Adesiccant is ahygroscopic substance that is used to induce or sustain a state of dryness (desiccation) in its vicinity; it is the opposite of ahumectant. Commonly encountered pre-packaged desiccants are solids thatabsorbwater. Desiccants for specialized purposes may be in forms other than solid, and may work through other principles, such as chemical bonding of water molecules. They are commonly encountered in foods to retain crispness. Industrially, desiccants are widely used to control the level of water in gas streams.[1]
Although some desiccants arechemically inert, others are extremely reactive and require specialized handling techniques. The most common desiccant issilica gel, an otherwise inert, nontoxic, water-insoluble white solid. Tens of thousands of tons are produced annually for this purpose.[2] Other common desiccants includeactivated charcoal,calcium sulfate,calcium chloride, andmolecular sieves (typically,zeolites). Desiccants may also be categorized by their type, either I, II, III, IV, or V. These types are a function of the shape of the desiccant'smoisture sorption isotherm.
Alcohols and acetones are also dehydrating agents.Diethylene glycol is an important industrial desiccant. It absorbs water fromnatural gas, minimizing the formation ofmethane hydrates, which can block pipes.[1]
One measure of desiccant efficiency is the ratio (orpercentage) of water storable in the desiccant relative to themass of desiccant. Another measure is the residualrelative humidity of the air or other fluid being dried. For drying gases, a desiccant's performance can be precisely described by thedew point of the dried product.[1]
| Desiccant | Dew point (°C) | Comment | regenerable? |
|---|---|---|---|
| CaCl2 | -18 | granular solid | yes |
| P2O5 | -98 | reactive solid | no |
| KOH | -60 to -73 | caustic solid | no |
| H2SO4 | -70 | strong acid | with difficulty |
| diethylene glycol | -15 | unreactive liquid | yes |
Sometimes ahumidity indicator is included in the desiccant to show, by color changes, the degree of water-saturation of the desiccant. One commonly used indicator iscobalt chloride (CoCl
2), which is blue whenanhydrous, but turns purple upon bonding with two water molecules (CoCl
2·2H
2O). Further hydration results in the pink hexaaquacobalt(II) chloride complex[Co(H
2O)
6]Cl
2.[3] However, the use of cobalt chloride raiseshealth concerns, being potentiallycarcinogenic.
Applications of desiccants are dominated by the petrochemical industry. Hydrocarbons, including natural gas, often must be anhydrous or nearly so for processing or for transport. Catalysts that are used to convert some petroleum fractions are generally deactivated by even traces of water. Natural gas tends to form solidmethane hydrates which can block pipes.[1]
One example of desiccant usage is in the manufacture ofinsulated windows where zeolite spheroids fill a rectangular spacer tube at the perimeter of the panes of glass. The desiccant helps to prevent the condensation of moisture between the panes. Another use of zeolites is in the "dryer" component of refrigeration systems to absorb water carried by the refrigerant, whether residual water left over from the construction of the system, or water released by the degradation of other materials over time.
Bagged desiccants are also commonly used to protect goods in barrier-sealedshipping containers against moisture damage: rust, corrosion, etc.[4][5] Hygroscopic cargo, such as cocoa, coffee, various nuts and grains, and other foods[6] can be particularly susceptible to mold and rot when exposed to condensation and humidity. Because of this, shippers often take measures by deploying desiccants to protect against loss.Pharmaceutical packaging often includes small packets of desiccant to keep the atmosphere inside the package below critical levels of water vapor.
Air conditioning systems can be based on desiccants, as drier air feels more comfortable and absorbing water itself removes heat.[7]
Desiccants are used in livestock farming, where, for example, new-born piglets are highly susceptible to hypothermia owing to their wetness.[8]
Desiccants are also used to remove water fromsolvents. Drying generally involves mixing the solvent with the solid desiccant.Molecular sieves are superior as desiccants relative to chemical drying reagents such as sodium-benzophenone. Sieves offer the advantages of being safe in air and recyclable.[9][10]
