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Dewa Agung orDeva Agung was the title of the kings ofKlungkung, the foremost in rank among the nine kingdoms ofBali,Indonesia. It was also borne by other high-ranking members of the dynasty. The term Dewa means "god" and was also a general title for members of theKsatriacaste. Agung translates as "high" or "great". Literally, the title therefore means Great God.^[1]

The rulers ofGelgel, who claimed authority over entire Bali and surrounding territories up to the late 17th century, were usually known by the royal titleDalem, literally "inside". After 1686, descendants of the old Gelgel line resided in theKlungkung Palace, a few kilometers north of Gelgel, and adopted the new title. Their direct authority encompassed a rather small territory around the palace, and the nearby islandNusa Penida. They were acknowledged by the other Balinese lords as having a ritual precedence position, although their ability to impose their will on the other eight kings were limited.^[2] An important cornerstone in the authority of the Dewa Agung line was their possession ofpusaka objects (heirlooms) which entailed supposed magical capabilities.

A contract with theNetherlands East Indies was signed in 1843, and supposedly placed Klungkung underDutch suzerainty. Contracts with other Balinese states were signed at the same time. Controversies surrounding the interpretation of the contracts led to three Dutch expeditions to the island in 1846, 1848 and 1849. The 1849 expedition defeated the kingdoms ofBuleleng andKarangasem and then invaded the territory of Klungkung. The Dutch army encountered difficulties when the commanding general A. V. Michiels was killed by Klungkung warriors. A peace treaty followed which left the south Balinese kingdoms autonomous under nominal Dutch suzerainty.^[3] After 1900 Dutch colonial policy became more active, and intended to suppress the virtually independent position that the princedoms in large parts of Indonesia had so far enjoyed. As a part of this the hawkish Governor GeneralJ. B. van Heutsz began to interfere in the affairs of Bali.

The last Dewa Agung lost his life in the so-calledpuputan ofKlungkung Palace on 28 April 1908 during theDutch intervention in Bali (1908). This was a ritually laden suicidal attack by the dynasty and their retainers against a well-armed detachment of Dutch colonial troops. In the end almost two hundred Balinese were killed by Dutch bullets or by their own hand.^[4][5]

After this event Klungkung was placed under direct Dutch rule. In 1929 a nephew of the last ruler, Dewa Agung Oka Geg, was appointed regent by the colonial authorities. In 1938 the status of him and seven other Balinese regents was elevated to zelfbestuurder or raja. After the formation of a unitary Indonesian state in 1949–1950, the raja rule was phased out in Bali and elsewhere. The Dewa Agung title lapsed with the death of Dewa Agung Oka Geg in 1964. Members of his family have since periodically governed Klungkung asbupati (regents).

Ruling members of the Dewa Agung dynasty

• Dewa Agung Jambe I 1686-c. 1722 (scion of the Gelgel dynasty)
• Dewa Agung Gede or Surawirya c. 1722-1736 (son)
• Dewa Agung Made 1736-before 1769 (son)
• Dewa Agung Sakti late 18th century (son)
• Dewa Agung Putra I end of 18th century-1809 (son)
• Dewa Agung Putra II 1814-1850 (son)
• Dewa Agung Putra III 1851-1903 (cousin)
• Dewa Agung Jambe II 1903-1908 (son)
• Dewa Agung Oka Geg 1929-1950 (nephew)

• History of Bali
• List of monarchs of Bali

• H. Creese (1991), 'Balinese babad as historical sources; A reinterpretation of the fall of Gelgel',Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 147, pp. 236–260.
• C. Geertz (1980),Negara; The theatre state in nineteenth-century Bali. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• I Wayan Warna et al., ed. (1986)Babad Dalem; Teks dan terjemahan. Denpasar: Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Bali.

• Noble titles in the Dutch East Indies
• History of Bali
• Precolonial states of Indonesia

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