| Despina Khatun | |
|---|---|
| Born | After 1438[1] |
| Died | After 1474[1] |
| Burial | St. George's church,Diyarbakır,[1] Turkey |
| Spouses | [1] |
| Issue |
|
| Dynasty | Komnenos |
| Father | John IV of Trebizond |
| Mother | Bagrationi, daughter ofAlexander I of Georgia |
Theodora Megale Komnene (Greek:Θεοδώρα Μεγάλη Κομνηνή), also known asDespina Khatun (Persian:دسپینا خاتون; from the Greek titledespoina and Turco-Mongol titlekhatun, both meaning "lady"), was the daughter ofJohn IV of Trebizond and his wifeBagrationi, a daughter of KingAlexander I of Georgia. She married theAq Qoyunlu rulerUzun Hasan in 1458. She became the mother ofHalima Alamshah Hatun who became the mother of firstSafavid king,Shah Ismail I.
Some older writers refer to her as "Catherine". Charles Diehl has shown that it was based onDu Cange’s misunderstanding of the Mongol title "Khatun" as "Catherine".[2]
John IV agreed to the marriage only if his daughter was allowed to continue herOrthodox Christian religion, a condition which Uzun Hasan agreed upon. Despina was famous for her extreme beauty amongst the Greek women. She was accompanied by a group of Orthodox Christian priests and was allowed to build Orthodox churches in Iran. Uzun Hasan strengthened his anti-Ottoman alliance by this marriage and gained the support of many Greeks, Armenians, and Georgians.[3]
Marriage between Christians and Muslim rulers, although uncommon, was not unprecedented. Speros Vryonis provides several examples from the Sultanate of theSeljuk Turks, beginning withKilij Arslan II.[4] A later example isMichael VIII Palaiologos marrying off his illegitimate daughtersEuphrosyne andMaria toNogai Khan andAbaqa Khan respectively. Previous Emperors of Trebizond had married off their female relatives, most notablyAlexios III, during whose reign two of his sisters and two of his daughters were married to rulers of neighboring Muslim states.[5]
In Western Europe, Theodora inspired the myth of the "Princess of Trebizond", a fixture of tales ofdamsels in distress as well as of a possible grand Crusade against theOttoman Turks. The legend inspired several artists, includingPisanello andJacques Offenbach.
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Theodora was daughter ofJohn IV of Trebizond and his first wifeBagrationi, a daughter of KingAlexander I of Georgia[7][8] In 1458 she was married to Uzun Hasan, Khan of the Turkoman tribe of Aq Qoyunlu; her uncleDavid gave her away at the marriage.[9]
At the time of marriage, the Empire of her father John faced a serious threat. Constantinople had fallen to the Ottoman sultan,Mehmet II in 1453. In 1456, Mehmet ordered his governor Chetir, to capture Trebizond; the attack failed, but John was forced to pay tribute to Mehmet to prevent further attacks.[10] Mehmet gradually annexed the last Palaiologian possessions in theMorea, completing the task with the conquest ofMistra on 29 May 1460.[11] An alliance with the powerful Aq Qoyunlu tribe, who were the Ottomans' most powerful rival, appeared more than beneficial.
Trebizond and the Aq Qoyunlu had a history of co-operation, for they had concluded apolitical marriage in the past: Theodora's great-great aunt had marriedQara Osman, emir of the Aq Qoyunlu.[12] Theodora was famed for her beauty. An unknown Venetian traveller wrote, "it was common opinion that there was at that time no woman of greater beauty; and throughout all Persia the fame of her great beauty and supreme charm spread."[13] Uzun Hassan eagerly agreed to be the protector of Trebizond, as well as making other concessions, in return for Theodora's hand. News of Theodora as the Princess of Trebizond who was married to the powerful Uzun Hassan spread to the West, and helped to foster stories of Princess of Trebizond.
However this alliance failed to help John's successor, his brother David. Mehmed II, the Ottoman ruler, marched on the imperial city of Trebizond in 1461. Uzun Hassan initially supported the Trapuzentines, but he was persuaded by the Ottomans to abandon Trebizond after the failed mediation of his mother,Sara Khatun. After securing the eastern border, Mehmedattacked Trebizond, which surrendered 15 August 1461, ending the polity.
After the fall of Trebizond, David was put in house arrest. In 1463, David was discovered attempting to send a secret letter to Theodora, which gaveMehmed II the needed excuse to get rid of David once and for all. He considered this letter a conspiracy to recapture the land of Trebizond with the help of Aq Qoyunlu and had David, his sons and his nephew executed on 1 November 1463.[14]
Despite the death of her uncle, Theodora continued to influence her husband in foreign affairs. According to Anthony Bryer, she was the moving force behind diplomatic overtures to Venice in 1465–1466, and toStephen III of Moldavia in 1474.[15] When the Venetian diplomatCaterino Zeno came to the court of Uzun Hassan in 1473, one of the first persons he met was Theodora. He revealed to the woman that they were related, and on the basis of this she provided him unparalleled access to her and Uzun Hassan during his stay.[16]Franz Babinger states she was present at theBattle of Otlukbeli (1473), where she urged her husband to pursue the defeated army of Mehmed II in order to utterly destroy him.[17][further explanation needed]
After the death of Uzun Hassan in 1478, not much is known about her. She was buried at St. Georges Church inDiyarbakr, where her tomb was shown to an Italian visitor in 1507. However the structure was damaged in 1883 and no longer can be seen.[15]
By Uzun Hasan, Theodora Despina had at least two sons and three daughters:[15]
No other prince of the time can be credibly associated with this work, and the galloping bearded prince in the center of the composition, we may be permitted to recognize a contemporary portrait of the founder of the White Sheep Turkman power. Uzun Hasan.
