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Demographics of Poland

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Demographics ofPoland
Population pyramid of Poland in 2025 based on United Nations World Population Prospects data.
PopulationDecrease 37,489,000[1]
 • Year31 December 2024
Density119/km²[1]
Growth rate-0.42%[1]
Birth rate6.7 births/1,000 population[1]
Death rate10.9 deaths/1,000 population[1]
Life expectancy78.76 years
 • male75.02 years
 • female82.73 years
Fertility rate1.10 children per woman[1]
Infant mortality rate3.6 deaths/1,000 live births[1]
Net migration rate0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population[1]
Age structure
0–14 years14.6%[1]
15–64 years64.7%[1]
65 and over20.6%[1]
Sex ratio
Total107 females per 100 male[1]
Nationality
NationalityPolish
Major ethnic
Minor ethnic
    • Neutral increase Other groups (0.08%)[2]
    • Neutral decrease Unknown (0.03%)[2]
Language
OfficialPolish
SpokenSilesian,German,Kashubian,Rusyn andYiddish

Thedemographics of Poland includepopulation density,ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

As of 31 December 2024, the population of Poland was 37,489,000,[1] while the usually resident population was 36,497,495.[3] The population has exhibited a negative growth rate of −0.42% per year. The population density was 119 people per square kilometer. The proportion of the population residing in urban areas was 59%, a figure that has been declining as a consequence ofsuburbanization. The sex ratio was 107 women per 100 men, 112 per 100 in urban areas, and 101 per 100 in rural areas. The median age was over 43 years (nearly 42 years for males and 45 years for females).[1]

According to the 2021 census by thePolish Central Statistical Office (GUS), as of March 31, 2021, Poland had an official population of 38,036,118,[4] a decrease of 0.9% since the 2011 census, and a usually resident population of 37,019,327,[5] a 2.7% decrease since the 2011 census. The difference between official and usually resident population comes from two different methodologies used by GUS for population counts.[6] In addition, Poland is home to a large number of foreigners, most of whom are not counted towards the official population of the country. As of the 2021 census, there were 1,433,779 of them in Poland.[7]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
195024,613,684—    
196029,405,729+19.5%
197032,589,209+10.8%
197835,061,000+7.6%
198837,879,105+8.0%
200238,230,080+0.9%
201138,511,824+0.7%
202138,036,118−1.2%
Source:[8][9][10][11][12]

Poland's population has been growing quickly afterWorld War II, during which the country lost millions of citizens. Population passed 38 million in the late 1980s and has since then stagnated within the 38.0-38.6 million range until the 2020s where the effects of theCOVID-19 pandemic, the baby boom generation starting to die out and a baby bust started to overlap.

In 2018, the averagelife expectancy was 77.9 years; 74.1 for men and 82 for women. Population distribution is uneven, with densely populated south, moderately populated center and south-east and scarcely populated north.

Ethnically, Poland used to be one of the most multi-ethnic countries in Europe before World War II. It hosted the largestJewish community in Europe, withWarsaw being the largest concentration of Jews in the world besidesNew York City. In the eastern parts of the country,Ukrainians andBelarusians often outnumberedPoles, while in the west there were largeGerman communities. After the war, Poland became an ethnically homogeneous country. However, in the last decade Poland witnessed a mass-scale migration to the country, mostly from neighboring Ukraine and Belarus and increasingly from Central, South Asia and the Middle East.

In connection with theRussian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, as part of theRusso-Ukrainian War, by 2 August 2022, more than 10.4 millionUkrainian refugees left the territory of Ukraine, moving to the countries closest to the west of Ukraine, of which more than 5.1 million people fled to neighboring Poland initially.[13] As of September 2023, 958,120 Ukrainian refugees continue to reside in Poland.[14] They are also not counted towards official or usually resident population.

History

[edit]
Further information:Historical demography of Poland

For many centuries, until the end of World War II in 1945, the population of Poland included many significant ethnic minorities.212427303336391920194019601980200020202040millionPoland Total Population

‰years-20-1001020301920194019601980200020202040Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Poland Population Change
Viewsource data.

