Schoof, who ispolitically unaffiliated, led a coalition government comprising the PVV, VVD, NSC, and BBB, notable for being the most right-wing in recent Dutch history. His tenure as prime minister was marked by his role as a pragmatic, non-partisan leader navigating a complex coalition.
Schoof's tenure as prime minister ended with the coalition's collapse in June 2025, after which he remained a caretaker prime minister at the request of KingWillem-Alexander until snap elections.[3][4] His role at the NATO Summit highlighted his expertise in security and diplomacy, though his domestic leadership faced challenges due to his lack of political experience and the coalition's fragility.
Hendrikus Wilhelmus Maria Schoof was born on 8 March 1957 inSantpoort into aCatholic family, as the second-youngest of seven children (six sons and one daughter).[2][5][6][7] Schoof's father was a municipal civil servant, including for social services.[7][8] His older brother Nico Schoof is a former mayor of the municipalities ofAkersloot,Limmen,Heiloo, andAlphen aan den Rijn for theDemocrats 66 party.[6][7][9] Schoof's maternal grandfather, Wim Pommerel, was executed by the Germans toward the end of World War II, for establishing an illegal network of telephone connections.[10]
At the age of eight, Schoof moved with his family toHengelo, where he attendedLyceum De Grundel.[11] From 1975 to 1982, he studiedurban andregional planning atRadboud University.[5] Schoof was a member of its rowing-oriented student associationPhocas, and served as its chair.[12]
From 1996, Schoof held various senior positions in the field of security.[14] He served as deputy secretary-general at theMinistry of Justice and Security.[5]
He was then appointed chief director of theImmigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) in 1999.[5][15] The Netherlands was experiencing a relatively high influx of asylum seekers as a result of theKosovo War, and the organization had a significant backlog of requests. Schoof was responsible for implementing reforms to the Aliens Act by State Secretary for JusticeJob Cohen in 2001 that simplified the asylum procedure, and he worked to deport applicants that did not qualify. The number of asylum applications declined, which Schoof attributed to stricter migration policies. A later government evaluation concluded that the legislation had a more limited impact, suggesting that external factors were the primary drivers of the drop.[16]
Schoof left the IND to become director-general for public order and safety at theMinistry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations in 2003. In that position, he was in charge of restructuring the police force from a number of regional organisations into a singleNational Police Corps.[17]
Schoof during a meeting with U.S. Homeland Security SecretaryAlejandro Mayorkas in 2022
Schoof served as director-general at the Ministry of Justice and Security from 2010 to 2013.[7]
In 2013 Schoof was appointedNational Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism (NCTV).[14] He allowed his employees to monitor potential terrorists on social media through fake profiles despite warnings from his attorneys.[7] Following the shooting down ofMalaysia Airlines Flight 17 in 2014 after it left Schiphol airport in Amsterdam, he coordinated the Dutch crisis response, strengthening his relationship with Prime MinisterMark Rutte. In 2022, a court in the Netherlands convicted three men linked to the Russian military of murder in connection with the plane’s destruction, which killed all passengers onboard, including 196 Dutch citizens.[18] When Schoof requested an independent investigation byTwente University into the performance of his office, he and his employees interfered with the questions, the composition of the committee and the publication date. He exerted pressure to soften its main conclusion. For example, the word 'badly' was changed to 'not well'.[8][13][19][20] Schoof was also responsible for internal security, addressing bothIslamist radicalisation and the recruitment ofISIS fighters in the Netherlands.[18]
Under Schoof's leadership, the NCTV was accused by civil rights groupBits of Freedom of carrying out illegal surveilliance of Dutch citizens, especially Muslims, on the internet.[21] Starting in 2017, the NCTV launched a program of using private investigators to infiltrate mosques and spy on them.[21] In 2019, an investigation byGeenStijl determined that Schoof ordered subordinates to create fake social media profiles to monitor "potential terrorists." He warned the education ministry and the municipality of Amsterdam that supporters of theSalafi movement were on the board of an Islamic school. He was found to have exerted pressure to attenuate the conclusions of the investigations.[7][22]
Schoof led theGeneral Intelligence and Security Service as director-general from 2018 to 2020.[14]De Volkskrant wrote that his relatively short tenure was characterized by a culture clash. Schoof unsuccessfully tried to make the agency more outward facing, including through cooperations with institutions and universities.[22]
On 1 March 2020, Schoof succeeded Siebe Riedstra as secretary-general of theMinistry of Justice and Security, the most senior non-political position within the ministry.[19][23][24][25] In his role, he was involved in negotiations on asylum reform that led to the collapse of thefourth Rutte cabinet in July 2023. Upon reaching the legal retirement age in March 2024, Schoof chose not to retire and was granted an exemption to continue working for three more years.[12]
A debate two days later in theHouse of Representatives about the cabinet'sgovernment policy statement was characterized by some media outlets as chaotic. Schoof's defence against accusations of racism directed at cabinet members was described as "lame" by PVV leader Geert Wilders, and the debate was later suspended to allow Schoof to rebuke health ministerFleur Agema (PVV) for disrupting the debate through alive-tweet.[34]
Schoof with Japanese Prime MinisterFumio Kishida in 2024.
