Dev Virahsawmy (16 March 1942[1] – 7 November 2023) was a Mauritian politician, playwright, poet and advocate of theMauritian Creole language. Though he wrote easily in both French and English, Virahsawmy was most renowned for his efforts to popularise the use of Creole.[2]
Virahsawmy was born inQuartier-Militaire,Mauritius on 16 March 1942 to Appanah "Ramdass" Virah Sawmy and Damiyantee "Gouna" Pyndiah.[3][4] He spent his early childhood inGoodlands, where he lost the use of his left arm due to polio and after the death of his mother he went to live with his grandparents atBeau-Bassin.[5] He started his secondary schooling atCollège St-Joseph inCurepipe where he faced racism, hinduphobia and ableism fromFranco-Mauritians andColoureds and was relieved to complete the final years of his schooling atRoyal College Port Louis.[3] Virahsawmy then travelled toScotland to study languages, literature and linguistics at theEdinburgh University.[6][7] He was born Hindu, had mostly Christian friends and oscillated between Marxist-Atheism, Agnosticism and Hinduism during his life.[3]
Virahsawmy belongs to theVaish[8]a caste of businessmen. The Vaish in India, as in Mauritius.
Dev Virahsawmy's father was a minister of the Labour Party who later defected to rival party MTD. FormerMMM ministerJayen Cuttaree was Dev Virahsawmy's brother-in-law.[9]
Between 1968 and 1973, Virahsawmy was a politician and one of the three leaders of theMauritian Militant Movement (MMM).[10] On 22 September 1970, he became the first member of the MMM to be elected to the Legislative Assembly by winning the vacant seat at by-elections held in Constituency No. 5 (Pamplemousses-Triolet). These by-elections resulted from the untimely death in office of former Attorney GeneralLall Jugnauth who had been duly elected in Constituency No. 5 at the 1967 General Elections under theIndependence Party/IFB banner. Virahsawmy conceded that his victory at the 1970 by-elections was not because rural voters liked the newly-formed MMM, a party founded by urban idealists. Instead he attributed the MMM's first electoral victory solely to voters' desperation to express their anger and disappointment towards Seewoosagur Ramgoolam and Gaetan Duval who formed an alliance in 1969 simply to allow Ramgoolam to stay in power afterBissoondoyal'sIFB had deserted Ramgoolam's government, andUDM had splintered out of the PMSD. A few months earlier Ramgoolam and Duval had bitterly fought against each other during the pre-independence 1967 electoral campaign. However, Paul Bérenger disagreed with Virahsawmy's analysis and instead started to dream about the MMM's future electoral victories nationwide, especially by the aggressive application ofidentity politics.[11]
Throughout the year 1971 the MMM worked closely with trade unions to ramp up its campaign of nationwide strikes, violent thugs of the PMSD attacked Virahsawmy's house with Molotov cocktails.[12]
In early 1972 Virahsawmy was jailed at the National Intelligence Unit (NIU)'s political prison within thePolice compounds of Line Barracks inPort Louis for refusing to pay a fine for "contempt of court" after making public comments regarding the Labour-PMSD-CAM regime's handling of strike actions. The prison officers provided Virahsawmy with custom-made prisoner's uniforms with long sleeves in order to conceal his atrophied left arm, which resulted from aPoliovirus infection during his childhood. During his stay in prison Virahsawmy still had to appear in court as a key witness of theAzor Adelaide murder case. Although he resigned from the Legislative Assembly in 1972 to protest against his imprisonment, by-elections were not held in Constituency No. 5.[13]
With the help of Peter Craig,Alan Ganoo, Alain Laridon andShowkutally Soodhun, Virahsawmy founded the trade union movement calledFederation Des Travailleurs Unis (FTU) to assist textile workers to bargain for higher wages and better working conditions.[16]
In 1978 most of the leaders ofMMMSP, including Virahsawmy, returned to theMMM but by 1983 they had left the MMM again in order to support the coalition of MSM-Labour-PMSD led byAnerood Jugnauth andGaetan Duval, especially during the 1983 elections. Virahsawmy designed the official symbol for the newly-formed partyMSM in the form of a golden sun on a white background.[17] He became Cultural Advisor in the newMSM-PTr government, but as his passion to promote Kreol as a national language was not supported by the government, Virahsawmy left whilst Soodhun stayed within the MSM government.[16][18]
After leaving politics he concentrated on playwriting. He was associated with the early protest theatre in Mauritius.[19]
Virahsawmy was married to Loga Virahsawmy, a feminist and chairperson of Gender and Media Southern Africa.[20] Virahsawmy died on 7 November 2023, at the age of 81.[21]
Dev Virahsawmy had produced an estimated 4000 literary documents according to his wife Loga Virahsawmy at the time of his funeral. Virahsawmy also bequeathed all copyright to his works to the Catholic Church'sInstitut Cardinal Jean Margéot (ICJM). About 3000 of the 4000 documents are poems. He wrote original works in Morisyen (Mauritian Creole) and also translated a large number of publications from English and French to Morisyen.[22]
Li. (préface de Dan Callikan). Rose Hill: MMMSP, 1977; (avec traduction en français de Carpanin Marimoutou, en créole réunionnais de Firmin Lacpatia). Saint-Pierre: les Chemins de la liberté, 1979.