[15]

12345619001920194019601980200020202040Total fertility ratePoland TFR

1945–1989

[edit]

The population of Poland decreased from more than 35 million in 1939 to less than 24 million in 1946. Of that, around 6 million were killed duringthe Holocaust,Porajmos, andGerman and Soviet occupations, while the remaining decline can be mostly attributed toaltered borders and associated population expulsions ofGermans andUkrainians andresettlement of Poles. As a result, Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous areas in Europe.

Poland's population has been rising consistently in the 1945-1989 period, to 37.96 million in 1989. This growth has been fully fueled by positive natural change (more births than deaths), as netinternational migration was negative for Poland every year between 1966 and 1989, even despite the socialist government's restrictions on leaving the country for any reason. 578,405 people emigrated from Poland between 1966 and 1989,[16] with the main destination countries beingGermany (388,137) andUnited States (50,453).

1990–present

[edit]

Since 1990, Poland's population stagnated at 38.0-38.6 million, with the median age rising due to low birth rates. Official population statistics are a point of debate in Poland,[17] though, with many academics criticizing thePolish Central Statistical Office (GUS) for failing to adapt to successfully capture internal and international migration in particular.[18][6] Already the 2002 census revealed Poland had 402,000 residents less than expected,[19] and subsequent censuses reflected neither themass emigration of Poles after Poland's admission to the European Union in 2004, nor the mass immigration to Poland since 2014.[20]

Population

[edit]
Population of Poland 500–2023

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population pyramid of Poland from 1950 to 2020
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012) (Data refer to usually resident population.):[21]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total18 651 44119 882 34838 533 789100
0–41 058 8741 005 0692 063 9435.36
5–9945 643897 7231 843 3664.78
10–14974 509925 5061 900 0154.93
15–191 158 3671 108 2672 266 6345.88
20–241 394 7611 341 3932 736 1547.10
25–291 623 0721 575 5463 198 6188.30
30–341 602 7361 558 6223 161 3588.20
35–391 470 7511 432 8222 903 5737.54
40–441 231 0831 209 7512 440 8346.33
45–491 196 5481 192 9522 389 5006.20
50–541 369 2581 414 9962 784 2547.23
55–591 404 1411 522 1402 926 2817.59
60–641 163 9351 350 6842 514 6196.53
65–69675 573861 5841 537 1573.99
70–74529 739776 7221 306 4613.39
75–79424 407720 2491 144 6562.97
80–84278 428566 126844 5542.19
85–89115 213311 388426 6011.11
90–9428 56591 223119 7880.31
95–99461418 26522 8790.06
100+22413201544<0.01
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
0–142 979 0262 828 2985 807 32415.07
15–6413 615 65213 707 17327 322 82570.91
65+2 056 7633 346 8775 403 64014.02
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (30.VI.2015) (Data refer to usually resident population.):[21]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total18 607 41719 847 15938 454 576100
0–4982 639928 6621 911 3014.97
5–91 047 830996 2052 044 0355.32
10–14924 671877 7801 802 4514.69
15–191 028 884979 5852 008 4695.22
20–241 257 7031 209 4982 467 2016.42
25–291 464 4381 417 0402 881 4787.49
30–341 647 1471 602 9303 250 0778.45
35–391 561 3961 522 2023 083 5988.02
40–441 354 8991 329 4762 684 3756.98
45–491 166 3581 160 8782 327 2366.05
50–541 211 2941 238 3982 449 6926.37
55–591 386 3031 489 8162 876 1197.48
60–641 256 0351 443 9852 700 0207.02
65–69917 8931 147 7252 065 6185.37
70–74501 311716 2241 217 5353.17
75–79426 059715 6291 141 6882.97
80–84287 908573 415861 3232.24
85+184 649497 711682 3601.77
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
0–142 955 1402 802 6475 757 78714.97
15–6413 334 45713 393 80826 728 26569.51
65+2 317 8203 650 7045 968 52415.52
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Provisional Estimates):[21]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total18 307 48819 532 51337 840 001100
0–4978 526926 7961 905 3225.04
5–9979 042925 7371 904 7795.03
10–141 049 403997 5562 046 9595.41
15–19911 890866 5751 778 4654.70
20–241 000 405957 3581 957 7635.17
25–291 221 5841 177 9602 399 5446.34
30–341 420 3681 367 6452 788 0137.37
35–391 594 6201 543 3893 138 0098.29
40–441 515 2341 482 3012 997 5357.92
45–491 328 8521 316 4042 645 2566.99
50–541 116 2441 130 9512 247 1955.94
55–591 115 8231 176 5302 292 3536.06
60–641 246 5891 407 0972 653 6867.01
65–691 114 3111 374 4772 488 7886.58
70–74806 0031 102 9451 908 9485.04
75–79388 818621 3151 010 1332.67
80–84291 685571 202862 8872.28
85–89159 279376 980536 2591.42
90–9456 278164 806221 0840.58
95–9910 82138 97049 7910.13
100+1 7135 5197 2320.02
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
0–143 006 9712 850 0895 857 06015.48
15–6412 471 60912 426 21024 897 81965.80
65+2 828 9084 256 2147 085 12218.72

