TheDeseadan (Spanish:Deseadense) age is a period ofgeologic time (29.0–21.0Ma) within theOligocene epoch of thePaleogene to theEarly Miocene epoch of theNeogene, used more specifically within theSALMA classification of South America. It follows theTinguirirican and precedes theColhuehuapian age.^[1]

The age is named after theDeseado Formation of theDeseado Massif in easternPatagonia,Argentina.

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Locations of Deseadan formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Deseado Formation	Argentina	Deseado Massif	[2]
Abanico Formation	Chile	Abanico Basin	[3][4]
Agua de la Piedra Formation	Argentina	Precordillera	[5]
Barzalosa Formation	Colombia	Upper Magdalena Valley	[6]
Castillo Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[7]
Chambira Formation	Peru	Ucayali Basin	[8]
Chilcatay Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	[9][10]
Dos Bocas Formation	Ecuador	Progreso Basin	[11]
Fray Bentos Formation	Argentina  Uruguay	Paraná Basin	[12][13]
Monte León Formation	Argentina	Austral Basin	[14][15]
Moquegua Formation	Peru	Moquegua Basin	[16]
Mugrosa Formation	Colombia	Middle Magdalena Valley	[17]
Petaca Formation	Bolivia	Subandean Belt	[18][19]
"Puca Group" -Lacayani fauna	Bolivia	Subandean Belt	[20]
Río Baguales Formation	Chile	Aysén Basin	[21]
Salla Formation	Bolivia	Salla-Luribay Basin	[22][23]
Sarmiento Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin	[24][25]
Tremembé Formation/São Paulo Formation	Brazil	Taubaté Basin	[26]

The Deseadan South American land mammal age (SALMA) is equivalent to theArikareean in theNorth American land mammal age (NALMA) and theHarrisonian in the 2000 version of the classification. It overlaps with theHsandagolian of Asia and theMP 25 zone of Europe, theWaitakian and theLandon epoch of New Zealand.

Deseadan correlations inSouth America

Formation	Agua	Rancahué	Guillermo	Deseado	Sarmiento	Salla	Lacayani	Fray Bentos	Moquegua	Chambira	Barzalosa	Tremembé	Cascadas	Map
Basin	Neuquén		Austral	Deseado	San Jorge	Salla	Subandean	Norte	Moquegua	Ucayali	VSM	Taubaté	Panama	Deseadan (South America)
Country	Argentina					Bolivia		Uruguay	Peru		Colombia	Brazil	Panama
Archaeohyrax
Prohegetotherium
Pyrotherium
Pharsophorus
Trachytherus
Proadinotherium
Proborhyaena
Meteutatus
Andrewsornis
Terror birds
Rodents
Reptiles
Primates
Flora
Insects
Environments	Alluvial		Fluvial	Fluvial		Alluvial	Fluvial-alluvial	Fluvial	Fluvio-lacustrine		Alluvial-fluvial	Lacustrine	Fluvial	Deseadan volcanoclastics Deseadan fauna Deseadan flora
Volcanic	Yes				Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes				Yes

General

• Woodburne, M.O.; Goin, F.J.; Bond, M.; Carlini, A.A.; Gelfo, J.N.; López, G.M.; Iglesias, A.; Zimicz, A.N. (2013),"Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity",Journal of Mammalian Evolution,21:1–73,doi:10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1,hdl:11336/31253, retrieved2019-02-15

Deseado Formation

• Agnolin, Federico (2006),"Posición sistemática de algunas aves fororracoideas (Ralliformes: Cariamae) Argentinas",Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales,8:27–33,doi:10.22179/REVMACN.8.348, retrieved2018-09-10
• Forasiepi, Analía M.; Babot, M. Judith; Zimicz, Natalia (2014),"Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia",Journal of Systematic Palaeontology,13 (6):503–525,doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.926403,hdl:11336/59430, retrieved2019-02-12

