 Visible remains at Orchard Field, Malton showing the surviving earthworks of the north east corner of the fort | |
.svg)  Map showing the location of Derventio withinNorth Yorkshire. | |
| Location | Malton, North Yorkshire |
|---|---|
| Region | Yorkshire |
| Coordinates | 54°08′10″N0°47′25″W / 54.136190°N 0.79031020°W /54.136190; -0.79031020 |
| Type | Roman fort |
| History | |
| Founded | AD 70 |
| Abandoned | 5th century |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists | Philip Corder,John Kirk,Leslie Peter Wenham |
| Public access | Partly in public parkland |
Derventio, sometimes described asDerventio Brigantium (Latin for "Derventio of theBrigantes") in order to distinguish it from other places called Derventio, was aRomanfort and settlement located beneath the modern town ofMalton inNorth Yorkshire,England. The fort is 18 miles north-east ofEboracum on theRiver Derwent.[2]
The Roman name for the Malton military complex first appears in theAntonine Itinerary of the late-second century.[3][4] It is also mentioned in the fourth- or fifth-centuryNotitia Dignitatum asDeruentione – the last auxiliary garrison "at the disposal of the Right Honourable Duke of the Britains".[3]
Initial investigations at the site were undertaken byPhilip Corder andJohn Kirk in the 1930s.[5] The excavated material from this site formed the core collection of theMalton Museum. These excavations took in both the defences and interior buildings of the north-east corner of the fort and trial trenches in the south-west of the fort.[6] A further series of excavations between 1949 and 1952 by theMinistry of Works[7] in the civilian settlement uncovered multiple phases of activity as well as a road, several buildings and a mosaic.[8]
Timber and stone structures were identified during excavations on the fort in 1970 byLeslie Peter Wenham. A complex building sequence was revealed, with major phases occurring during the Trajanic, Severan, Constantian and Theodosian periods.[3] The south and west defences of an early Roman military work were confirmed beneath the vicus buildings, very likely a southern annexe of the known fort. These additional defences comprised a turf rampart 16 ft (4.9m) wide, backing a ditch 6 ft (1.8m) wide and 3½ft (1.2m) deep.[3]
The earliest secure construction of a fort at Malton was in the AD 70s underAgricola, contemporary with the nearby fortress atEboracum. Built on the north side of theRiver Derwent, this original phase was in timber, with the wall being rebuilt in stone in the early second century.[6] The presence of theAla shows that for at least part of its history,Derventio was capable of housing a mounted cavalry unit.
Only a single unit has been clearly associated with occupation at this site, theAla Gallorum Picentiana (The Picentine wing of Gauls).[3] The single record of this unit is an altar dedicated by thePrefect Candidus, from the ruins of the Severan bathhouse.[3] It remains unclear when theAla Gallorum Picentiana were first established at Malton and when they left. However, aHamian archers unit, known as "Numerus Syrorum Saggitariorum", served at Derventio Brigantum.[9][dubious –discuss]
As with many Roman forts, a civilian settlement grew up around the established military base. The evidence at Malton shows extramural settlement surrounding the south gate of the fort and crossing to the south side of the river, following the roads leading away from the fort.[5] Many buildings were discovered, the most elaborate of which was found some 150 ft south of the fort, measured 90 ft by 30 ft and included heated floors.[8] One mid-second century structure contained circular baking ovens.[8] To the west of the road a series of rectangular buildings of an average size of 25 by 40 ft stood closely compacted together and have been interpreted as workshops or store-houses; most of the pottery from this area, including much local ware, and coin evidence dates this area to the second half of the third and the first half of the fourth century. It has been suggested that a spring in the north-east of the civilian settlement may have been the source for the bath-house, although the structure has not been located.[4] A canal, dug in 1810, destroyed any of the structures which may have been close to the line of the river.[4]
The fort lies on the north banks of theRiver Derwent, the civilian settlement on the south site. The Roman road network provides access to the east coast and to larger settlements likeEboracum.[5]
Evidence exists for the working of bronze, iron and pewter.[5] The locally sourcedjet was worked at the site into jewellery. A single inscription, from beneath the New Malton Church, offered a dedication to thegenius of the place and to wish good luck to a young slave inheriting a goldsmith's shop,[5][10] an otherwise unique inscription inRoman Britain.
No temples are currently known fromDerventio. A single inscription is dedicated toMars Rigus.[11]
Malton Castle, amotte-and-bailey castle was built by thede Vesci family over the west corner of the Roman fort in the eleventh century.[4] This was demolished in the seventeenth century when a mansion was built on the site byLord Eure,[4][12] which was destroyed in 1674. The Dark Age settlement is the setting for much of the action inAn East Wind Blowing by Australian author Mel Keegan.
The original earthworks are still visible in the centre of the modern town in an area known as 'Orchard Fields'. Collections from excavations atDerventio form part of the Malton Museum.[13] Roman material from Malton can also be found in theYorkshire Museum.[14]
