| Demographics of Russia | |
|---|---|
 Population pyramid of Russia as of 1 January 2024 | |
| Population |  143,500,00 (January 2025)[1] |
| Growth rate | -0.38% (2022)[2] |
| Birth rate | 8.4 births/1,000 population (2024)[3] |
| Death rate |  12.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024) |
| Life expectancy |  73 years (2023)[4] |
| • male | 68 years (2023)[5] |
| • female |  79 years (2023)[6] |
| Fertility rate | 1.41 (2024)[7] |
| Infant mortality rate | 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020)[8] |
| Net migration rate | 0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)[8] |
| Age structure | |
| Under 18 years | ~23.21%[9] |
| 18–44 years | ~34.73%[9] |
| 45–64 years | 26.55%[9] |
| 65 and over | 15.6%[9] |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 0.86 male(s)/female (2009) |
| At birth | 1.06 male(s)/female |
| Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818) |
| 15–64 years | 0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967) |
| 65 and over | 0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896) |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | noun: Russian(s)adjective: Russian |
| Major ethnic | Russians (71.73%)[10][11] |
| Minor ethnic | |
| Language | |
| Official | Russian |
| Spoken | Languages of Russia |
Russia has an estimated population of 146.0 million as of 1 January 2025,[1] down from 147.2 million recorded in the2021 census.[12] It is themost populous country in Europe, and theninth-most populous country in the world. Russia has apopulation density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (22 inhabitants/sq mi),[13] with its overalllife expectancy being 73 years (68 years for males and 79 years for females) as of 2023[update].[4][5][6] Thetotal fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.41 children born per woman as of 2024[update],[14] which is in line with theEuropean average.[15] but below thereplacement rate of 2.1. It has one of theoldest populations in the world, with a median age of 41.9 years.[16]
By the end of 2024, the natural decline of the Russian population amounted to 596.2 thousand people, according to published data from Rosstat. Compared to the end of 2023, the indicator increased by 20.4% (from 495.3 thousand).[17]
From 1992 to 2012, and again since 2016, Russia'sdeath rate has exceeded itsbirth rate, which has been called ademographic crisis by analysts.[18][needs update] In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; during the mid-2010s, Russia had seen increased population growth due to decliningdeath rates, increasedbirth rates and increased immigration.[19] Between 2020 and 2021, Russia's population had undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history, due to excess deaths from theCOVID-19 pandemic.[20]
Russia is amultinational state,[21] home to over193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2021 Census, nearly 72% of the population were ethnicRussians and approximately 19% of the population were ethnic minorities such as theTurkic people.[fn 1][22] According to the United Nations, Russia'simmigrant population is the world's third largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of whom are from otherpost-Soviet states.[23]
Demographic statistics according to the latest Rosstat vital statistics[24] and the World Population Review in 2019.[25]
After having peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, the population then decreased, falling to 142,737,196 by 2008.[27] Russia has become increasingly reliant on immigration to maintain its population; 2021 had the highest net immigration since 1994,[28] despite which there was a small overall decline from 146.1 million to 145.4 million in 2021, the largest decline in over a decade.[29]
Thenatural population had declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021 (the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths over a period).[30] The natural death rate in January 2020, 2021, and 2022 have each been nearly double the natural birth rate.[31]
Following theRussian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[32] as the country has suffered highmilitary fatalities while facing renewedhuman capital flight andbrain drain caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts.[33] In 2022, tens of thousands of tech workers left Russia.[34][35] In 2024, the website of the science journalScience indicated that Russia has seen a multi-year brain drain in the science profession and that salaries are decreasing in the Russian scientific community.[36] Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.[37] Although, a large part of the emigrants have returned home to Russia in a continuing process.[38]
