Deventer (Dutch:[ˈdeːvəntər]ⓘ;Sallands:Daeventer) is acity andmunicipality in theSalland historical region of theprovince ofOverijssel, Netherlands. In 2020 the municipality of Deventer had a population of 100,913. The city is largely situated on the east bank of the riverIJssel, but it also has a small part of its territory on the west bank. In 2005 the municipality ofBathmen (with a population of about 5,000 people) was merged with Deventer as part of a national effort to reducebureaucracy in the country.
Deventer is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands.[4] The place is mentioned in 9th-century sources from theDiocese of Utrecht. A charter from 877 AD mentions seven farmsteads inDaventre portu[5] (the Deventer harbor). In 952 AD, Deventer is mentioned as a city in a gift certificate fromKing Otto I.[6] After the place had acquired more and more rights and privileges over time, it received the municipal lands fromEmperor Henry V in 1123. This is considered by historians to be the moment of Deventer obtaining the city rights by the inhabitants.[7] The city has the oldest stone house, the oldest walking park and with the Athenaeum library also the oldest scientific library in the Netherlands.
Deventer was probably founded around 768 AD by theEnglishmissionaryLebuinus, who built a wooden church on the east bank of the riverIJssel. In January 772 AD the sack and burning of this church by a Saxon expedition was the cause for the first punitive war waged by Charlemagne to the Saxons, in which, in retribution, theIrminsul (the Saxon sacred tree, probably near modernPaderborn) was destroyed. This was not the first human settlement at the location; between 1981 and 2006, remains of a lateRoman Iron Age settlement (dated to c.300 AD) were excavated at Colmschate, 4 km east of the current city.
The towers of theSt. Nicholas Church, now deconsecrated, date back to circa 1200
The village of Deventer, already important because of a trading road crossing the riverIJssel, was looted and burnt down by theVikings in 882. It was immediately rebuilt and fortified with an earthen wall (in the streetStenen Wal remains of this wall have been excavated and restored).
Deventer receivedcity rights in 956, after which fortifications were built or replaced by stone walls around the city for defense. Between 1000 and 1500, Deventer grew to be a flourishing trade city because of its harbour on the river IJssel, which was capable of accommodating large ships. The city eventually joined theHanseatic League.
One of the commodities it traded in, dried haddock and cod from Norway, gave the citizens the nickname they carry to this day: "DeventerStokvis". In the 15th century, Deventer had a common mint, where coins for the three IJssel cities Deventer,Zwolle, andKampen were made.
Deventer is the birthplace ofGeert Groote and home to hisBrethren of the Common Life, a school of religious thought that influencedThomas a Kempis andErasmus in later times. Together with Haarlem it was among the first cities to have printing presses, dating back to as early as 1477. From around 1300, it also housed a Latin School, which became internationally renowned, and remained in service in changing forms until 1971. Its most well-known student was the scholarDesiderius Erasmus, who was born in 1466 and attended the school from 1475 to 1484.
Deventer in circa 15501652 map of Deventer byWillem andJoan BlaeuMap of Deventer at the conquest 1672
Between 1500 and 1800, the volume of water flowing through the IJssel decreased, decreasing the importance of Deventer's harbour. The competition with trade centres inHolland, as well as thereligious war between 1568 and 1648, brought a decline in the city's economy.
In the 18th century, theiron industry came to Deventer. East of the town, so-called "oer", river sand containing iron, was found as early as 900. From this material, ore was produced and brought to town. The main road of the villages Okkenbroek, Lettele and Schalkhaar is still named Oerdijk (Ore Dyke).
In the 19th century, Deventer became an industrial town. Bicycles (Burgers), carpets (Koninklijke Deventer Tapijtfabriek), tins and cans for food and drinks (Thomassen & Drijver), cigars (Horst & Maas en Bijdendijk & Ten Hove), foundry and heavy machinery (Nering Bögel), and textiles (Ankersmit)[8] were produced until the mid to late 20th century. Some of these industries are still thriving today, such as beds and accessories (Auping) and publishing (Wolters Kluwer, now headquartered inAlphen aan den Rijn).
The city's trade and industry are still of some importance. The city is host to a factory producingcentral heating systems, as well asWolters Kluwer, a global information services and publishing company.
The Deventer honey cake (Bussink Deventer Koek), produced in Deventer for over 500 years, is still manufactured locally and sold all over the Netherlands and beyond.