Schoof presented the cabinet's governing agreement on 13 September 2024, expanding on the outline of the coalition agreement. It reiterated the cabinet's intention to declare an asylum crisis, bypassing initial parliamentary approval.[35] Schoof stated that citizens were experiencing an asylum crisis but said he was unable to specify conditions or a timeline for its resolution.[36] When documents by civil servants took the position that using emergency powers lacked legal justification,Nicolien van Vroonhoven (NSC) raised concerns, while Wilders warned that the cabinet could face trouble if an emergency law was not enacted.[37][38] Schoof subsequently facilitated negotiations between the coalition parties, andan agreement on asylum measures was reached in October 2024 that excluded the use of emergency powers.[39][40]
In the wake of theNovember 2024 Amsterdam riots, Schoof said that he was "ashamed" and "horrified by theantisemitic attacks on Israeli citizens." He called the situation "completely unacceptable," adding that "the perpetrators will be identified and prosecuted."[41][42] He blamed a specific group of young people with amigration background for the attacks, and said that the events pointed to a broader integration issue.[43] Schoof cancelled his attendance of the2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference to monitor the Dutch government's response.[44] On 15 November, State SecretaryNora Achahbar announced her resignation because of "polarizing interactions during the past weeks."[45] Media outlets reported on offensive, radical, and potentially racist remarks about the Amsterdam attacks during a meeting of theCouncil of Ministers. Schoof invited the leaders of the four coalition parties to join the cabinet for crisis talks to avert a cabinet collapse, and they finally agreed that other cabinet members of NSC would stay on. Schoof denied allegations of racism within the cabinet and coalition parties.[46][47][48]
Agriculture ministerFemke Wiersma was tasked with drawing up measures to protect sensitive nature reserves in response to thenitrogen crisis, when the Administrative Jurisdiction Division of theCouncil of State ruled in December 2024 that unused nitrogen emission rights could no longer be allocated to other construction and expansion projects. Instead, a new permit would be required. Schoof subsequently established a committee comprising several cabinet members to explore measures to prevent widespread project delays.[49][50]
On 3 June 2025, the PVV withdrew from Schoof's cabinet after failing to come to an agreement with coalition partners over amending the country's asylum rules, prompting Schoof's resignation as prime minister.[51] Schoof promised to continue policy measures such as reducing thecost of living, curbing thehousing crisis, investing in theNetherlands' defense, andmilitary aid to Ukraine.[52]
As the demissionary (caretaker) Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Schoof hosted the2025 The Hague NATO summit on 24–25 June, describing it as “historic” and a “days of top sport”.[53] He played a key role in maintaining NATO unity, particularly by engaging U.S. PresidentDonald Trump, who praised Schoof’s hosting.[53] Schoof was present at critical meetings, including with Ukrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy, and announced NATO’s preparation of a statement on drones and air defense for Ukraine.[54] He expressed satisfaction with the summit’s outcomes, including the adoption of a 5% GDP defense spending target by 2035, and noted a “relaxed” atmosphere among leaders.[53]
In a 2017 interview withWNL Schoof said that theKick Out Zwarte Piet (KOZP) organisation "could potentially become extremist and therefore use violence" as an explanation as to why it had been included in the annual Dutch security serviceTerrorist Threat Assessment Netherlands, while also noting that KOZP did not yet use violence, and saying that this was done with similarly situated organizations on both the right and the left. After a complaint by KOZP, the group was downgraded to an activist organisation in 2019, but was categorized as aPolarisatie (polarizing) group in reports for some of its methods.[55][56]
In 2019, Schoof said thatSalafi movements were seeking to influence Islamic schools in Amsterdam.[7][22] In February 2020 he told a Dutch parliamentary commission official inquiry that the new generation of Dutch Salafi Muslims constituted a significant long-term threat to the Dutchrule of law, because "they are striving for a parallel society where the rules of the Dutchlegal system do not apply."[57] He said that one reason their motives are difficult to detect is that Dutch Salafi Muslim organisations use what he referred to as "facade politics", by espousing moderation in public, but preaching harsh extremism in private.[57]
Schoof was a rank and file member of theLabour Party (PvdA) for over 30 years until he left the party in early 2021, saying that he no longer felt aligned with its views.[8][58] Following the PVV's general election victory in November 2023, Schoof called it a signal of distrust towards the government in an interview. He said that the public could not have been wrong about their concerns if they voted for the PVV in such large numbers.[13]
Upon his nomination as prime minister in May 2024, Schoof promised to execute thecoalition agreement.[59] He stressed that he would act as a non-partisan politician and not join the PVV, but he said that he shared concerns about immigration, asylum and refugees, social security, farmers, and international security with the parties of his cabinet.[60][61] In a later interview, Schoof stated that the coalition agreement was not something that particularly appealed to him, saying, "If something appeals to you, it also touches your heart. But it was a normal agreement, without rabid points, to which I could naturally say 'yes'."[62]
Schoof pledged to adopt a stricter approach to immigration, stating that he viewed current asylum and migration levels as placing pressure on society, particularly on social services and cohesion.[63] He argued that the Netherlands should adopt a more selective approach to admitting migrants to ensure a sustainable demographic balance. He suggested that labor migration rates could be adjusted to support a desired state of the economy, and he proposed assessing asylum applications based on individual circumstances rather than broad country-specific guidelines.[62]
He enjoys running, and completed his first marathon in 1987 and his 18th marathon in 2024.[12][69] As prime minister, Schoof completed ahalf marathonin Amsterdam in 1:53:00 under the alias "Peter Jansen".[70]
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