In March 2023,The Economist reported that "Over the past three years the country has lost around 2 million more people than it would ordinarily have done, as a result of war [in Ukraine],disease andexodus."[39]
The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population will be 120 million in 50 years, a decline of about 17%.[40][39] In January 2024, the Russian statistics agencyRosstat predicted that Russia's population could drop to 130 million by 2046.[41]
Between 1993 and 2008 there was a greatdecrease in the country's population from 148 to 143 million.[43] There was a huge 50% decrease in the number of births per year from 2.5 million in 1987 to 1.2 million since 1997, but the current 1.42 fertility rate is still higher than that of the 1990s.[43]
At the beginning of 2022, 320,400 babies were born between January and March, 16,600 fewer than January–March 2021. There were nearly twice as many deaths (584,700) as births.[43] The crude birth rate – 8.9 per 100,000 inhabitants – was the lowest since the year 2000.[43]
Russia has a low fertility rate with 1.42 children per woman in 2022, below 2.1 children per woman, which must be the number reached to maintain its population.[43] As a result of their low fertility for decades, the Russian population is one of the oldest in the world with an average of 40.3 years.[43]
Thetotal fertility rate is the number of children born to each woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources:Our World In Data andGapminder Foundation.[44]
In many of the years from 1843 to 1917, Russia had the highest total fertility rate in the world.[44] These elevated fertility rates did not lead to population growth due to high mortality rate, the casualties of the Russian Revolution, the two world wars and to a lesser extent the political killings.[citation needed]
| TFR | Years | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1840 | 1841 | 1842 | 1843 | 1844 | 1845 | 1846 | 1847 | 1848 | 1849[44] | |
| 7 | 7 | 7 | 7.01 | 7.02 | 7.03 | 7.05 | 7.06 | 7.08 | 7.08 | |
| 1850 | 1851 | 1852 | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859[44] | |
| 7.07 | 7.07 | 7.07 | 7.06 | 7.05 | 7.03 | 7.01 | 7 | 6.98 | 6.97 | |
| 1860 | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869[44] | |
| 6.95 | 6.93 | 6.95 | 6.96 | 6.98 | 6.99 | 7.01 | 7.02 | 6.51 | 6.87 | |
| 1870 | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 | 1876 | 1877 | 1878 | 1879[44] | |
| 6.74 | 7.03 | 6.85 | 7.24 | 7.17 | 7.15 | 7.02 | 6.87 | 6.58 | 6.98 | |
| 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889[44] | |
| 6.8 | 6.66 | 7.03 | 6.89 | 6.83 | 6.74 | 6.47 | 6.61 | 6.96 | 6.8 | |
| 1890 | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899[44] | |
| 6.71 | 7.44 | 6.57 | 7.17 | 7.18 | 7.34 | 7.43 | 7.52 | 7.28 | 7.36 | |
| 1900 | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909[44] | |
| 7.36 | 7.2 | 7.36 | 7.2 | 7.24 | 6.72 | 7.04 | 7.08 | 7.44 | 7.12 | |
| 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919[44] | |
| 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 6.96 | 6.88 | 3.36 | 5.2 | 5.04 | 5.72 | 3.44 | |
| 1920 | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926[44] | ||||
| 6.72 | 4.72 | 6 | 6.48 | 6.72 | 6.8 | 6.72 | ||||
| Years | 1941 | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945[44] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.60 | 2.96 | 1.68 | 1.72 | 1.92 |
| Years | 1801–1810 | 1811–1820 | 1821–1830 | 1831–1840 | 1841–1850 | 1851–1860[45] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude birth rates of Russia | 43.7 | 40.0 | 42.7 | 45.6 | 49.7 | 52.4 |
| Years | 1861–1870 | 1871–1880 | 1881–1890 | 1891–1900 | 1901–1910 | 1911–1914 | 18th century (only Orthodox) | 1801–1860 (only Orthodox)[45] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude birth rates of Russia | 50.3 | 50.4 | 50.4 | 49.2 | 46.8 | 43.9 | 51.0 | 50.0 | - |
_on_01_January%2c_1927.png)
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 66,264,910 | 76,936,820 | 143,201,730 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 4,377,526 | 4,155,682 | 8,533,208 | 5.97 |
| 5–9 | 3,762,806 | 3,588,032 | 7,350,838 | 5.13 |
| 10–14 | 3,396,364 | 3,231,761 | 6,628,125 | 4.63 |
| 15–19 | 3,776,026 | 3,615,840 | 7,391,866 | 5.16 |
| 20–24 | 5,708,187 | 5,515,543 | 11,223,730 | 7.84 |
| 25–29 | 6,262,379 | 6,179,628 | 12,442,007 | 8.69 |
| 30–34 | 5,583,513 | 5,647,636 | 11,231,149 | 7.84 |
| 35–39 | 5,087,565 | 5,331,818 | 10,419,383 | 7.28 |
| 40–44 | 4,589,504 | 4,861,983 | 9,451,487 | 6.60 |
| 45–49 | 4,632,279 | 5,151,813 | 9,784,092 | 6.83 |
| 50–54 | 5,279,364 | 6,219,077 | 11,498,441 | 8.03 |
| 55–59 | 4,480,855 | 5,817,559 | 10,298,414 | 7.19 |
| 60–64 | 3,523,990 | 5,010,867 | 8,534,857 | 5.96 |
| 65–69 | 1,602,839 | 2,571,671 | 4,174,510 | 2.92 |
| 70–74 | 1,989,724 | 3,975,348 | 5,965,072 | 4.17 |
| 75–79 | 1,179,476 | 2,709,384 | 3,888,860 | 2.72 |
| 80–84 | 722 151 | 2,073,803 | 2,795,954 | 1.95 |
| 85–89 | 253 028 | 1,008,627 | 1,261,655 | 0.88 |
| 90–94 | 46 736 | 219 427 | 266 163 | 0.19 |
| 95–99 | 8 634 | 43 988 | 52 622 | 0.04 |
| 100+ | 1 964 | 7 333 | 9 297 | 0.01 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 11,536,696 | 10,975,475 | 22,512,171 | 15.72 |
| 15–64 | 48,923,662 | 53,351,764 | 102,275,426 | 71.42 |
| 65+ | 5,804,552 | 12,609,581 | 18,414,133 | 12.86 |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 9,000,000 | — |
| 1000 | 9,000,000 | +0.00% |
| 1200 | 14,500,000 | +0.24% |
| 1500 | 14,700,000 | +0.00% |
| 1600 | 18,000,000 | +0.20% |
| 1700 | 18,000,000 | +0.00% |
| 1800 | 25,000,000 | +0.33% |
| 1900 | 73,000,000 | +1.08% |
| 1926 | 93,000,000 | +0.94% |
| 1930 | 100,000,000 | +1.83% |
| 1960 | 119,000,000 | +0.58% |
| 1970 | 130,079,000 | +0.89% |
| 1979 | 137,552,000 | +0.62% |
| 1989 | 147,386,000 | +0.69% |
| 2000 | 146,597,000 | −0.05% |
| 2010 | 142,849,000 | −0.26% |
| 2021 | 144,700,000 | +0.12% |
| Source:[47][48][49][failed verification][50] | ||
_-diff.png)
Infant mortality rate
Notable events in Russian demographics:
| Average population[51] | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Crude death rate (per 1,000) | Natural change (per 1,000) | Crude migration change (per 1,000) | Total Fertility Rates | Life expectancy | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| male | female | |||||||||||
| 1927 | 94,596,000 | 4,688,000 | 2,705,000 | 1,983,000 | 49.6 | 28.6 | 21.0 | 0.8 | 6.73 | 33.7 | 37.9 | |
| 1928 | 96,654,000 | 4,723,000 | 2,589,000 | 2,134,000 | 48.9 | 26.8 | 22.1 | -1.5 | 6.56 | 35.9 | 40.4 | |
| 1929 | 98,644,000 | 4,633,000 | 2,819,000 | 1,814,000 | 47.0 | 28.6 | 18.4 | -0.4 | 6.23 | 33.7 | 38.2 | |
| 1930 | 100,419,000 | 4,413,000 | 2,738,000 | 1,675,000 | 43.9 | 27.3 | 16.7 | -1.5 | 5.83 | 34.6 | 38.7 | |
| 1931 | 101,948,000 | 4,412,000 | 3,090,000 | 1,322,000 | 43.3 | 30.3 | 13.0 | -1.3 | 5.63 | 30.7 | 35.5 | |
| 1932 | 103,136,000 | 4,058,000 | 3,077,000 | 981,000 | 39.3 | 29.8 | 9.5 | -5.1 | 5.09 | 30.5 | 35.7 | |
| 1933 | 102,706,000 | 3,313,000 | 5,239,000 | −1,926,000 | 32.3 | 51.0 | −18.8 | 20.9 | 4.15 | 15.2 | 19.5 | |
| 1934 | 102,922,000 | 2,923,000 | 2,659,000 | 264,000 | 28.7 | 26.1 | 2.6 | -2.6 | 3.57 | 30.5 | 35.7 | |
| 1935 | 102,684,000 | 3,577,000 | 2,421,000 | 1,156,000 | 34.8 | 23.6 | 11.3 | 0.6 | 4.31 | 33.1 | 38.4 | |
| 1936 | 103,904,000 | 3,899,000 | 2,719,000 | 1,180,000 | 37.5 | 26.2 | 11.4 | 2.6 | 4.54 | 30.4 | 35.7 | |
| 1937 | 105,358,000 | 4,377,000 | 2,760,000 | 1,617,000 | 41.5 | 26.2 | 15.3 | 0.7 | 5.08 | 30.5 | 40.0 | |
| 1938 | 107,044,000 | 4,379,000 | 2,739,000 | 1,640,000 | 40.9 | 25.6 | 15.3 | 0.9 | 4.99 | 31.7 | 42.5 | |
| 1939 | 108,785,000 | 4,329,000 | 2,600,000 | 1,729,000 | 39.8 | 23.9 | 15.9 | -1.7 | 4.91 | 34.9 | 42.6 | |
| 1940 | 110,333,000 | 3,814,000 | 2,561,000 | 1,253,000 | 34.6 | 23.2 | 11.4 | 4.26 | 35.7 | 41.9 | ||
Notable events in Russian demographics:
| Total average population (1 January 1993 onwards) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Crude death rate (per 1,000) | Natural change (per 1,000) | Crude migration change (per 1,000) | Total Fertility Rates[fn 2] | Fertility | Life Expectancy | Abortions reported (including miscarriages) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| urban | rural | male | female | total | |||||||||||
| 1946 | 98,028,000 | 2,546,000 | 1,210,000 | 1,336,000 | 26.0 | 12.3 | 13.6 | -5.4 | 2.81 | 46.6 | 55.3 | ||||
| 1947 | 98,834,000 | 2,715,000 | 1,680,000 | 1,035,000 | 27.5 | 17.0 | 10.5 | -1.7 | 2.94 | 39.9 | 49.8 | ||||
| 1948 | 99,706,000 | 2,516,000 | 1,310,000 | 1,206,000 | 25.2 | 13.1 | 12.1 | 2.5 | 2.60 | 47.0 | 56.0 | ||||
| 1949 | 101,160,000 | 3,089,000 | 1,187,000 | 1,902,000 | 30.5 | 11.7 | 18.8 | -2.3 | 3.21 | 51.0 | 59.8 | ||||
| 1950 | 102,833,000 | 2,859,000 | 1,180,000 | 1,679,000 | 27.8 | 11.5 | 16.3 | -0.7 | 2.89 | 52.3 | 61.0 | ||||
| 1951 | 104,439,000 | 2,938,000 | 1,210,000 | 1,728,000 | 28.1 | 11.6 | 16.5 | 0 | 2.92 | 52.3 | 60.6 | ||||
| 1952 | 106,164,000 | 2,928,000 | 1,138,000 | 1,790,000 | 27.6 | 10.7 | 16.9 | -1.2 | 2.87 | 54.6 | 62.9 | ||||
| 1953 | 107,828,000 | 2,822,000 | 1,118,000 | 1,704,000 | 26.2 | 10.4 | 15.8 | 1.0 | 2.73 | 55.5 | 63.9 | ||||
| 1954 | 109,643,000 | 3,048,000 | 1,133,000 | 1,915,000 | 27.8 | 10.3 | 17.5 | 0.1 | 2.97 | 55.9 | 64.1 | ||||
| 1955 | 111,572,000 | 2,942,000 | 1,037,000 | 1,905,000 | 26.4 | 9.3 | 17.1 | -1.4 | 2.82 | 58.3 | 66.6 | ||||
| 1956 | 113,327,000 | 2,827,000 | 956,000 | 1,871,000 | 24.9 | 8.4 | 16.5 | -1.4 | 2.73 | 60.1 | 68.8 | ||||
| 1957 | 115,035,000 | 2,880,000 | 1,017,000 | 1,863,000 | 25.0 | 8.8 | 16.2 | -1.3 | 2.75 | 59.7 | 68.4 | 3,407,398 | |||
| 1958 | 116,749,000 | 2,861,000 | 931,000 | 1,930,000 | 24.5 | 8.0 | 16.5 | -3.2 | 2.69 | 61.8 | 70.4 | 3,939,362 | |||
| 1959 | 118,307,000 | 2,796,228 | 920,225 | 1,876,003 | 23.6 | 7.8 | 15.9 | -2.4 | 2.58 | 2.03 | 3.34 | 62.84 | 71.14 | 67.65 | 4,174,111 |
| 1960 | 119,906,000 | 2,782,353 | 886,090 | 1,896,263 | 23.2 | 7.4 | 15.8 | -1.8 | 2.56 | 2.06 | 3.26 | 63.67 | 72.31 | 68.67 | 4,373,042 |
| 1961 | 121,586,000 | 2,662,135 | 901,637 | 1,760,498 | 21.9 | 7.4 | 14.5 | -1.8 | 2.47 | 2.04 | 3.08 | 63.91 | 72.63 | 68.92 | 4,759,040 |
| 1962 | 123,128,000 | 2,482,539 | 949,648 | 1,532,891 | 20.2 | 7.7 | 12.4 | -1.1 | 2.36 | 1.98 | 2.92 | 63.67 | 72.27 | 68.58 | 4,925,124 |
| 1963 | 124,514,000 | 2,331,505 | 932,055 | 1,399,450 | 18.7 | 7.5 | 11.2 | -1.3 | 2.31 | 1.93 | 2.87 | 64.12 | 72.78 | 69.05 | 5,134,100 |
| 1964 | 125,744,000 | 2,121,994 | 901,751 | 1,220,243 | 16.9 | 7.2 | 9.7 | -1.7 | 2.19 | 1.88 | 2.66 | 64.89 | 73.58 | 69.85 | 5,376,200 |
| 1965 | 126,749,000 | 1,990,520 | 958,789 | 1,031,731 | 15.7 | 7.6 | 8.1 | -1.3 | 2.14 | 1.82 | 2.58 | 64.37 | 73.33 | 69.44 | 5,463,300 |
| 1966 | 127,608,000 | 1,957,763 | 974,299 | 983,464 | 15.3 | 7.6 | 7.7 | -1.8 | 2.13 | 1.85 | 2.58 | 64.29 | 73.55 | 69.51 | 5,322,500 |
| 1967 | 128,361,000 | 1,851,041 | 1,017,034 | 834,007 | 14.4 | 7.9 | 6.5 | -1.2 | 2.03 | 1.79 | 2.46 | 64.02 | 73.43 | 69.30 | 5,005,000 |
| 1968 | 129,037,000 | 1,816,509 | 1,040,096 | 776,413 | 14.1 | 8.1 | 6.0 | -1.2 | 1.98 | 1.75 | 2.44 | 63.73 | 73.56 | 69.26 | 4,872,900 |
| 1969 | 129,660,000 | 1,847,592 | 1,106,640 | 740,952 | 14.2 | 8.5 | 5.7 | -1.1 | 1.99 | 1.78 | 2.44 | 63.07 | 73.29 | 68.74 | 4,751,100 |
| 1970 | 130,252,000 | 1,903,713 | 1,131,183 | 772,530 | 14.6 | 8.7 | 5.9 | -0.7 | 2.00 | 1.77 | 2.52 | 63.07 | 73.44 | 68.86 | 4,837,700 |
| 1971 | 130,934,000 | 1,974,637 | 1,143,359 | 831,278 | 15.1 | 8.7 | 6.3 | -0.5 | 2.02 | 1.80 | 2.60 | 63.24 | 73.77 | 69.12 | 4,838,749 |
| 1972 | 131,687,000 | 2,014,638 | 1,181,802 | 832,836 | 15.3 | 9.0 | 6.3 | -0.6 | 2.03 | 1.81 | 2.59 | 63.24 | 73.62 | 69.02 | 4,765,900 |
| 1973 | 132,434,000 | 1,994,621 | 1,214,204 | 780,417 | 15.1 | 9.2 | 5.9 | 0 | 1.96 | 1.75 | 2.55 | 63.28 | 73.56 | 69.00 | 4,747,037 |
| 1974 | 133,217,000 | 2,079,812 | 1,222,495 | 857,317 | 15.6 | 9.2 | 6.4 | 0.2 | 2.00 | 1.78 | 2.63 | 63.12 | 73.77 | 68.99 | 4,674,050 |
| 1975 | 134,092,000 | 2,106,147 | 1,309,710 | 796,437 | 15.7 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 1.97 | 1.76 | 2.64 | 62.48 | 73.23 | 68.35 | 4,670,700 |
| 1976 | 135,026,000 | 2,146,711 | 1,352,950 | 793,761 | 15.9 | 10.0 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 1.96 | 1.74 | 2.62 | 62.19 | 73.04 | 68.10 | 4,757,055 |
| 1977 | 135,979,000 | 2,156,724 | 1,387,986 | 768,738 | 15.9 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 1.2 | 1.92 | 1.72 | 2.58 | 61.82 | 73.19 | 67.97 | 4,686,063 |
| 1978 | 136,922,000 | 2,179,030 | 1,417,377 | 761,653 | 15.9 | 10.4 | 5.6 | 0.5 | 1.90 | 1.70 | 2.55 | 61.83 | 73.23 | 68.01 | 4,656,057 |
| 1979 | 137,758,000 | 2,178,542 | 1,490,057 | 688,485 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 1.87 | 1.67 | 2.54 | 61.49 | 73.02 | 67.73 | 4,544,040 |
| 1980 | 138,483,000 | 2,202,779 | 1,525,755 | 677,024 | 15.9 | 11.0 | 4.9 | 0.4 | 1.87 | 1.68 | 2.51 | 61.38 | 72.96 | 67.70 | 4,506,249 |
| 1981 | 139,221,000 | 2,236,608 | 1,524,286 | 712,322 | 16.1 | 10.9 | 5.1 | 1.0 | 1.88 | 1.69 | 2.55 | 61.61 | 73.18 | 67.92 | 4,400,676 |
| 1982 | 140,067,420 | 2,328,044 | 1,504,200 | 823,844 | 16.6 | 10.7 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 1.96 | 1.76 | 2.63 | 62.24 | 73.64 | 68.38 | 4,462,825 |
| 1983 | 141,056,000 | 2,478,322 | 1,563,995 | 914,327 | 17.6 | 11.1 | 6.5 | 0.6 | 2.11 | 1.89 | 2.76 | 62.15 | 73.41 | 68.15 | 4,317,729 |
| 1984 | 142,061,000 | 2,409,614 | 1,650,866 | 758,748 | 17.0 | 11.6 | 5.3 | 1.5 | 2.06 | 1.86 | 2.69 | 61.71 | 72.96 | 67.67 | 4,361,959 |
| 1985 | 143,033,000 | 2,375,147 | 1,625,266 | 749,881 | 16.6 | 11.4 | 5.2 | 2.7 | 2.05 | 1.87 | 2.68 | 62.72 | 73.23 | 68.33 | 4,552,443 |
| 1986 | 144,156,000 | 2,485,915 | 1,497,975 | 987,940 | 17.2 | 10.4 | 6.9 | 1.0 | 2.18 | 1.98 | 2.83 | 64.77 | 74.22 | 69.95 | 4,579,400 |
| 1987 | 145,386,000 | 2,499,974 | 1,531,585 | 968,389 | 17.2 | 10.5 | 6.7 | 1.0 | 2.22 | 1.974 | 3.187 | 64.83 | 74.26 | 69.96 | 4,385,627 |
| 1988 | 146,505,000 | 2,348,494 | 1,569,112 | 779,382 | 16.0 | 10.7 | 5.3 | 0.4 | 2.13 | 1.90 | 3.06 | 64.61 | 74.25 | 69.81 | 4,608,953 |
| 1989 | 147,342,000 | 2,160,559 | 1,583,743 | 576,816 | 14.7 | 10.7 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 2.01 | 1.83 | 2.63 | 64.20 | 74.50 | 69.73 | 4,427,713 |
| 1990 | 147,969,000 | 1,988,858 | 1,655,993 | 332,865 | 13.4 | 11.2 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 1.892 | 1.698 | 2.600 | 63.76 | 74.32 | 69.36 | 4,103,425 |
| 1991 | 148,394,000 | 1,794,626 | 1,690,657 | 103,969 | 12.1 | 11.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.732 | 1.531 | 2.447 | 63.41 | 74.23 | 69.11 | 3,608,421 |
| 1992 | 148,538,000 | 1,587,644 | 1,807,441 | -219,797 | 10.7 | 12.2 | -1.5 | 1.7 | 1.547 | 1.351 | 2.219 | 61.96 | 73.71 | 67.98 | 3,436,695 |
| 1993 | 148,561,694 | 1,378,983 | 2,129,339 | -750,356 | 9.3 | 14.3 | -5.1 | 3.7 | 1.369 | 1.200 | 1.946 | 58.80 | 71.85 | 65.24 | 3,243,957 |
| 1994 | 148,355,867 | 1,408,159 | 2,301,366 | -893,207 | 9.5 | 15.5 | -6.0 | 6.7 | 1.394 | 1.238 | 1.917 | 57.38 | 71.07 | 63.93 | 3,060,237 |
| 1995 | 148,459,937 | 1,363,806 | 2,203,811 | -840,005 | 9.2 | 14.9 | -5.7 | 4.6 | 1.337 | 1.193 | 1.813 | 58.11 | 71.60 | 64.62 | 2,766,362 |
| 1996 | 148,291,638 | 1,304,638 | 2,082,249 | -777,611 | 8.8 | 14.1 | -5.2 | 3.4 | 1.270 | 1.140 | 1.705 | 59.61 | 72.41 | 65.89 | 2,652,038 |
| 1997 | 148,028,613 | 1,259,943 | 2,015,779 | -755,836 | 8.5 | 13.6 | -5.1 | 3.6 | 1.218 | 1.097 | 1.624 | 60.84 | 72.85 | 66.79 | 2,498,716 |
| 1998 | 147,802,133 | 1,283,292 | 1,988,744 | -705,452 | 8.7 | 13.5 | -4.8 | 3.0 | 1.232 | 1.109 | 1.643 | 61.19 | 73.12 | 67.14 | 2,346,138 |
| 1999 | 147,539,426 | 1,214,689 | 2,144,316 | -929,627 | 8.3 | 14.6 | -6.3 | 1.9 | 1.157 | 1.045 | 1.534 | 59.86 | 72.42 | 65.99 | 2,181,153 |
| 2000 | 146,890,128 | 1,266,800 | 2,225,332 | -958,532 | 8.6 | 15.2 | -6.5 | 2.5 | 1.195 | 1.089 | 1.554 | 58.99 | 72.25 | 65.38 | 2,138,800 |
| 2001 | 146,303,611 | 1,311,604 | 2,254,856 | -943,252 | 9.0 | 15.4 | -6.5 | 2.0 | 1.223 | 1.124 | 1.564 | 58.88 | 72.16 | 65.30 | 2,114,700 |
| 2002 | 145,649,334 | 1,396,967 | 2,332,272 | -935,305 | 9.6 | 16.1 | -6.4 | 1.7 | 1.286 | 1.189 | 1.633 | 58.68 | 71.90 | 64.95 | 1,944,481 |
| 2003 | 144,963,650 | 1,477,301 | 2,365,826 | -888,525 | 10.2 | 16.4 | -6.1 | 1.8 | 1.319 | 1.223 | 1.666 | 58.53 | 71.85 | 64.84 | 1,864,647 |
| 2004 | 144,333,586 | 1,502,477 | 2,295,402 | -792,925 | 10.4 | 15.9 | -5.5 | 1.8 | 1.344 | 1.253 | 1.654 | 58.91 | 72.36 | 65.31 | 1,797,567 |
| 2005 | 143,801,046 | 1,457,376 | 2,303,935 | -846,559 | 10.2 | 16.1 | -5.9 | 2.0 | 1.294 | 1.207 | 1.576 | 58.92 | 72.47 | 65.37 | 1,675,693 |
| 2006 | 143,236,582 | 1,479,637 | 2,166,703 | -687,066 | 10.3 | 15.1 | -4.8 | 2.2 | 1.305 | 1.210 | 1.601 | 60.43 | 73.34 | 66.69 | 1,582,398 |
| 2007 | 142,862,692 | 1,610,122 | 2,080,445 | -470,323 | 11.3 | 14.6 | -3.3 | 2.5 | 1.416 | 1.294 | 1.798 | 61.46 | 74.02 | 67.61 | 1,479,010 |
| 2008 | 142,747,535 | 1,713,947 | 2,075,954 | -362,007 | 12.0 | 14.5 | -2.6 | 2.5 | 1.502 | 1.372 | 1.912 | 61.92 | 74.28 | 67.99 | 1,385,600 |
| 2009 | 142,737,196 | 1,761,687 | 2,010,543 | -248,856 | 12.3 | 14.1 | -1.7 | 2.4 | 1.542 | 1.415 | 1.941 | 62.87 | 74.79 | 68.78 | 1,292,389 |
| 2010 | 142,833,502 | 1,788,948 | 2,028,516 | -239,568 | 12.5 | 14.2 | -1.7 | 1.9 | 1.567 | 1.439 | 1.983 | 63.09 | 74.88 | 68.94 | 1,186,108 |
| 2011 | 142,865,433 | 1,796,629 | 1,925,720 | -129,091 | 12.6 | 13.5 | -0.9 | 2.2 | 1.582 | 1.442 | 2.056 | 64.04 | 75.61 | 69.83 | 1,124,880 |
| 2012 | 143,170,950 | 1,902,084 | 1,906,335 | -4,251 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 1.691 | 1.541 | 2.215 | 64.56 | 75.86 | 70.24 | 1,063,982 |
| 2013 | 143,585,935 | 1,895,822 | 1,871,809 | 24,013 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 1.707 | 1.551 | 2.264 | 65.14 | 76.31 | 70.77 | 1,012,399 |
| 2014[a] | 144,025,334 | 1,942,683 | 1,912,347 | 30,336 | 13.3 | 13.0 | 0.3 | 17.8 | 1.750 | 1.588 | 2.318 | 65.29 | 76.49 | 70.93 | 929,963 |
| 2015 | 146,743,989 | 1,940,579 | 1,908,541 | 32,038 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 1.777 | 1.678 | 2.111 | 65.92 | 76.71 | 71.39 | 848,180 |
| 2016 | 147,182,316 | 1,888,729 | 1,891,015 | -2,286 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.762 | 1.672 | 2.056 | 66.50 | 77.06 | 71.87 | 836,611 |
| 2017 | 147,580,009 | 1,690,307 | 1,826,125 | -135,818 | 11.5 | 12.4 | -0.9 | 1.4 | 1.621 | 1.527 | 1.923 | 67.51 | 77.64 | 72.70 | 779,848 |
| 2018 | 147,797,071 | 1,604,344 | 1,828,910 | -224,566 | 10.9 | 12.5 | -1.6 | 0.9 | 1.579 | 1.489 | 1.870 | 67.75 | 77.81 | 72.91 | 661,045 |
| 2019 | 147,840,696 | 1,481,074 | 1,798,307 | -317,233 | 10.1 | 12.3 | -2.2 | 2.0 | 1.504 | 1.427 | 1.754 | 68.24 | 78.17 | 73.34 | 621,652 |
| 2020 | 147,959,284 | 1,436,514 | 2,138,586 | -702,072 | 9.8 | 14.6 | -4.8 | 0.6 | 1.505 | 1.433 | 1.739 | 66.49 | 76.43 | 71.54 | 553,500 |
| 2021 | 147,455,745 | 1,398,253 | 2,441,594 | -1,043,341 | 9.6 | 16.8 | -7.2 | 3.0 | 1.505 | 1.436 | 1.734 | 65.51 | 74.51 | 70.06 | 490,419 |
| 2022 | 146,980,061 | 1,304,087 | 1,898,644 | -594,557 | 8.9 | 13.0 | -4.1 | 10.0 | 1.416 | 1.36 | 1.59 | 67.60 | 77.79 | 72.76 | 395,201 |
| 2023 | 146,447,424 | 1,264,354 | 1,764,618 | -500,264 | 8.6 | 12.1 | -3.5 | 2.8 | 1.410 | 68.04 | 78.74 | 73.41 | |||
| 2024 | 146,150,789 | 1,222,408 | 1,818,635 | -596,227 | 8.4 | 12.5 | -4.1 | 2.9 | 1.400 | 72.84 | |||||
| 2025 | 146,028,325 | ||||||||||||||
| Urban live births | Urban deaths | Urban natural change | Urban crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Urban crude death rate (per 1,000) | Urban natural change (per 1,000) | Rural live births | Rural deaths | Rural natural change | Rural crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Rural crude death rate (per 1,000) | Rural natural change (per 1,000) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 1,171,250 | 436,792 | 734,458 | 26.1 | 9.7 | 16.4 | 1,574,747 | 594,218 | 980,529 | 27.5 | 10.4 | 17.1 |
| 1960 | 1,332,812 | 436,709 | 896,103 | 20.4 | 6.7 | 13.7 | 1,449,541 | 449,831 | 1,000,160 | 26.5 | 8.2 | 18.3 |
| 1970 | 1,205,207 | 646,129 | 559,078 | 14.8 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 698,506 | 485,054 | 213,452 | 14.3 | 10.0 | 4.3 |
| 1980 | 1,535,723 | 970,256 | 565,467 | 15.8 | 10.0 | 5.8 | 667,056 | 555,499 | 111,557 | 16.1 | 13.4 | 2.7 |
| 1990 | 1,386,247 | 1,140,613 | 245,634 | 12.7 | 10.5 | 2.2 | 602,611 | 515,380 | 87,231 | 15.5 | 13.2 | 2.3 |
| 1995 | 933,460 | 1,554,182 | −620,722 | 8.7 | 14.4 | −5.7 | 430,346 | 649,269 | −219,283 | 10.9 | 16.5 | −5.6 |
| 2000 | 886,908 | 1,564,034 | −677,126 | 8.3 | 14.6 | −6.3 | 379,892 | 661,298 | −281,406 | 9.8 | 17.1 | −7.3 |
| 2001 | 928,642 | 1,592,254 | −663,612 | 8.7 | 14.9 | −6.2 | 382,962 | 662,602 | −279,640 | 10.0 | 17.3 | −7.3 |
| 2002 | 998,056 | 1,638,822 | −640,766 | 9.4 | 15.4 | −6.0 | 398,911 | 693,450 | −294,539 | 10.5 | 18.2 | −7.7 |
| 2003 | 1,050,565 | 1,657,569 | −607,004 | 9.9 | 15.6 | −5.7 | 426,736 | 708,257 | −281,521 | 11.1 | 18.4 | −7.3 |
| 2004 | 1,074,247 | 1,606,894 | −532,647 | 10.1 | 15.2 | −5.1 | 428,230 | 688,508 | −260,278 | 11.2 | 18.1 | −6.9 |
| 2005 | 1,036,870 | 1,595,762 | −558,892 | 9.8 | 15.1 | −5.3 | 420,506 | 708,173 | −287,667 | 11.0 | 18.6 | −7.6 |
| 2006 | 1,044,540 | 1,501,245 | −456,705 | 10.0 | 14.3 | −4.3 | 435,097 | 665,458 | −230,361 | 11.4 | 17.4 | −6.0 |
| 2007 | 1,120,741 | 1,445,411 | −324,670 | 10.7 | 13.8 | −3.1 | 489,381 | 635,034 | −145,653 | 12.9 | 16.7 | −3.8 |
| 2008 | 1,194,820 | 1,443,529 | −248,709 | 11.4 | 13.8 | −2.4 | 519,127 | 632,425 | −113,298 | 13.7 | 16.7 | −3.0 |
| 2009 | 1,237,615 | 1,397,591 | −159,976 | 11.8 | 13.3 | −1.5 | 524,072 | 612,952 | −88,880 | 13.9 | 16.3 | −2.4 |
| 2010 | 1,263,893 | 1,421,734 | −157,841 | 12.0 | 13.5 | −1.5 | 520,055 | 606,782 | −81,727 | 14.0 | 16.1 | −2.1 |
| 2011 | 1,270,047 | 1,356,696 | −88,649 | 12.0 | 12.8 | −0.8 | 526,582 | 569,024 | −42,442 | 14.1 | 15.2 | −1.1 |
| 2012 | 1,355,674 | 1,353,635 | 2,039 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 0.0 | 546,410 | 552,700 | −6,290 | 14.7 | 14.8 | −0.1 |
| 2013 | 1,357,310 | 1,332,505 | 24,805 | 12.8 | 12.5 | 0.3 | 538,512 | 539,304 | −792 | 14.5 | 14.5 | −0.0 |
| 2014 | 1,394,860 | 1,362,810 | 32,050 | 12.9 | 12.6 | 0.3 | 547,823 | 549,537 | −1,714 | 14.4 | 14.5 | −0.1 |
| 2015 | 1,455,283 | 1,361,891 | 93,392 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 0.8 | 485,296 | 546,650 | −61,354 | 12.8 | 14.4 | −1.6 |
| 2016 | 1,426,591 | 1,354,944 | 71,597 | 13.1 | 12.4 | 0.7 | 462,138 | 536,071 | −73,933 | 12.2 | 14.2 | −2.0 |
| 2017 | 1,269,527 | 1,310,235 | −40,708 | 11.6 | 12.0 | −0.4 | 420,780 | 515,890 | −95,110 | 11.2 | 13.7 | −2.5 |
| 2018 | 1,205,231 | 1,317,703 | −112,472 | 11.0 | 12.0 | −1.0 | 399,113 | 511,207 | −112,094 | 10.6 | 13.6 | −3.0 |
| 2019 | 1,115,337 | 1,301,650 | −186,313 | 10.2 | 11.9 | −1.7 | 365,737 | 496,657 | −130,920 | 9.8 | 13.3 | −3.5 |
| 2020 | 1,079,887 | 1,568,773 | −488,886 | 9.9 | 14.4 | −4.5 | 356,627 | 569,813 | −213,186 | 9.6 | 15.3 | −5.7 |
| 2021 | 1,047,736 | 1,799,381 | −751,645 | 9.6 | 16.5 | −6.9 | 350,522 | 642,218 | −291,696 | 9.5 | 17.5 | −7.9 |
| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
|---|---|---|---|
| January—June 2024 | 599,600 | 921,100 | -321,500 |
| January—June 2025 | 574,500 | 929,400 | -354,900 |
| Difference | -25,100 (-4.19%) |  +8,300 (+0.90%) | –33,400 |
| Source:[62] | |||
All numbers for the Russian Federation in this section do not include the Ukrainian regions of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk and Luhansk,which Russia annexed in September 2022 and which are currently partly under Russian military control. The annexation is internationally recognized only byNorth Korea.
In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws.[citation needed] New citizenship rules introduced in April 2014 allowing eligible citizens from former Soviet republics to obtain Russian citizenship, have gained strong interest among Russian-speaking residents of those countries (i.e.Russians,Germans,Belarusians andUkrainians).[63][64]
There are an estimated four million undocumented immigrants from theex-Soviet states in Russia.[65] In 2012, theRussian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in undocumented migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia (Note that these were Temporary Contract Migrants)[66] Under legal changes made in 2012, undocumented immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.[67][68]
Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come fromUkraine,Uzbekistan,Tajikistan,Azerbaijan,Armenia,Kyrgyzstan,Moldova,Kazakhstan,Turkmenistan,Belarus, from poor areas of China, and fromVietnam andLaos.[69]
Temporarymigrant workers in Russia consists of about 7 million people. Most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia (mostly fromUzbekistan,Tajikistan andKyrgyzstan), theSouth Caucasus (mostly fromArmenia andAzerbaijan), and East Asia (mostly from poor areas of China, fromVietnam andLaos). Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primarily live in cities such as Moscow andMoscow Oblast,Saint Petersburg,Yekaterinburg,Novosibirsk,Kazan,Nijniy Novgorod,Vladivostok,Samara,Krasnodar,Ufa,Sochi,Khabarovsk,Krasnoyarsk,Chelyabinsk,Rostov on Don,Volgograd,Omsk,Tyumen,Voronezh,Perm and others. The mayor of Moscow said that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws.
The2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to considerableemigration, with over 300,000Russian citizens and residents estimated to have left Russia by mid-March 2022, at least 500,000 by the end of August 2022,[70] and an additional 400,000 by early October. The total number ofpolitical refugees,economic migrants, andconscientious objectors[71][72][73][74][75] is thought to be more than 900,000. In addition to evading criminal prosecution for opposing the invasion, and fear of being conscripted after PresidentVladimir Putin's 21 September 2022 announcement ofpartial mobilization, those fleeing voiced reasons such as disagreement with the war, the uselessness and cruelty of the war, sympathy for Ukraine, disagreement with the political roots of the war with Ukraine, the rejection of killing, and an assessment that Russia is no longer the place for their family.[76]
Russia has encouraged or even forced people in occupied or annexed regions to become Russian citizens, a procedure known aspassportization. This includes the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea of Ukraine,[77] as well as South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia.[78]
Russia's constitution guarantees free,universal health care for all Russian citizens, through a compulsory state health insurance program.[80] TheMinistry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. Federal regions also have their own departments of health that oversee local administration. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia.[81]
Russia spent 5.32% of its GDP on healthcare in 2018.[82] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations.[83] Russia has one of the world's most female-biasedsex ratios, with 0.859 males to every female with more older females than males prevailing,[16] due to its high malemortality rate in later age.[84] In 2019, the overalllife expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[85] and it had a very lowinfant mortality rate (5 per 1,000live births).[86]
The principal causes of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases.[87]Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016.[88] However, Russia's historically highalcohol consumption rate is the biggest health issue in the country,[89][90] as it remainsone of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade.[91]Smoking is another health issue in the country.[92] The country'shigh suicide rate, althoughon the decline,[93] remains a significant social issue.[94]
Russia had one of thehighest number of confirmed cases in the world. Analysis of excess deaths from official government demographic statistics, based on births and deaths and excluding migration, showed that Russia had its biggest ever annual population drop in peacetime, with the population declining by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021, which demographerAlexei Raksha interpreted as being primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[30]
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Russia is amultinational state, with many subnational entities associated with different minorities.[21] There are over193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2021 census, nearly 71.73% of the population identified as ethnicRussians (among those stating their ethnicity), and while approximately 19% of the total population identified with various ethnic minority groups.[95][96] The percentage of total Russian population that did not publicly indicate any ethnic identity in the census increased from 3.94% in 2010 to 11.27% in 2021.[97]
According to the2021 Russian census, the number of ethnic Russians decreased by nearly 5.43 million, from roughly 111 million people in 2010 to approximately 105.5 million in 2021.[98] In 2010, four-fifths of Russia's population originated from West of theUral Mountains — of which the vast majority wereSlavs,[99] with a substantial minority ofFinno-Ugric andGermanic peoples.[100][101]Turkic peoples form a large minority, and are spread around pockets across the vast nation.[102] Various distinct ethnic groupsalso inhabit the North Caucasus.[103] Other minorities includeMongolian peoples (Buryats andKalmyks),[104][105] theIndigenous peoples of Siberia,[106] ahistorical Jewish population,[107] and theKoryo-saram (includingSakhalin Koreans).[108]
According to the United Nations, Russia'simmigrant population was thethird-largest in the world as recently as 2016, numbering over 11.6 million;[23] most of which are frompost-Soviet states, mainly from Central Asia.[109] Due to a decline in immigrant population and increases in other countries, Russia has the tenth largest immigrant population with 7.6 million as of 2024.[110] There are22 republics in Russia, who have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 12 of them in 2021, ethnic Russiansconstitute a minority:
| Ethnic Russian-minority regions in Russia in 2021 | |
|---|---|
| Republic | ethnic Russians (%) |
 Bashkortostan | 37.5% |
 Chechnya | 1.2% |
 Chuvashia | 30.7% |
 Dagestan | 3.3% |
 Ingushetia | 0.7% |
 Kabardino-Balkaria | 19.8% |
 Kalmykia | 25.7% |
 Karachay-Cherkessia | 27.5% |
 North Ossetia–Alania | 18.9% |
 Sakha (Yakutia) | 32.6% |
 Tatarstan | 40.3% |
 Tuva | 10.1% |
.png)
Russian is theofficial and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. It is the most spokennative language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spokenSlavic language.[113] Russian is the fifth-most used language on the Internet,[114] and is one of two official languages aboard theInternational Space Station,[115] as well as one of the sixofficial languages of the United Nations.[113]
Russia is amultilingual nation; approximately 100–150 minority languages are spoken across the country.[116][117] According to theRussian Census of 2002, 142.6 million across the country spoke Russian, 5.3 million spokeTatar, and 1.8 million spokeUkrainian.[118] The constitution allows the country's individual republics the right toestablish their own state languages in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.[119] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining.[120][121]
Russia is asecular state by constitution, and its largest religion isChristianity. It has the world'slargest Orthodox population.[124][125] As of different sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% and over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to theRussian Orthodox Church.[126][127][128] Other branches of Christianity present in Russia includeCatholicism (approx. 1%),Baptists,Pentecostals,Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) andOld Believers.[129][130] There is some presence of Judaism,Buddhism, andHinduism; pagan beliefs are also present to some extent in remote areas, sometimessyncretized with one of the mainstream religions.