Abanico Formation

• Bertrand, Ornella C.; Flynn, John J.;Croft, Darin A.; Wyss, André R. (2012),"Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile)",American Museum Novitates (3750):1–36,doi:10.1206/3750.2, retrieved2019-02-15
• Bradham, Jennifer; Flynn, John J.;Croft, Darin A.; Wyss, Andre R. (2015),"New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile",American Museum Novitates (3841):1–24,doi:10.1206/3841.1, retrieved2019-02-13
• Croft, Darin A.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2008),"The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas"(PDF),Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro,66:191–211, retrieved2019-02-12Archived 2018-09-06 at theWayback Machine
• Engelman, Russell K.; Flynn, John J.; Gans, Philip; Wyss, André R.;Croft, Darin A. (2018),"Chlorocyon phantasma, a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile",American Museum Novitates (3918):1–22,doi:10.1206/3918.1, retrieved2019-02-11
• Godoy, Estanislao (2012),"Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS",Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina,69:570–577, retrieved2017-08-15
• Muñoz, Marcia; Fuentes, Francisco; Vergara, Mario; Aguirre, Luis; Nyström, Jan Olov; Féraud, Gilbert; Demant, Alain (2006),"Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S)",Revista Geológica de Chile,33:109–140,doi:10.4067/S0716-02082006000100005, retrieved2017-08-15

Agua de la Piedra Formation

• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Reguero, Marcelo (2015),"The Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) assemblage from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina",Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,35 (2): e907173,Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E7173C,doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.907173,hdl:11336/48566, retrieved2015-02-13
• Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara (2014),"A new Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Oligocene beds of Mendoza Province, Argentina",Journal of Systematic Palaeontology,13 (11):943–962,doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.982727,hdl:11336/59428, retrieved2019-02-12
• Combina, Ana María; Nullo, Francisco (2011),"Ciclos tectónicos, volcánicos y sedimentarios del Cenozoico del sur de Mendoza-Argentina (35-37° S y 69° 30'W)"(PDF),Andean Geology,38:198–218, retrieved2018-09-11
• Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Seoane, Federico D.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2017),"New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications"(PDF),Acta Palaeontologica Polonica,62:195–210, retrieved2019-02-12
• Seoane, Federico; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2014),"First extra-Patagonian record ofAsmodeus Ameghino (Notoungulata, Homalodotheriidae) in the Late Oligocene of Mendoza Province, Argentina",Ameghiniana,51 (5):373–384,doi:10.5710/AMGH.07.07.2014.2735, retrieved2019-02-12

Barzalosa Formation

• Acosta, Jorge E.; Guatame, Rafael; Caicedo A., Juan Carlos; Cárdenas, Jorge Ignacio (2002),Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa,INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–92

Castillo Formation

• Johnson, Kenneth G.; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A. (2009),"The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela)",PALAIOS,24 (1):59–69,Bibcode:2009Palai..24...59J,CiteSeerX 10.1.1.617.9079,doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-004r, retrieved2017-08-15
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Núñez Flores, Mónica (2017),"Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America",Journal of Mammalian Evolution,24 (2):179–191,doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9328-y, retrieved2019-02-12
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Benammi, Mouloud; Vignaud, Patrick; McDonald, H. Gregory (2014),"Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis"(PDF),Andean Geology,41:507–528, retrieved2018-09-07
• Solórzano, Andrés; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Cidade, Giovanne M.; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Sánchez, Leonardo (2019),"Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela"(PDF),Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments,99 (2):241–259,Bibcode:2019PdPe...99..241S,doi:10.1007/s12549-018-0332-5, retrieved2018-09-07
• Urbani, Franco; Mendi, David (2010),"Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela",Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales,LXX:9–25, retrieved2017-08-15

Chambira Formation

• Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2019),"New insight from the Paleogene record of Amazonia into the early diversification of Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): phylogenetic, macroevolutionary, and paleobiogeographic implications",Geodiversitas,41 (4):143–245,doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a4, retrieved2019-02-28
• Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Candela, Adriana M.; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2016),"Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia",Papers in Palaeontology,3 (1):69–109,doi:10.1002/spp2.1068,hdl:11336/63600, retrieved2019-02-12
• Marivaux, Laurent; Adnet, Sylvain; Altamirano Sierra, Ali J.; Boivin, Myriam; Pujos, François; Ramdarshan, Anusha; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada, Julia; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2016),"Neotropics provide insights into the emergence of New World monkeys: New dental evidence from the late Oligocene of Peruvian Amazonia",Journal of Human Evolution,97:159–175,Bibcode:2016JHumE..97..159M,doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.05.011,hdl:11336/182832,PMID 27457552, retrieved2019-02-04