Population density and distribution

[edit]
Population density in Poland in a 1x1 km square grid, 2021 census
Warsaw is the financial and commercial center of Poland

With an estimated usually resident population of 37 million, Poland is the 5th most-populous country in theEuropean Union and 7th or 8th most-populous one inEurope (depending on how many people live inUkraine, to which there are various estimates).

Depending on whether one uses the official population or usually resident population as a base, population density of Poland was 122 or 118.7 people per square kilometer (315.9 or 307.4 people per square mile) as of the 2021 census.

Population distribution is unequal. The south, particularly the area along theA4 highway between Gliwice and Rzeszów, is densely populated with over 250 people per square kilometer, while population density drops below 50 people per square kilometer in much of the north of the country.Silesian voivodeship is the densest, at over 350 people per square kilometer.

Urban areas

[edit]

Poland is relatively rural for a country of its population and economic development. As of the 2021 census, 59.8% of total population lived in cities and town, a percentage well below European average. Poland has historically been a rural and agricultural country and while cities started rapidly growing in neighboring countries in the second half of the 19th century, many Polish cities were artificially limited in growth by thepartitioners due to military reasons. After regaining independence in 1918, Polish authorities have started investment in urbanizing the country but it was quickly interrupted byWorld War II. Therefore, Poland has not started fully urbanizing until after the war.

Urbanization rate has also been declining, at an annual rate of -0.25% between 2015 and 2020 due to suburbanization. In Poland, many suburbs are officially rural areas even despite in reality might resemble a town or even a city neighborhood, such as the Poznań suburb ofKoziegłowy.

New high-rises and cultural institutions on the former site of a coal mine near downtown Katowice are a testament to the city's successful economic transformation

In theEurostat's urban-rural typology, Poland's urbanization rate is slightly higher, however still below the European average.[22] Eurostat estimates 61.2% of Poland's population to live in urban clusters (including 28.9% in dense urban centers), compared to the 70.4% average across the EU.

Metropolitan areas

[edit]
Main article:Metropolitan areas in Poland

There is no one official delimitation of metropolitan areas in Poland, and various institutions use different definitions. However, both central institutions and academics are in agreement that the following are the major metropolitan areas of Poland:

  1. Warsaw - the capital and largest city of Poland, with 1.9 million official residents in city proper and 2.7-3.1 million in the metropolitan area. Warsaw is the largest economy in Poland, with theWarsaw Stock Exchange, most major financial institutions, andCEE headquarters of international companies. Warsaw is also an important educational center, with theUniversity of Warsaw,Warsaw School of Economics andPolish Academy of Sciences located there. Warsaw metropolitan area has been growing rapidly in recent decades, eclipsing the previously larger Katowice metropolitan area around 2015.
  2. Kraków's old town is listed on theUNESCO World Heritage Site list and attracts millions of tourists every year
    Katowice - the center of the largeKatowice urban area, with 2.2-2.7 million in the metropolitan area. Katowice area developed initially as a hub of heavy industry and coal mining. Most of the industry has been closed since. Katowice and some other cities (Gliwice,Tychy) managed to successfully transform its economies becoming a major Polish hubs of information technology, healthcare, education, finance and manufacturing, however many other cities (Bytom,Sosnowiec) experience depopulation.Katowice metropolitan area is borderingRybnik,Bielsko-Biała andOstrava metropolitan areas from the south and southwest, which combined create a largeKatowice-Ostrava metropolitan area with 4.5-5.2 million people.
  3. Kraków - the historical capital of Poland, with 0.8 million residents in city proper and 1.2 million in the metropolitan area. Kraków is one of the main tourist destinations in Poland and a is often called a cultural capital of the country. In recent decades, Kraków emerged as a major international center of back office operations through theSSC/BPO industry. Kraków is also the second largest college city in Poland after Warsaw, with theJagiellonian University dating back to the Middle Ages.
  4. Łódź - a post-industrial city in the middle of Poland, with 0.7 million people in the city proper and 1-1.2 million in the urban area. Łódź has developed in the 19th century as a center fortextile manufacturing, and has been a major manufacturing hub exporting mostly towards Russia and then Soviet Union. Following the market transformations in the early 1990s, most of the industry has collapsed and Łódź struggled with high unemployment rate. In recent years, the city has embraced its industrial past and exploits its location close to Warsaw.
  5. Gdańsk - one of the three major cities of theTricity area, Gdańsk has around 0.5 million people in the city proper and 1-1.2 million in the urban area. Gdańsk has been the largest cities in Poland for most of the Middle Ages, thanks to its seaside location that fostered trade with other cities and countries in theBaltic andNorth Seas. Being the largest urban area in the north of the country, Gdańsk benefits from internal migration from neighboring regions.
  6. Poznań - with its 0.5 million residents in city proper and 0.8-1.1 million in the metropolitan area, Poznań emerged as one of the main hubs of trade and manufacturing in Poland. Poznań area is the most entrepreneurial part of Poland, with more than 1 in 10 residents running a business. Poznań is also the prime example ofsuburbanization in Poland, with the suburbs around as populous as the city proper.
  7. Wrocław - in recent years emerged a major immigration center, with more than 100,000 immigrants residing in the city in addition to its official population of 0.7 million and 0.9-1.1 million in the metropolitan area. Similarly to Kraków, Wrocław is a major tourist destination thanks to its medieval old town, as well as a hub of back office operations particularly in the financial industry.
  8. Szczecin - with a population of 0.4 million in the city proper and 0.7-0.9 million in the metropolitan area (partially stretching to Germany), Szczecin is the second-largest city in the country's north and a major port.
Population numbers by database
AreaESPON [23]EurostatLUZ [24]Ministry of Regional Development[25]United Nations [26]Demographia.com[27]Citypopulation.de[28]Scientific study byT. Markowski [pl][29]Scientific study by Swianiewicz, Klimska [30]
Katowice (Katowice urban area)3,029,000
(5,294,000[31])		2,710,3973,239,2003,069,0002,500,0002,775,0002,746,0002,733,000
Warsaw2,785,0002,660,4062,680,6002,194,0002,030,0002,375,0002,631,9002,504,000
Kraków1,236,0001,264,3221,227,200818,000750,000Not listed1,257,5001,367,000
Łódź1,165,0001,163,5161,061,600974,000950,0001,060,0001,178,0001,129,000
Gdańsk993,0001,105,2031,220,800854,000775,000No data1,098,4001,210,000
Poznań919,0001,018,5111,227,200No data600,000No data1,011,200846,000
Wrocław861,0001,031,4391,136,900No data700,000No data1,029,800956,000
Szczecin721,000878,314724,700No data500,000No dataNo data755,806

Regions

[edit]

Poland is divided into 16 administrative divisions called voivodeship (województwa). These regions vary vastly in size, as the largest Masovian voivodeship is more than 5 times as populous and 3 times as big as the smallest Opole voivodeship.