Shooting a scene fromA Bridge Too Far on location in Deventer, 1977
Deventer has seen few military engagements throughout its long history, although it was agarrison city of the Dutchcavalry. The IJssel bridge area and harbour were bombed heavily duringWorld War II. The city centre has been largely spared, but many Allied bombs, meant to shell the IJssel railway bridge, came down on buildings in the city centre. The Deventer railway bridge was considered strategically important, being a part of the main railway connection between Amsterdam and the German city of Osnabrück, leading from there to either Berlin, Hamburg or Bremen. The railway bridge, constructed of steel, was difficult to hit. Many bombs were bounced down into the river or its banks, exploding in the areas around the bridge or failing to explode at all. The three heaviest of about 15 attacks were on October 28, 1944 causing 35 fatalities; on December 15, 1944 killing 33 people; and on February 6, 1945 causing the death of 61 people. In the aftermath of this last bombardment, the German occupying forces committed awar crime. The German army used acool warehouse in Deventer for its military food supplies. In the city centre, theretirement home of theUnited Foundations, originally dating back as far as the 13th century, caught fire by the shellings, as well as the army food warehouse. The Germans allowed local fire fighters only to extinguish the fire in the cool warehouse. The retirement home burnt down as good as totally. Over twenty of the elderly living there perished in the flames.[9]
The Jewish poet and writerEtty Hillesum lived in Deventer during the war before being deported toAuschwitz.
In Schalkhaar, a village only 2 km northeast of the city centre, barracks were used by the German occupying forces to train Nazi policemen. The compound is now a centre forasylum seekers.
In a forested area between Lettele and Okkenbroek, about 10 kilometres east of Deventer, the Germans operated aV-1 flying bomb launching ramp. It was used from December, 1944, until March, 1945. Some of the 400 V-1 missiles launched there hit already liberated Belgium, including the city of Antwerp, killing many people. A war monument in the village of Lettele consists of concrete blocks from this launching site, that is a war monument itself as well.[10]
Deventer has been somewhat popular with the film industry. During the production of the 1977 filmA Bridge Too Far, all of the scenes taking place in nearbyArnhem were filmed in Deventer - as Arnhem itself had lost its historic centre.
By the end of the 1950s, the buildings had reached the boundaries of the municipality. In 1960, for further expansion, the part of the municipality of Diepenveen was annexed that now covers the Keizerslanden, Borgele and Platvoet districts, all three realized in the 1960s; all together roughly the area up to (west of) the Zandwetering.
After a plan to expand the city across the IJssel, the so-called Double City Plan, was deemed unfeasible at the end of the 1960s, Deventer turned its attention to the east again: in 1974 part of Diepenveen was once again annexed. On January 1, 1999, the municipality of Diepenveen was dissolved and added to Deventer. The same happened with the municipality of Bathmen on 1 January 2005.
The Deventer settlement was founded on a river dune on theIJssel. This river has played a major role for the city over the centuries, because of the trade that this waterway brought with it. In 1241 the city had received the Katentol on long lease from the Elten stift. This toll, which is named after the Katerveer underZwolle, had to be paid in the Deventer toll house near the Zandpoort, and generated a lot of money in theMiddle Ages.
The IJssel has also caused many problems over the centuries, because it often overflowed its banks. Nowadays Deventer has a flood defence, but the Welle ('wal', the name of the street over the quay) is still regularly under water during high water. Dike breaches of the IJssel have created many gullies in and around the city , such as the Douwelerkolk and the Klinkenbeltskolk.
In addition to the IJssel, Deventer has a number of smaller rivers. TheSchipbeek is a stream partly dug on behalf of the city that rises in Germany and flows into the IJssel near Deventer. In the past, the stream was navigable, so that wood and Bentheimer sandstone could be brought in, among other things. Another waterway that was built for shipping and which flows into the IJssel in Deventer is a branch of the Overijssels canal, through which Deventer was connected to a large system of canals through Overijssel. It was dug in the mid-19th century and opened in 1858.
The Brink (market square) with houses, shops, and cafes dating from 1575 to 1900. The market square is also the centre of Deventer nightlife. Alongside this square there is the Bussink "Koekhuisje", where the honey-cake Deventer Koek is sold. Markets take place every Friday (including one on Good Friday, following a medieval tradition) and Saturday.
The Waag (Weighing-house) on the edge of the Brink square, built in 1550 and restored in 2003. The Deventer City Museum is housed inside the Waag. The Museum's collections include industrial and trading history, paintings byGerard Terborch andHan van Meegeren, silver objects, and prehistoric findings).Thea Beckman's novelHet wonder van Frieswijck ("The Frieswijck Miracle") features the Waag.
On the outer wall of the Waag hung until 2016 a large kettle that is over 500 years old, said to have been used for apublic execution in the lateMiddle Ages; a man who had produced counterfeit coins was cooked to death in it. According to local tradition, there are holes in the kettle shot by footmen ofNapoleon's army around 1809. In 2017 the kettle has been placed inside the building, at the entrance of the museum.
The Speelgoedmuseum (Toy Museum) behind the Waag, housed in an old house in the city calledDe Drie Haringen ('The Three Herrings').
Deventer is the home of professional Football clubGo Ahead Eagles, who are housed in stadiumDe Adelaarshorst. De Adelaarshorst is situated in a 1930s neighbourhood and one of the oldest stadiums still in use today.[citation needed] The club was founded in 1902 as Be Quick, although the name was soon changed to Go Ahead at the request of theDutch Football Association. The suffix Eagles was added in 1971, following a suggestion from the then coach,Barry Hughes. Go Ahead Eagles has been the club ofMarc Overmars,Paul Bosvelt, andBert van Marwijk, whilst providingHenk ten Cate andLeo Beenhakker with their first experience of management.
The 1992 founded skating rink De Scheg, which is semi-indoor since 2011, is in the top 10 of fastest skating tracks of the Netherlands.[citation needed] It has been the training accommodation of skaters including Olympic championMark Tuitert and the retired former world champion sprintErben Wennemars.
Deventer also houses a number of watersports clubs, due to its situation on the banks of the river IJssel.
In the first weekend of July, the city centre is the scene of the open air festival "Deventer op stelten" (Deventer onStilts). Actors and artists give performances in the streets and on the Brink square. Originally all actors used stilts during their acts.
In August, Deventer is home to Europe's largest book fair, attracting 125,000 visitors.[12]
TheDickens Festival in December sees some of the oldest streets and alleys in the city dressed up in the style of theVictorian era. In 2018, the festival attracted 125,000 visitors.[13]
The Deventer City Office (2015), built alongside the old City Hall
In the redivision elections of November 17, 2004, amunicipal executive was elected for the period 2005-2010. This municipal election was earlier than in the rest of the Netherlands, because the municipality of Deventer was merged with the then municipality of Bathmen. The March 2006 elections were therefore skipped.
An issue that has occupied the municipal council and public opinion in Deventer since 2006 was the housing of municipal officials and public services in a (new) municipal office adjacent to the old town hall of Deventer. In 2009, the college fell over it. At the end of January 2012, the Municipal Executive approved an adapted design for the new city office by architectMichiel Riedijk. However, a 'popular poll' by telephone two weeks later would have shown that only 13% of the population of Deventer supported the plans. On March 21 that year, a large majority of the city council voted in favor of the municipal office. In October 2013, the Council of State ruled positive about the arrival of the municipal office, after objections were raised. On December 6 of that year, the official opening act for construction was performed. In December 2015, the complex was completed and municipal staff moved in. In November 2017, the architect received the Abe Bonnema Prize for the design.
In 1912 theSecondary Colonial Agricultural School was founded, which grew out of the National Agricultural School Wageningen. After decolonization took effect, the name was changed into Tropical Agricultural School. In 1957 the school was transformed into the National Higher School for Tropical Agriculture. After a merger with study programs from Boskoop, Wageningen and Velp, it became the International Agricultural College Larenstein. The school was located at the Ceintuurbaan/Brinkgreverweg intersection. The building was given a residential destination in 2018.
Since 1989, Deventer has two train stations,Deventer railway station andDeventer Colmschate station. Previously, Deventer has known several so-called stopping points. Most of them closed around 1920. In addition to the current rail connections from Deventer train station, over theArnhem–Leeuwarden railway,Apeldoorn–Deventer railway, andDeventer–Almelo railway lines, a train connection existed from 1910 to 1935 on theDeventer–Ommen railway line. This was operated by the Overijsselsche Lokaalspoorweg-Maatschappij Deventer - Ommen (OLDO), but had to stop the train service due to competition from the bus.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Deventer was connected to the extensive tram network of theAchterhoek. The tram line between Deventer andBorculo was operated from 1885 to 1944 by the Geldersch-Overijsselsche Stoomtram Maatschappij (GOSM) and its successors. Another tram company, theTramweg Maatschappij Zutphen-Emmerik, operated the tram line between Deventer and Zutphen. The tram station of Deventer stood on the Pothoofd. It was not combined with Deventer train station because the trams were too heavy to drive over two intermediate bridges. It seemed unprofitable for the tram company to reinforce two bridges, so they used the Pothoofd as a terminal station. After theSecond World War, the tram lines were dismantled.
Since the end of 2020, bus transport has been provided byKeolis Nederland under the nameRRReis, with the exception of the lines from the Achterhoek, which are provided byArriva.
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