissioner ordered the extermination offeral dogs following the departure of the last plantation workers, and the program continued through 1975, when the last feral dog was observed and shot.[138] Donkeys, which numbered over 400 in 1972, were down to just 20 individuals in 2005.[139] The last horse was observed in 1995,[139] and by 2005, just two cats were thought to have survived an island-wide eradication program.[citation needed]
The total bird list for the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia, consists of 91 species, with large breeding populations of 16 species. Although no birds are endemic, internationally important seabird colonies exist. Diego Garcia's seabird community includes thriving populations of species which are rapidly declining in other parts of the Indian Ocean. Large nesting colonies ofbrown noddies,bridled terns, thelesser noddy,red-footed booby andlesser frigatebirds exist on Diego Garcia.
Currently, three lizards and one toad are known to inhabit Diego Garcia, and possibly one snake. All are believed to have been introduced by human activity. The house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), the mourning gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris), the garden lizard (an agamid) (Calotes versicolor), and the cane toad (Bufo marinus).[143] A viable population of a type of blind snake from the family Typhlopidae may be present, probably the brahminy blind snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus). This snake feeds on the larvae, eggs, and pupae ofants andtermites, and is about the size of a large earthworm.
Diego Garcia provides suitable foraging and nesting habitat for both the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Juvenile hawksbills are quite common in the lagoon and at Barachois Sylvane (also known as Turtle Cove) in the southern part of the lagoon. Adult hawksbills and greens are common in the surrounding seas and nest regularly on the ocean-side beaches of the atoll. Hawksbills have been observed nesting during June and July, and from November to March. Greens have been observed nesting in every month; the average female lays three clutches per season, each having an average clutch size of 113 eggs.Diurnal nesting is common in both species. An estimated 300–700 hawksbills and 400–800 greens nest in the Chagos.[144]
British Forces British Indian Ocean Territories (BFBIOT) is the official name forHis Majesty's Armed Forces (HMAF) deployment at the Permanent Joint Operating Base (PJOB) on Diego Garcia, in the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).[147] While the naval and airbase facilities on Diego Garcia are leased to the United States, in practice, it operates as a joint UK-US base, with the UK retaining full and continual access.[148] Diego Garcia is strategically located, offering access to East Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. The base serves as a staging area for the buildup or resupply of military forces prior to an operation. There are approximately 40–50 British military personnel posted on Diego Garcia, most of them fromNaval Party 1002 (NP1002). NP1002 forms the island's civil administration and somenaval forces.[149]
A map of military installations on Diego Garcia in 2002
During theCold War era, following the British withdrawal from East of Suez, the United States was keen to establish a military base in the Indian Ocean to counter Soviet influence and establish American dominance in the region and protect its sea-lanes for oil transportation from the Middle East. The United States saw the atoll as the "Malta of the Indian Ocean" equidistant from all points.[150] The island has served as an "unsinkable aircraft carrier" for United States activities during theIranian revolution, theIraqi invasion of Kuwait,Operation Desert Fox,Operation Enduring Freedom, andOperation Iraqi Freedom. In the contemporary era, the atoll retains a key role in America's strategic approach to the Indian Ocean, acting as a flexible forward military hub able to support a range of offensive activities.[151][152] Americangunships based off the island participated inEthiopia's invasion of Somalia in late 2006.[153]
United States military activities in Diego Garcia have caused friction between India and the United States in the past.[159] Political partyCPI(M) in India has[160] repeatedly called for the military base to be dismantled, as they saw the United States naval presence in Diego Garcia as a hindrance to peace in the Indian Ocean.[160] In recent years, relations between India and the United States have improved dramatically. Diego Garcia was the site of several naval exercises between the United States andIndian navies held between 2001 and 2004.[161][162]
Recent construction in support of US military activities on Diego Garcia has included Black Construction/Mace International JV building a 34-metre antenna facility (expected completed by April 2021) and two new 13-metre radomes (expected completed by February 2021);[163] and SJC-BVIL moving underground the overhead power and telephone lines that run from the Navy ammunition area to the Air Force ammunition area along DG1 (expected completed by September 2022).[164]
Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia provides Base Operating Services to tenant commands located on the island. The command's mission is "To provide logistic support to operational forces forward deployed to the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf AORs in support of national policy objectives."[165] KBR has run base operations support services at Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia.[166]
United States Air Force and Space Force units based on Diego Garcia
The atoll shelters the ships of the United States Marine Pre-positioning Squadron Two. These ships carry equipment and supplies to support a major armed force with tanks, armoured personnel carriers, munitions, fuel, spare parts and even a mobile field hospital. This equipment was used during thePersian Gulf War, when the squadron transported equipment toSaudi Arabia.
The ship composition of MPSRON TWO is dynamic. During August 2010 it was composed of the following:
Five of these vessels carry supplies for theUS Marine Corps sufficient to support aMarine Air-Ground Task Force for 30 days: USNSButton, USNSKocak, USNSLopez, USNSStockham, and USNSFisher.
The United States Air Force operates a High Frequency Global Communications System transceiver site located on the south end of the atoll near the GEODSS station. The transceiver is operated remotely fromAndrews Air Force Base andGrand Forks Air Force Base and is locally maintained by NCTS FE personnel.[173][174]
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Far East Detachment Diego Garcia
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Far East Detachment Diego Garcia operates a detachment in Diego Garcia. This detachment provides base telephone communications, base network services (Local Network Services Center), pier connectivity services, and an AN/GSC-39CSHF satellite terminal, operates theHydroacoustic Data Acquisition System, and performs on-site maintenance for the remotely operated Air ForceHF-GCS terminal.[citation needed]
In July 2023, Reuters confirmed an underwater fibre-optic cable spur from theOman Australia Cable was constructed to Diego Garcia during 2022.[175]
Naval Security Group detachment Diego Garcia was disestablished on 30 September 2005.[176] Remaining essential operations were transferred to a contractor. The large AN/AX-16 High FrequencyRadio direction findingCircularly Disposed Antenna Array has been demolished, but the four satellite antennaradomes around the site remain as of 2010[update].[citation needed] However, multiple CDAAs on the island still exist, as seen in satellite imagery.
From 2004 to 2009,MVBaffin Strait transited between Singapore and Diego Garcia once a month.
All consumable food and equipment are brought to Diego Garcia by sea or air, and all non-biodegradable waste is shipped off the island as well. From 1971 to 1973, United States Navy LSTs provided this service. Beginning in 1973, civilian ships were contracted to provide these services. From 2004 to 2009, the U.S.-flaggedcontainer shipMVBaffin Strait, often referred to as the "DGAR shuttle", delivered 250 containers every month from Singapore to Diego Garcia.[179] The ship delivered "more than 200,000 tons of cargo to the island each year".[179] On the return trip to Singapore, it carried recyclable metals.[180]
In 2004,TransAtlantic Lines outbidSealift Incorporated for the transport contract between Singapore and Diego Garcia.[181] The route had previously been serviced by Sealift Inc.'sMV Sagamore, crewed by members ofAmerican Maritime Officers andSeafarers' International Union.[181] TransAtlantic Lines reportedly won the contract by approximately 10 percent, representing a price difference of about $2.7 million.[181] TheBaffin Straits charter ran from 10 January 2005, to 30 September 2008, at a daily rate of $12,550.
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