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Despotate of the Morea

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Coordinates:37°30′00″N22°30′00″E / 37.5000°N 22.5000°E /37.5000; 22.5000

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Province of the late Byzantine Empire

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Despotate of the Morea

Δεσποτᾶτον τοῦ Μορέως

1349–1460

Flag of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty

Seal ofDemetrios Palaiologos as Despot of the Morea

The Despotate of the Morea in 1450, divided between the two brothers,Thomas andDemetrios Palaiologos

Status

Semi-autonomousappanage of theByzantine Empire

Capital

Mystras (main capital, 1349–1460)

Glarentza(Constantine, 1428–1432)
Kalavryta(Thomas, 1428–1432, Constantine, 1432–1443)
Elis(Thomas, 1432–1449)
Patras andLeontari(Thomas, 1449–1460)

Common languages

Medieval Greek

Religion

Eastern Orthodox Church^[1]

Government

Feudal monarchy

Despot of Morea

• 1349–1380

Manuel Kantakouzenos

• 1449–1460

Thomas Palaiologos andDemetrios Palaiologos

Historical era

Late Medieval

• Established

1349

• 1450s peasant revolt

1453–1454

• Ottoman conquest

29 May 1460

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Principality of Achaea

Rumelia Eyalet
Mani Peninsula

Today part of

Greece

Peloponnese

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TheDespotate of the Morea (Greek:Δεσποτᾶτον τοῦ Μορέως,romanized: Despotâton toû Moréōs) orDespotate of Mystras (Greek:Δεσποτᾶτον τοῦ Μυστρᾶ,romanized: Despotâton toû Mystrâ) was a province of theByzantine Empire which existed between the mid-14th and mid-15th centuries. Its territory varied in size during its existence but eventually grew to include almost all the southernGreek peninsula now known as thePeloponnese, which was known as theMorea during the medieval and early modern periods. The territory was usually ruled by one or more sons or brothers of the currentByzantine emperor, who were given the title ofdespotes (in this context it should not be confused withdespotism). Its capital was the fortified city ofMystras, near ancientSparta, which became an important centre of thePalaiologan Renaissance.

History

[edit]

The Despotate of the Morea was created out of territory seized from theFrankish Principality of Achaea. This had been organized from former Byzantine territory after theFourth Crusade (1204). In 1259, the Principality's rulerWilliam II Villehardouin lost theBattle of Pelagonia against the Byzantine EmperorMichael VIII Palaeologus. William was forced to ransom himself by surrendering most of the eastern part of Morea and his newly built strongholds. The surrendered territory became the nucleus of the Despotate of Morea.

A later Byzantine emperor,John VI Kantakouzenos, reorganized the territory in 1349 to establish it as anappanage for his son, theDespot Manuel Kantakouzenos. For the larger portion of his reign, Manuel maintained peaceful relations with his Latin neighbors and secured a long period of prosperity for the area. Greco-Latin cooperation included an alliance to contain the raids of Murad I into Morea in the 1360s. The rivalPalaiologos dynasty seized the Morea after Manuel's death in 1380, withTheodore I Palaiologos becoming despot in 1383. Theodore ruled until 1407, consolidating Byzantine rule and coming to terms with his more powerful neighbours—particularly the expansionistOttoman Empire, whosesuzerainty he recognised. He also sought to reinvigorate the local economy by invitingAlbanians to settle in the territory, who developed into theArvanite community with several leaving for theKingdom of Naples in the 15th century and forming theArbëresh community.

Subsequent despots were the sons of the EmperorManuel II Palaiologos, brother of the despot Theodore: Theodore II, Constantine, Demetrios, and Thomas. As Latin power in the Peloponnese waned during the 15th century, the Despotate of the Morea expanded to incorporate the entire peninsula in 1430 with territory being acquired by dowry settlements, and the conquest ofPatras by Constantine. However, in 1446 the Ottoman SultanMurad II destroyed the Byzantine defences—theHexamilion wall at theIsthmus of Corinth.^[2] His attack opened the peninsula to invasion, though Murad died before he could exploit this. His successorMehmed II "the Conqueror"captured the Byzantine capitalConstantinople in 1453. The despotsDemetrios andThomas Palaiologos, brothers of the last emperor, failed to send him any aid, as Morea was recovering from a recent Ottoman attack. Their rule was unpopular, however, resulting in anAlbanian–Greek revolt against them, during which they invited Ottoman troops to help them put down the revolt. At this time, a number of influential Greekarchons made peace with Mehmed.^[3] After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan, and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed came into the Morea in May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer, the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks.

