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Dharmachāri Gurumā (Nepali:धर्मचारी गुरुमाँ) (bornLaxmi Nāni Tulādhar) (14 November 1898 – 7 January 1978) was a Nepaleseanagarika[1] who was an influential figure in the revival ofTheravada Buddhism inNepal. She was expelled fromKathmandu by the government for her religious activities.[2][3]
Dharmachari was a progressive and fought social mores and government repression to become a nun. She acquired an education and traveled out of the country to study Buddhism and receive ordination.[4] Dharmachari also established the first nunnery in Nepal.[5]
Laxmi Nani was born at Dhyākwachhen,Asan, a historical neighborhood in central Kathmandu. She was the fourth among seven siblings. Her father was Man Kaji and mother Ratna MayaTuladhar. During Laxmi Nani's early years, it was difficult to receive an education, and for girls even more so. However, encouraged by a neighbourhood shopkeeper and her mother, she taught herself to read and write.[citation needed]
In 1909, Laxmi Nani was married to Sete KajiBania of Itum Bahal who belonged to a family of hereditary herbalists. A son was born to her in 1916 who died in infancy. In 1919, her husband died when she was seven-months pregnant with their daughter. In 1927, her daughter died too. The loss of her entire family in a few years made her become more deeply involved in religious activities.[6][7]
As Laxmi Nani (alternative names: Laxmi Nāni Upāsikā, Laxmi Nāni Baniā) was literate and skilled in mixing herbal medicines, she was a respected member of the household. She fulfilled her responsibilities in the extended family even as she studied Buddhist books. She taught what she learned to a group of women students who met atKindo Baha, a 17th-century monastic courtyard at the foot ofSwayambhu. The dilapidated monastery had been restored in 1926 by the efforts of Buddhist scholarDharmaditya Dharmacharya and benefactorDharma Man Tuladhar.[8]
The gatherings at Kindo Baha attracted the attention of a suspicious government, and the women were hauled before the prime minister. He told them that studying religious books and speaking in front of a crowd was not for women, and that they should go home and look after their families. However, they continued to study in secret.[6][7]
Laxmi Nani also composed hymns in theNewar language. Her composition was first printed in 1929 in the magazineBuddha Dharma wa Nepal Bhasa published fromKolkata. The songs urged women to acquire an education and exposed social evils of the day.[9]
In 1930, the return to Nepal ofPragyananda Mahasthavir, the first yellow-robed monk in the country since the 14th century, propelled the Theravada Buddhist movement further. Laxmi Nani and five of her companions decided to renounce lay life and be ordained as nuns. In 1934, she led her friends toKushinagar, India and then to a nunnery in Arakan,Burma where they received ordination. Laxmi Nani was given the dharma name Dharmachari. They returned to Kathmandu and continued their work at Kindo Baha.[10][11]
Kindo Baha was turned into a center of Theravada Buddhism by the monks and nuns who were trained abroad. They conducted regular worship services, and the number of devotees coming to listen to thesermons kept increasing. As the crowds became larger, an intolerant government turned hostile. Spies hovered around Kindo Baha, and devotees had to face repeated police harassment. In 1944, the government took theextreme step of expelling all the monks in Kathmandu. A year later, the nuns were also banished.[12]
While the monks had to leave Nepal, the women were sent to Trishuli, aday's journey to the north of Kathmandu on the way toTibet. Here too, the nuns gave sermons and taught theDharma. Their activities were reported to the prime minister; and barely a month after their arrival in Trishuli, the police came and marched them back to Kathmandu. They were kept at the police station atDurbar Square where they were questioned. They were freed the next day.[13]
In 1946, aSri Lankan goodwill mission visited Nepal and pleaded with the government on behalf of the banished monks. They were thus allowed to return and continue their activities unhindered.[14]
Considering the crowded conditions at Kindo Baha, Dharmachari began work to establish a separate nunnery. She bought a piece of land nearby and raised funds to build a prayer hall and living quarters. In 1952, the nunnery with its centerpiece, a great statue of the reclining Buddha, was inaugurated. It is now known as Nirvana Murti Vihara.[15]
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