Chilcatay Formation

• Bianucci, Giovanni; Bosio, Giulia; Malinverno, Elisa; De Muizon, Christian; Villa, Igor M.; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2018), "A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology",Royal Society Open Science,5 (4): 172302,Bibcode:2018RSOS....572302B,doi:10.1098/rsos.172302,PMC 5936943,PMID 29765678
• De la Cruz, Aldo Alván (2008),"Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú)"(PDF),Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG,11:51–59, retrieved2017-08-15
• Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Malinverno, Elisa; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017),"A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins",Journal of Systematic Palaeontology,16 (12):981–1016,doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1359689,hdl:11568/891482, retrieved2019-02-12
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario (2014),"Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru",Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,34 (5):987–1004,Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..987L,doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.858050, retrieved2019-02-12

Dos Bocas Formation

• Lorenzo, Erica; Roca Beltrán, Wladimir Andrés; Martínez, Manuel; Morato, Antonio; Escandón Panchana, Paulo César; Álvarez Domínguez, Cristian Paul (2018),"Correlación geoquímica entre crudos y rocas del sistema petrolero de la península de Santa Elena y el golfo de Guayaquil"(PDF),Boletín de Geología,40:31–42,doi:10.18273/revbol.v40n1-2018002, retrieved2018-10-01
• Tanaka, Yoshihiro; Abella, Juan; Aguirre Fernández, Gabriel; Gregori, María; Fordyce, R. Ewan (2017), "A new tropical Oligocene dolphin from Montañita/Olón, Santa Elena, Ecuador",PLoS ONE,12 (12): e0188380,Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1288380T,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188380,PMC 5737981,PMID 29261688

Fray Bentos Formation

• Bond, Mariano; López, Guillermo; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Vucetich, María G. (1998),"Los mamíferos de la Formación Fray Bentos (Edad mamífero Deseadense, Oligoceno Superior) de las provincias de Corrientes y Entre Ríos, Argentina",Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial,5:41–50, retrieved2018-09-12
• Tófalo, Ofelia Rita; Morrás, Héctor J.M. (2009),"Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay"(PDF),Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina:674–686, retrieved2018-09-12

Gaiman Formation

• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2007),"Revisión sistemática dePalaeospheniscus biloculata (Simpson) nov. comb. (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la Formación Gaiman (Mioceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina",Ameghiniana,44:417–426, retrieved2018-09-11
• Viglino, Mariana; Buono, Mónica R.; Gutstein, Carolina S.; Cozzuol, Mario A.; Cuitiño, José I. (2018),"A new dolphin from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina: Insights into the evolution of Platanistoidea in the Southern Hemisphere"(PDF),Acta Palaeontologica Polonica,63 (2):261–277,doi:10.4202/app.00441.2017, retrieved2019-02-11

Lacayani fauna

• Billet, Guillaume; De Muizon, Christian; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino (2008),"Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution",Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,152:153–200,doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00388.x, retrieved2018-09-11

Monte León Formation

• Náñez, Carolina; Quattrocchio, Mirta E.; Ruiz, Liliana (2009),"Palinología y micropaleontología de las Formaciones San Julián y Monte León (Oligoceno - Mioceno temprano) en el subsuelo de cabo Curioso, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina",Ameghiniana,46:669–693, retrieved2017-08-15

Moquegua Formation

• Alván, Aldo; Ramírez, Katerin; von Eynatten, Hilmar; Dunkl, István; Jacay, Javier; Bertone, Gabriela (2017),"Evolución Geológica de las Cuencas de Antearco del Sur de Perú (Moquegua y Camaná-Mollendo): Proveniencia Sedimentaria y Análisis de Facies en Rocas Cenozoicas",Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú,112:53–77, retrieved2018-09-10
• Shockey, Bruce J.; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo (2016),"A new species ofTrachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids",Zootaxa,4111 (5):565–583,doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4111.5.3,PMID 27395103, retrieved2019-02-12

Mugrosa Formation

• Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Patiño, Alejandro; Renzoni, Giancarlo; Beltrán, Alejandro; Quintero, Claudia; Manrique, Martín (2008),Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000,INGEOMINAS, pp. 1–105

