| Derveni papyrus | |
|---|---|
| Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki | |
 Fragments of the Derveni papyrus | |
| Type | Papyrus roll |
| Date | c. 340 BC, from a late 5th century BC original |
| Place of origin | Macedonia |
| Language | Ancient Greek |
| Size | 266 fragments |
| Format | 26 columns |
| Condition | Fragmentary, charred from funeral pyre |
| Contents | Commentary on a hexameter poem ascribed to Orpheus |
| Discovered | 1962 |
TheDerveni papyrus is anAncient Greekpapyrus roll that was discovered in 1962 at the archaeological site ofDerveni, nearThessaloniki, inCentral Macedonia. Aphilosophical treatise, the text is anallegorical commentary on anOrphic poem, atheogony concerning the birth of the gods, produced in the circle of the philosopherAnaxagoras. The roll dates to around 340 BC, during the reign ofPhilip II of Macedon, making it Europe's oldest survivingmanuscript.[1][2] The poem itself was originally composed near the end of the 5th century BC,[3] and "in the fields ofGreek religion, thesophistic movement,early philosophy, and the origins of literary criticism it is unquestionably the most important textual discovery of the 20th century."[4] While interim editions and translations were published over the subsequent years, the manuscript in its entirety was first published in 2006.[5]
The roll was found on 15 January 1962 at a site inDerveni,Macedonia, northernGreece, on the road fromThessaloniki toKavala. The site is a nobleman's grave in anecropolis that was part of a rich cemetery belonging to the ancient city ofLete.[6] It is the oldest surviving manuscript in the Western tradition, the only known ancient papyrus found in Greece proper, and possibly the oldest surviving papyrus written in Greek regardless of provenance.[3][1] The archaeologistsPetros Themelis andMaria Siganidou recovered the top parts of the charred papyrus scroll and fragments from ashes atop the slabs of the tomb; the bottom parts had burned away in the funeral pyre. The scroll was carefully unrolled and the fragments joined together, thus forming 26 columns of text.[3] It survived in the humid Greek soil, which is unfavorable to the conservation of papyri, because it wascarbonized (hence dried) in the nobleman's funeral pyre.[7] However, this has made it extremely difficult to read, since the ink is black and the background is black too; in addition, it survives in the form of 266 fragments, which are conserved under glass in descending order of size, and has had to be painstakingly reconstructed. Many smaller fragments are still not placed. The papyrus is kept in theArchaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.[8]
In total, twenty six columns of text survive today.[9] The main part of the text is a commentary on ahexameter poem ascribed toOrpheus, which was used in the mystery cult ofDionysus by the 'Orphic initiators'. Fragments of the poem are quoted, followed by interpretations by the main author of the text, who tries to show that the poem does not mean what it literally says. The poem begins with the words "Close the doors, you uninitiated", a famous admonition to secrecy, also quoted byPlato. The interpreter claims that this shows that Orpheus wrote his poem as an allegory. The theogony described in the poem hasNyx (Night) give birth toUranus (Sky), who becomes the first king.Cronus follows and takes the kingship from Uranus, but he is likewise succeeded byZeus, whose power over the whole universe is celebrated. Zeus gains his power by hearing oracles from the sanctuary of Nyx, who tells him "all the oracles which afterwards he was to put into effect."[10] At the end of the text, Zeus rapes his motherRhea, which, in the Orphic theogony, will lead to the birth ofDemeter. Zeus would then have raped Demeter, who would have given birth toPersephone, who marries Dionysus. However, this part of the story must have continued in a second roll which is now lost.
The interpreter of the poem argues that Orpheus did not intend any of these stories in a literal sense, but they are allegorical in nature.
This poem is strange and riddling to people, though [Orpheus] did not intend to tell contentious riddles but rather great things in riddles. In fact he is speaking mystically, and from the very first word all the way to the last. As he also makes clear in the well recognized verse: for, having ordered them to "put doors to their ears," he says that he is not legislating for the many [but addressing himself to those] who are pure in hearing … and in the following verse …[11]
The first surviving columns of the text are less well preserved, but talk about occult ritual practices, including sacrifices to theErinyes (Furies), how to removedaimones that become a problem, and the beliefs of themagi. They include a quotation of the philosopherHeraclitus. Their reconstruction is extremely controversial, since even the order of fragments is disputed. Two different reconstructions have recently been offered, that by Valeria Piano[12][13] and that by Richard Janko,[14] who notes elsewhere that he has found that these columns also include a quotation of the philosopherParmenides.[15]
The text of the papyrus contains a mix ofancient Greek dialects. It is written mainly in a mixture ofAttic andIonic Greek; however, it also contains a fewDoric forms. In some instances, the same word appears in different dialectal forms, such ascμικρό- andμικρό;ὄντα andἐόντα;νιν andμιν.[16]
The full surviving text was not officially published for forty-four years after its discovery (though three partial editions were issued). A team of experts was assembled in 2005 led by A. L. Pierris of the Institute for Philosophical studies andDirk Obbink, director of theOxyrhynchus Papyri project at theUniversity of Oxford, with the help of modernmultispectral imaging techniques by Roger MacFarlane and Gene Ware ofBrigham Young University, to attempt a better approach to the edition of a difficult text. However, results of this initiative were not published or made available to other scholars. The papyrus was finally published by a team of researchers fromThessaloniki (Tsantsanoglou et al., below), and they provided a complete text of the papyrus based on an analysis of the fragments, with photographs and translation.[17] Subsequent progress was made in reading the papyrus by Valeria Piano[12] andRichard Janko,[14] who developed a new method for taking digital microphotographs of the papyrus, a technique that permitted some of the most difficult passages to be read for the first time.[18] Examples of these images are now in the public domain.[15] A version of Janko's new text is available in an edition by Mirjam Kotwick, while an English edition is in preparation.[19]
In 2015 the Derveni papyrus was added by UNESCO to theMemory of the World International Register where it is described as the oldest known European book.[8] According to UNESCO:
The Derveni Papyrus is of immense importance not only for the study of Greek religion and philosophy, which is the basis for the western philosophical thought, but also because it serves as a proof of the early dating of the Orphic poems offering a distinctive version ofPresocratic philosophers. The text of the Papyrus, which is the first book of western tradition, has a global significance, since it reflects universal human values: the need to explain the world, the desire to belong to a human society with known rules and the agony to confront the end of life.[8]
Other notable vessels:
