Deontic modality (abbreviatedDEO) is alinguistic modality that indicates how the world ought to be[1] according to certain norms, expectations, speaker desires, etc. In other words, a deontic expression indicates that the state of the world (where 'world' is loosely defined here in terms of the surrounding circumstances) does not meet some standard or ideal, whether that standard be social (such as laws), personal (desires), etc. The sentence containing the deontic modal generally indicates some action that would change the world so that it becomes closer to the standard or ideal.
This category includes the following subcategories:[2]
A related type of modality isdynamic modality, which indicates a subject's internal capabilities or willingness as opposed to external factors such as permission or orders given.[4]
Deontic moods are a category ofgrammatical moods that are used to express deontic modality. An example for a deontic mood is theimperative ("Come!").
However, many languages (like English) have additional ways to express deontic modality, likemodal verbs ("Ishall help you.") and other verbs ("Ihope to come soon."), as well asadverbials (hopefully) and other constructions.
Esperanto has a mood formally called "volitive" which is also used for various directive uses, so it can be seen as a broader deontic mood. However, it is not used to express commissive modality. It is formed by adding-u to the verb stem, and it is used for orders and commands as well as for expressing will, desire, and purpose.[5]