In 2017, a survey made by thePew Research Center showed that 73% of Russians declared themselves as Christians—out of which 71% wereOrthodox, 1% wereCatholic, and 2% were Other Christians, while 15% wereunaffiliated, 10% wereMuslims, and 1% followed other religions.[131] According to various reports, the proportion ofAtheists in Russia is between 16% and 48% of the population.[132]
Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and it is the traditional religion among mostpeoples of the North Caucasus, and among someTurkic peoples scattered along theVolga-Ural region.[133]Buddhists have a sizable population in three Siberian republics:Buryatia,Tuva, andZabaykalsky Krai, and inKalmykia, the only region in Europe where Buddhism is the most practised religion.[134]
Russia has an adultliteracy rate of 100%.[136] It grantsfree education to its citizens under its constitution.[137] TheMinistry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while theMinistry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education.[138] Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has thethird-highest proportion oftertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62%.[139] It spent roughly 4.7% of its GDP on education in 2018.[140]
Russia hascompulsory education for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 17–18.[138] Itspre-school education system is highly developed and optional,[141] some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for 11 years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate.[138] An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level. Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[137] first-degree courses usually take five years.[142] The oldest and largestuniversities in Russia areMoscow State University andSaint Petersburg State University.[143] There are ten highly prestigiousfederal universities across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination forinternational students in 2019, hosting roughly 300,000.[144]
Russia is one of the world'smost urbanized countries, with roughly 75% of its total population living in urban areas.[16] Moscow, the capital and largest city, has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits,[145] while over 17 million residents in the urban area,[146] and over 20 million residents in themetropolitan area.[147] Moscow is among theworld's largest cities, being themost populous city entirely within Europe, themost populous urban area in Europe,[146] themost populous metropolitan area in Europe,[147] and also the largest city by land area on the European continent.[148]Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants.[149] Other major urban areas areYekaterinburg,Novosibirsk,Kazan,Nizhny Novgorod, andChelyabinsk.
| Rank | Name | Federal subject | Pop. | Rank | Name | Federal subject | Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Moscow | Moscow | 13,274,285 | 11 | Samara | Samara Oblast | 1,154,223 | ||
| 2 | Saint Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | 5,652,922 | 12 | Rostov-on-Don | Rostov Oblast | 1,143,123 | ||
| 3 | Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk Oblast | 1,637,266 | 13 | Omsk | Omsk Oblast | 1,101,367 | ||
| 4 | Yekaterinburg | Sverdlovsk Oblast | 1,548,187 | 14 | Voronezh | Voronezh Oblast | 1,041,722 | ||
| 5 | Kazan | Tatarstan | 1,329,825 | 15 | Perm | Perm Krai | 1,027,518 | ||
| 6 | Krasnoyarsk | Krasnoyarsk Krai | 1,211,756 | 16 | Volgograd | Volgograd Oblast | 1,012,219 | ||
| 7 | Nizhny Novgorod | Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | 1,198,245 | 17 | Saratov | Saratov Oblast | 886,165 | ||
| 8 | Chelyabinsk | Chelyabinsk Oblast | 1,176,770 | 18 | Tyumen | Tyumen Oblast | 872,077 | ||
| 9 | Ufa | Bashkortostan | 1,166,098 | 19 | Tolyatti | Samara Oblast | 662,683 | ||
| 10 | Krasnodar | Krasnodar Krai | 1,154,885 | 20 | Makhachkala | Dagestan | 625,322 | ||
Census information
And, in turn, this decline means that the share of that country's population identifying as ethnic Russian fell from 77.71 percent in the 2010 census to 71.73 percent in the current one..
Russia has been trying to boost fertility rates and reduce death rates for several years now. Special programs for families have been implemented, anti-tobacco campaigns have been organized,, and raising the legal age to buy alcohol was considered. However, perhaps the most successful strategy so far has been attracting migrants, whose arrival helps Russia to compensate population losses.
Russia's natural population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history over the last 12 months...
The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%.
And, in turn, this decline means that the share of that country's population identifying as ethnic Russian fell from 77.71 percent in the 2010 census to 71.73 percent in the current one..
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)First intended for the treatment of metalworkers, Metallurg combines elements of baroque and neoclassical architecture, and is surrounded by lavish gardens.
Russian citizens have a constitutional right to free health care...
Russia's life expectancy is exceptionally low compared with that in other developed countries. While American men have a 1-in-11 chance of dying before their 55th birthday, in Russia the odds are 1 in 4.
Today, according to the World Health Organization, one-in-five men in the Russian Federation die due to alcohol-related causes, compared with 6.2 percent of all men globally. In her 2000 article "First Steps: AA and Alcoholism in Russia," Patricia Critchlow estimated that some 20 million Russians are alcoholics in a nation of just 144 million.
Russians are officially drinking less and, as a consequence, are living longer than ever before...Russians are still far from being teetotal: a pure ethanol per capita consumption of 11·7 L, reported in 2016, means consumption is still one of the highest worldwide, and efforts to reduce it further are required.
The prevalence of smoking among Russian men has been very high for many years. The WHO Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) found that, in the 2000s, it was among the highest in the world with Russia having the world's second-largest tobacco market by volume of sales in 2014...
The Russian Federation is one of the European Region countries where suicide remains a significant cause of death and disease burden.
The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%.
And, in turn, this decline means that the share of that country's population identifying as ethnic Russian fell from 77.71 percent in the 2010 census to 71.73 percent in the current one..
...одним из главных победителей прошедшей переписи стала группа, увеличившая свою численность с 5 629 429 человек в 2010 году до 10 965 330 человек в 2021 году и соответственно долю в населении с 3,94% до 11,27%. Эта группа — лица, не указавшие свою национальность.['...one of the main winners of the last census was a group that increased its number from 5,629,429 people in 2010 to 10,965,330 people in 2021 and, accordingly, its share in the population from 3.94% to 11.27%. This group consists of people who have not indicated their nationality.']
The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010–21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%.
East Slavs—mainly Russians but including some Ukrainians and Belarusians—constitute more than four-fifths of the total population and are prevalent throughout the country.
With 10 million inhabitants, theNorth Caucasus Federal District is the smallest of Russia's eight federal districts, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not constitute a majority. Some forty ethnic groups reside in the region, making it one of Russia's most diverse.
The North Caucasus, inhabited by more than 100 of autochthonous and allochthonous peoples, including Russians, is a unique locus for conducting a large-scale research in the area of bilingualism and multilingualism.
Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics.
The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian.
Russia is unique in its size and ethnic composition. There is a further linguistic complexity of more than 150 co-existing languages.
Although ethnic Russians comprise more than four-fifths of the country's total population, Russia is a diverse, multiethnic society. More than 120 ethnic groups, many with their own national territories, speaking some 100 languages live within Russia's borders.
2. The Republics shall have the right to establish their own state languages. In the bodies of state authority and local self-government, state institutions of the Republics they shall be used together with the state language of the Russian Federation. 3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee to all of its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.
Kalmykia is Europe's only Buddhist Republic. The region's people are descended from the nomads who wandered the vast Central Asian steppes underGenghis Khan'sempire. When the empire began to collapse, theKalmykians migrated toward the Caspian Sea settling what is today called Kalmykia – Kalmyk means "remnant" in the local language.
...Considered one the most prestigious universities in Russia, It houses the tallest educational building in the world, and hosts more than 47,000 students, welcoming 4,000 international students every year.
The citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to free primary education, basic and secondary general education, and to vocational education; and on a competitive basis, to free non-university and university level higher educational and to postgraduate education
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