VoivodeshipCapitalArea (km2)Official population (2021)Population density (ppl/km2)Foreigners (2021)Ukrainian refugees (2022)Population density with foreigners (ppl/km2)
Lower SilesianWrocław19,9472,904,894145.6156,278108,023158.9
Kuyavian-PomeranianBydgoszcz,Toruń17,9722,027,261112.850,43431,520117.4
LublinLublin25,1222,052,34081.744,97035,81084.9
LubuszZielona Góra,Gorzów Wielkopolski13,988991,21370.958,21931,65477.3
ŁódźŁódź18,2182,410,286132.3101,53160,658141.2
Lesser PolandKraków15,1843,432,295226.092,26187,365237.9
MasovianWarszawa35,5595,514,699155.1365,054204,838171.1
OpoleOpole9,411954,133101.431,34821,033107.0
SubcarpathianRzeszów17,8452,093,360117.322,57129,742120.2
PodlaskieBiałystok20,1871,154,28357.226,19014,46459.2
PomeranianGdańsk18,3362,357,320128.692,53869,519137.4
SilesianKatowice12,3344,402,950357.0119,78094,444374.3
ŚwiętokrzyskieKielce11,7091,196,557102.215,81514,812104.8
Warmian-MasurianOlsztyn24,1741,382,23257.221,12618,46458.8
Greater PolandPoznań29,8273,504,579117.5165,22188,730126.0
West PomeranianSzczecin22,9071,657,71672.470,44347,04477.5
PolandWarsaw312,72038,036,118121.61,433,779958,120129.3

Fertility

[edit]

Fertility before 1921

[edit]
TFR of Poland overtime to 2016

Thetotal fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Source:Gapminder Foundation.

Years18001801180218031804180518061807180818091810[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.286.266.256.236.226.26.196.176.166.146.12
Years1811181218131814181518161817181818191820[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.116.096.086.066.056.036.036.166.36.03
Years1821182218231824182518261827182818291830[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.36.035.765.496.836.166.36.226.146.06
Years1831183218331834183518361837183818391840[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.985.96.436.835.96.36.576.036.436.57
Years1841184218431844184518461847184818491850[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.166.436.36.035.365.495.094.825.495.63
Years1851185218531854185518561857185818591860[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.635.495.635.364.825.365.766.36.576.57
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland6.436.976.576.25.835.465.095.635.636.16
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.765.495.765.765.495.495.235.235.365.23
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.095.235.235.095.365.365.365.495.765.63
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.635.365.635.95.95.765.635.495.495.49
Years1901190219031904190519061907190819091910[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland5.365.365.095.094.965.095.094.964.964.82
Years1911191219131914191519161917191819191920[32]
Total Fertility Rate in Poland4.694.564.694.823.893.623.223.224.424.69

Vital statistics

[edit]

Vital statistics from 1921 to 1938

[edit]

[33][34][35]

Year[36]Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Total fertility rates[fn 1][32]
192127,224,000890,400568,300322,10032.720.911.84.40
192227,846,000983,100554,600482,50035.319.915.44.73
192328,480,0001,014,700493,800520,90035.617.318.34.82
192429,007,0001,000,100519,200480,90034.517.916.64.69
192529,475,0001,036,600492,200544,40035.216.718.54.74
192629,906,000989,100532,700456,40033.117.815.34.44
192730,302,000958,733525,633433,10031.617.314.34.23
192830,693,000990,993504,207486,78632.316.415.94.29
192931,084,000994,101518,929475,17232.016.715.34.26
193031,490,0001,022,811488,417534,39432.515.517.04.33
193131,935,000964,573493,703470,87030.215.514.74.05
193232,394,000934,663486,548448,11528.915.013.83.87
193332,823,000868,675466,210402,46526.514.212.33.55
193433,223,000881,615479,684401,93126.514.412.13.56
193533,616,000876,667470,998405,66926.114.012.13.50
193634,020,000892,320482,633409,68726.214.212.03.51
193734,441,000856,064481,594374,47024.914.010.93.34
193834,849,000849,873479,602370,27124.413.810.63.26

No reliable data are available during WWII.