Petaca Formation

• Hernández, R.; Jordan, T.; Dalenz Farjat, A.; Echavarría, L.; Idelman, B.; Reynolds, J. (2002),Edades, distribución, controles tectónicos y eustáticos de las ingresiones marinas paranense y caribeana en el sur de Bolivia y Argentina(PDF), V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología, pp. 1–27, retrieved2018-09-10

Río Baguales Formation

• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Puratich, Jacqueline; Mourgues, F. Amaro; Oyarzún, José Luis; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Torres, Teresa; Hervé, Francisco (2010),"Estuary deposits in the Río Baguales Formation (Chattian-Aquitanean), Magallanes Province, Chile"(PDF),Andean Geology,37:329–344, retrieved2017-10-25

Salla Formation

• Reguero, Marcelo A.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2005),"New late Oligocene Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla, Bolivia",Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,25 (3):674–684,doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0674:NLOHMN]2.0.CO;2, retrieved2018-09-11
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Shockey, Bruce J.; Anaya, Federico; Solórzano, Andrés (2015),"Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids",Journal of Mammalian Evolution,22 (4):455–471,doi:10.1007/s10914-015-9295-8, retrieved2019-02-13
• Shockey, Bruce J (2017),"New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra",Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History,58 (2):371–396, retrieved2019-02-12

Sarmiento Formation

• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Tambussi, Claudia (2005),"Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina [Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina]"(PDF),Revista Española de Paleontología,20:127–132, retrieved2018-09-10
• Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Vucetich, M. Guiomar; Vieytes, E. Carolina (2014),"A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea",Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,34 (2):397–406,Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..397A,doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.808203,hdl:11336/29748, retrieved2019-02-12
• Cheme Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, María Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016),"A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina",Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,36 (6): e1229672,Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E9672C,doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672,hdl:11336/30386, retrieved2019-02-12
• Dozo, María Teresa; Ciancio, Martín; Bouza, Pablo; Martínez, Gastón (2014),"Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas"(PDF),Andean Geology,41:224–247,doi:10.5027/andgeoV41n1-a09, retrieved2017-08-15
• Pérez, María Encarnación; Krause, Marcelo; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2012), "A new species ofChubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto",Geobios,45 (6):573–580,Bibcode:2012Geobi..45..573P,doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.001
• Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.;Croft, Darin A.; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012),"New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses",American Museum Novitates (3737):1–64,doi:10.1206/3737.2, retrieved2019-02-15
• Sterli, Juliana; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Krause, J. Marcelo (2015),"A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata)",Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,174 (3):519–548,doi:10.1111/zoj.12252,hdl:11336/41594, retrieved2019-02-13
• Vucetich, M.G.; Dozo, M.T.; Arnal, M.; Pérez, M.E. (2015),"New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia",Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology,27 (2):236–257,Bibcode:2015HBio...27..236V,doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.883506,hdl:11336/17958, retrieved2019-02-13
• Vucetich, María G.; Pérez, María E.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Madden, Richard H.; Kohn, Matthew J. (2014),"A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina)",Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,34 (3):689–698,Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..689V,doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.804414,hdl:11336/17973, retrieved2019-02-12
• Wyss, André R.; Flynn, John J.;Croft, Darin A. (2018),"New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile",Journal of South American Earth Sciences,3903:1–42,hdl:2246/6901, retrieved2019-02-11

Tremembé Formation

• Do Couto Ribeiro, Graziella (2010),Avaliação morfológica, taxonômica e cronológica dos mamíferos fósseis da Formação Tremembé (Bacia de Taubaté), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil,Universidade de São Paulo, pp. 1–112
• Malabarba, Maria Claudia; Lundberg, John G. (2007),"A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil",Neotropical Ichthyology,5 (3):263–270,doi:10.1590/S1679-62252007000300005, retrieved2018-10-08
• Olson, Storrs L.; Alvarenga, Herculano M.F. (2002),"A new genus of small teratorn from the Middle Tertiary of the Taubate Basin, Brazil (Aves: Teratornithidae)"(PDF),Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington,115:701–705, retrieved2017-09-04

• Deseadan
• Oligocene geochronology
• Oligocene South America
• Paleogene Argentina

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