Bef dâ disab: pies â de ak. Rose Hill: Edisio MMMSP, 1979.
Bef dâ disab. (édition trilingue). Saint-Denis: Mouvement culturel réunionnais, 1980.
Linconsing finalay: pies â III ak. Rose Hill: Edisiô Bukié bananié, 1980.
Trazedi Sir Kutta-Gram: ên badinaz futâ. Rose Hill: Bukié Banané, 1980.
Zeneral Makbef: pies â III ak. (inspiré parMacbeth, de William Shakespeare). Rose Hill: Bukié Banané, 1981.
Dropadi: teks pu ên trazi-komedi mizikal bazé lor Mahabharata. Rose Hill: Bukié Banané, 1982.
Tâtin Madok: pies â ên ak. Maurice: [s.n.], 1983.
Krishna. (Pièce télévisuelle, montée par la MBC, station nationale). Rose Hill, 1983.
Zistwar Bisma: Komedi mizikal pu zâfâ. Rose Hill: 1984.
Dokter Nipat: pies â III ak. (préface en français par Daniel Baggioni). Port-Louis: Bukié Banané, 1983.
Profeser Madli: pies â III ak. Rose Hill: [D. Virahsawmy], 1984.
Sir Toby.Port Louis: LPT, 1998.
Abs Lemanifik: ên fâtezi â III ak. (préface en français de Daniel Baggioni). Rose Hill: Bukié Banané, 1985.
Toufann: enn fantezi entrwa ak. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané, 1991.
Galileo Gonaz: piess an trwa ak. Port-Louis: Ledikasyon pu Travayer, 1996.
Dokter Hamlet. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané (site web), 1996.
Hamlet II. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané (site web), 1996.
Mamzel Zann. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané (site web), 1997.
Ziliet ek so Romeo. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané (site web), 1998.
Ti-Marie. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané (site web), 1998.
Dernie vol. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané (site web), 2003.
Tabisman Lir. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané (site web), 2003.
Bistop. Rose Hill: Boukié Banané (site web), 2003.
Disik salé. (préface de D. Callikan). Rose Hill: MMMSP, 1977.
Lafime dâ lizie. Rose Hill: MMMSP, 1977;Lafime dâ lizie /Fimé dann zié /Fumées dans les yeux. (édition trilingue: créole mauricien, français, créole réunionnais). La Réunion: les Chemins de la liberté, 1979.
Lès lapo kabri gazuyé. (texte en Bhojpuri, version française de Carpanin Marimoutou, version créole réunionnaise de Firmin Lacpatia). Saint-Pierre: Mouvement culturel réunionnais, 1980.
The Prisoner of Conscience (Li). Trad. Ramesh Ramdoyal. Moka, Mauritius: Éditions de l’Océan indien, 1982.
Toufann: A Mauritian Fantasy. Trans. Nisha and Michael Walling.African Theatre: Playwrights and Politics. Eds. Martin Banham, James Gibbs, & Femi Osofisan. Oxford: James Currey and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1999: 217–54.
Dernie Vol / The Last Flight. Trad. Joyce Fortuné-Pope.International Journal of Francophone Studies 13.3-4 (2010): 595–612.