After World War II

[edit]

[37][38][39][40][41][42][32][43][44][45][46][47][48][4][5]

Average population (December 31)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Crude population change (per 1000)Total fertility ratesLife expectancy (males)Life expectancy (females)Share of births outside marriageImmigrationEmigrationNet external migration
194623,777,000570,000335,000235,00024.014.19.93.06
194723,970,000630,000271,000359,00026.311.315.0-6.98.13.51
194823,980,000704,772268,000436,77229.411.218.2-17.80.43.93
194924,410,000725,061284,000441,06129.711.618.1-0.517.63.94
195024,824,000763,108288,685474,42330.711.619.1-2.416.73.7156.0761.68
195125,271,000783,597312,314471,28331.012.418.6-117.73.7555.1160.67
195225,753,000778,962286,730492,23230.211.119.1-0.418.73.6757.5963.07
195326,255,000779,000266,527512,47329.710.219.5-0.419.13.6159.5865.05
195426,761,000778,054276,406501,64829.110.318.70.218.93.5859.8065.06
195527,281,000793,847261,576532,27129.19.619.5-0.419.13.6160.8266.19
195627,815,000779,835249,606530,22928.09.019.119.23.6162.2967.52
195728,310,000782,319269,137513,18227.69.518.1-0.617.53.4961.2066.70
195828,770,000752,600241,435511,16526.28.417.8-1.8163.3663.0868.57
195929,240,000722,928252,430470,49824.78.616.1016.13.2262.7168.30
196029,561,000669,485224,167445,31822.67.615.1-4.210.92.9864.9470.60
196129,965,000627,624227,759399,86520.97.613.30.113.52.8364.9170.78
196230,324,000599,505239,199360,30619.87.911.9011.82.7264.5370.49
196330,691,000588,235230,072358,16319.27.511.70.3122.7065.4171.52
196431,161,000562,855235,919326,93618.17.610.54.615.12.5765.7871.60
196531,496,000546,362232,421313,94117.37.410.00.710.62.5266.5872.40
196631,698,000530,307232,945297,36216.77.39.4-3.06.42.3366.8772.85
196731,944,000520,383247,705272,67816.37.88.5-0.87.72.3066.4472.61
196832,426,000524,174244,115280,05916.27.58.66.214.92.2467.0473.55
196932,555,000531,135262,823268,31216.38.18.2-4.242.2066.5073.09
197032,526,000545,973266,799279,17416.88.28.6-9.5-0.92.2266.6273.335.0
197132,805,000562,341283,702278,63917.18.68.508.52.2566.1373.25
197233,068,000575,725265,250310,47517.48.09.4-1.482.2467.3274.17
197333,363,000598,559277,188321,37117.98.39.6-0.88.82.2467.1574.30
197433,691,000621,080277,085343,99518.48.210.2-0.59.72.2667.8074.64
197534,022,000643,772296,896346,87618.98.710.2-0.59.72.2767.0274.264.7
197634,362,000670,140304,057366,08319.58.810.7-0.89.92.3166.9274.55
197734,698,000662,582312,956349,62619.19.010.1-0.49.72.2366.4974.50
197835,010,000666,336325,104341,23219.09.39.7-0.88.92.2166.3674.53
197935,257,000688,293323,048365,24519.59.210.4-3.472.2866.7974.914.8
198035,578,000692,798350,203342,59519.59.89.6-0.692.2866.0174.44
198135,902,000678,696328,923349,77318.99.29.7-0.792.2467.1075.24
198236,227,000702,351334,869367,48219.49.210.1-0.492.3467.2475.20
198336,571,000720,756349,388371,36819.79.610.2-0.79.42.4167.0475.16
198436,914,000699,041364,883334,15818.99.99.10.29.32.3666.8474.97