A few holdouts remained for a time. The rocky peninsula ofMonemvasia refused to surrender, and it was first ruled for a brief time by a Catalan corsair. When the population drove him out, they obtained the consent of Thomas to submit to the Pope's protection before the end of 1460. TheMani Peninsula at the south end of the Morea resisted under a loose coalition of the local clans, and that area then came underVenice's rule. The last holdout wasSalmeniko, in the Morea's northwest.Graitzas Palaiologos was the military commander there, stationed atSalmeniko Castle (also known as Castle Orgia). While the town eventually surrendered, Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461, when they escaped and reached Venetian territory. Thus ended the last of the Byzantine Empire proper.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

After 1461, the only non-Ottoman territories were possessed by Venice: the port cities ofModon andKoroni at the southern end of the Morea, theArgolid with Argos, and the port ofNafplion.Monemvasia subsequently surrendered itself to Venice at the beginning of the 1463–1479Ottoman–Venetian War.

Byzantine despots of the Morea

[edit]

House of Kantakouzenos (1349–1383)

[edit]

Name	Reign	Relation
Manuel Kantakouzenos	1349–1380	Son of EmperorJohn VI Kantakouzenos
Matthew Kantakouzenos	1380–1383	Son of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos
Demetrios I Kantakouzenos	1383	Son of Matthew

House of Palaiologos (1383–1460)

[edit]

Name	Reign	Relation
Theodore I Palaiologos	1383–1407	Son of EmperorJohn V Palaiologos
Theodore II Palaiologos	1407–1443	Son of EmperorManuel II Palaiologos
Constantine Palaiologos	1428–1449	Son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos; emperor from 1449 to 1453
Thomas Palaiologos	1428–1460	Son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos
Demetrios II Palaiologos	1449–1460	Son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos

Following theOttoman conquest of the Morea, the title continued to be used by Thomas Palaiologos and his son Andreas in exile;

Name	Claim	Relation
Thomas Palaiologos	1460–1465	Despot 1428–1460
Andreas Palaiologos	1465–1502	Son of Thomas

After the death of Andreas in 1502, the title was claimed by the Albanian exileConstantine Arianiti,^[9] and by the Greek noblemanFernando Palaiologos.^[9]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]

^Melton, J. Gordon (2014).Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO. p. 800.ISBN 9781610690263.
^Rosser 2011, p. 335.
^Contemporary Copy of the Letter of Mehmet II to the Greek Archons 26 December 1454 (ASV Documenti Turchi B.1/11)Archived 27 July 2013 at theWayback Machine
^Monemvasia.com website,http://www.monemvasia.com .
^The Greek Travel website,http://www.thegreektravel.com/lakonia/monemvasia.html .
^Katsoulakos.Com website,http://katsoulakos.com/mani-history-new.html Archived 2016-11-23 at theWayback Machine .
^Apodimos.com website,http://www.apodimos.com/arthra/07/Jan/OTTOMAN_in_the_MOREA_in_the_OUTER_MANI/index.htm Archived 2013-09-11 at theWayback Machine .
^Miller, William (1907)."Monemvasia".The Journal of Hellenic Studies.27:229–241.doi:10.1017/S0075426900061607.
^^a ^bHarris, Jonathan (2013). "Despots, Emperors, and Balkan Identity in Exile".The Sixteenth Century Journal.44 (3):643–661.ISSN 0361-0160.JSTOR 24244808.

General and cited sources

[edit]

Rosser, John H. (2011).Historical Dictionary of Byzantium (Second ed.). Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0810874770.
Runciman, Steven (2009).Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese. Tauris Parke Paperbacks.ISBN 978-1-84511-895-2.
Zakythinos, D.A. (1932).Le despotat grec de Morée, Tome 1: Histoire politique (in French). Paris: Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres".OCLC 1001644255.
Zakythinos, D.A. (1953).Le despotat grec de Morée, Tome 2: Vie et institutions (in French). Paris: Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres".OCLC 988640826.

External links

[edit]

Media related toDespotate of the Morea at Wikimedia Commons

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