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Senator fromMissouri
33rd President of the United States First term Second term Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns Post-presidency   | ||
"Dewey Defeats Truman" was an erroneous banner headline on the front page of the earliest editions of theChicago Daily Tribune on November 3, 1948, the day afterHarry S. Truman, the incumbentpresident of the United States won anupset victory over his opponent, GovernorThomas E. Dewey ofNew York, in the1948 presidential election. A copy of the erroneous paper was famously held up by Truman on November 4 atSt. Louis Union Station after confirmation of his successful election, smiling triumphantly at the error.[1]
TheChicago Daily Tribune, which had once referred to Democratic candidate Truman as a "nincompoop", was a famouslyRepublican-leaning paper.[2] In a retrospective article some 60 years later about the newspaper's most famous and embarrassing headline, theTribune wrote that Truman "had as low an opinion of theTribune as it did of him".[3]
For about a year before the 1948 election, the printers who operated thelinotype machines at theChicago Tribune and other Chicago papers had been on strike in protest of theTaft–Hartley Act. Around the same time, theTribune had switched to a method by which copy was composed on typewriters, photographed, then engraved onto printing plates. This required the paper to go to press several hours earlier than had been usual.[1]
On election night, this earlier press deadline required the first post-election issue of theTribune to go to press before states had reported most of the results from the polling places.
The paper relied on its veteranWashington correspondent and political analyst Arthur Sears Henning, who had predicted the winner in four of the five presidential contests since 1928. Asconventional wisdom, supported by various polls, was almost unanimous that Dewey would win by a landslide, the first (one-star) edition of theTribune therefore went to press with the banner headline "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN".[1]
The story by Henning[4] also reported Republicans had retained control of theHouse of Representatives and theSenate, which would work with President-elect Dewey. Henning wrote that "Dewey andWarren won a sweeping victory in the presidential election yesterday. The early returns showed the Republican ticket leading Truman andBarkley pretty consistently in the western and southern states" and added that "indications were that the complete returns would disclose that Dewey won the presidency by an overwhelming majority of the electoral vote".[5]
As returns began to indicate a close race later in the evening, Henning brushed them off and stuck to his prediction. Thousands of papers continued to roll off the presses with the banner headline predicting a Dewey victory.
Even after the paper's lead story was rewritten to emphasize local elections and to indicate the narrowness of Dewey's lead in the presidential contest, the same banner headline was left on the front page as the presses rolled. Only later in the morning, after press dispatches cast doubt upon the certainty of Dewey's victory, did theTribune change the headline to "DEMOCRATS MAKE SWEEP OF STATE OFFICES" for the later two-star edition. Some 150,000 copies had already been printed with the erroneous headline before it was corrected.[3]
Truman, as it turned out, won the electoral vote with a 303–189–39 majority over Dewey andDixiecrat candidateStrom Thurmond, though swings of less than one percent of the popular vote inOhio,Illinois, andCalifornia would have produced a Dewey victory; the same swing in any two of these states would have forced acontingent election in the House of Representatives.[6]
Instead of a Republican sweep of the White House and retention of both houses of Congress, theDemocrats retained the White House and took control ofthe Senate andthe House of Representatives.[7][8]
Two days later, when Truman was passing throughSt. Louis on the way to Washington, he stepped to the rear platform of his train car, theFerdinand Magellan, and was handed a copy of theTribune early edition. Happy to exult in the paper's error, he held it up for the photographers gathered at the station, and the famous picture (in several versions) was taken.[3] Truman reportedly smiled and said, "That ain't the way I heard it!"[9]
Tribune publishers could laugh about the blunder years later and had planned to give Truman a plaque with a replica of the erroneous banner headline on the 25th anniversary of the 1948 election. However,Truman died on December 26, 1972, before the gift could be bestowed.[1][10]
TheTribune was not the only paper to make the mistake.The Journal of Commerce had eight articles in its edition of November 3 about what could be expected of President Dewey. The paper's five-column headline read, "Dewey Victory Seen as Mandate to Open New Era of Government–Business Harmony, Public Confidence".[11]
Yes, Harry S Truman, incumbent president from Independence, Missouri, son of a mule-trader turned farmer, had whipped the arrogant, press-courting governor from New York, Thomas E. Dewey. He won by over two million (that's 2,000,000) votes, despite the fact that only 15 percent of the nation's newspapers supported his campaign. Prior to the election, the Chicago Tribune referred to President Truman as a "nincompoop," and The New York Times wrote, "The [Democratic] Party might as well immediately concede the election to Dewey and save the wear-and-tear of campaigning." Magazines were just as bad. Time Magazine proclaimed, "Barring a political miracle, it was the kind of ticket that could not fail to sweep the Republican Party back into power." Newsweek published election opinions from fifty highly respected political reporters; all fifty predicted Truman would lose. Life Magazine even ran a cover of Dewey with the caption "The Next President of the United States." As for the topsy-turvy results reported by the Chicago Tribune, it became the most famous mistaken headline in our nation's history!
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