198537,203,000677,576381,458296,11818.210.38.0-0.27.82.3366.5074.815.0
198637,456,000634,748376,316258,43216.910.06.9-0.16.82.2166.7675.13
198737,664,000605,492378,365227,12716.110.06.0-0.55.52.1566.8175.20
198837,862,000587,741370,821216,92015.59.85.7-0.55.22.1267.1575.67
198937,963,000562,530381,173181,35714.810.04.8-2.12.72.0866.7675.45
199038,119,000545,817390,343155,47414.310.24.104.12.0466.2375.246.2
199138,245,000547,719405,716142,00314.310.63.7-0.43.32.0565.8875.066.6
199238,365,000515,214394,729120,48513.410.33.103.11.9166.4775.487.2
199338,459,000494,310392,259102,05112.910.22.7-0.32.41.8667.1775.818.2
199438,544,000481,285386,39894,88712.510.02.5-0.32.21.7867.5076.089.0
199538,588,000443,109386,08457,02511.510.01.5-0.31.11.6567.6276.399.5
199638,618,000428,203385,49642,70711.110.01.1-0.30.81.5868.1276.5710.2
199738,659,979[49]412,635380,20132,43410.79.80.800.81.5268.4576.9911.0
199838,666,983395,619375,35420,26510.29.70.5-0.10.41.4468.8777.3411.6
199938,634,799382,002381,4155879.99.90.0-0.3-0.31.3768.8377.4911.7
200038,623,119378,348368,02810,3209.89.50.3-0.4-0.11.3569.7478.0012.1
200138,572,026368,205363,2204,9859.59.40.1-1.9-2.01.3270.2178.3813.1
200238,548,360353,765359,486-5,7219.29.3-0.2-0.6-0.81.2570.4078.8014.46,58724,532-17,945
200338,520,437351,072365,230-14,1589.19.5-0.4-0.4-0.71.2270.5078.9015.87,04820,813-13,765
200438,503,664356,131363,522-7,3919.29.4-0.2-0.2-0.41.2370.7079.2017.19,49518,877-9,382
200538,486,884364,383368,285-3,9029.59.6-0.1-0.3-0.41.2470.8079.4018.59,36422,242-12,878
200638,455,308374,244369,6864,5589.79.60.1-0.9-0.81.2770.9079.6018.910,80246,936-36,134
200738,445,470387,873377,22610,64710.19.90.3-0.5-0.31.3171.0079.7019.514,99535,480-20,485
200838,465,705414,499379,39935,10010.89.90.9-0.40.51.3971.3080.0019.915,27530,140-14,865
200938,497,158417,589384,94032,64910.810.00.800.81.4071.5080.1020.217,42418,620-1,196
201038,529,866413,300378,47834,82210.79.80.9-0.10.81.3872.1080.6020.615,24617,360-2,114
201138,538,447388,416375,50112,91510.19.70.3-0.10.21.3072.4080.9021.215,52419,858-4,334
201238,533,299387,858384,7883,07010.110.00.1-0.2-0.11.3072.7081.0022.314,58321,200-6,617
201338,495,659369,576387,312-17,7369.610.1-0.5-0.5-11.2673.1081.1023.412,19932,103-19,904
201438,478,602375,160376,467-1,3079.79.8-0.0-0.4-0.41.2973.8081.6024.212,33028,080-15,750
201538,437,239369,308394,921-25,6139.610.3-0.7-0.4-1.11.2973.6081.6024.612,33028,080-15,750
201638,432,992382,257388,009-5,7529.910.1-0.10-0.11.3673.9081.9025.013,47511,9701,505
201738,433,558401,982402,852-87010.510.5-0.0001.4574.0081.8024.113,32411,8881,436
201838,411,148388,178414,200-26,02210.110.8-0.70.1-0.61.4473.8081.7026.415,46111,8493,612
201938,382,576374,954409,709-34,7559.810.7-0.90.2-0.71.4274.1081.8025.416,90910,7266,183
202038,088,564355,309477,355-122,0469.312.5-3.2-4.5-7.71.3972.6080.7026.413,2638,7804,483
202137,907,704331,511519,517-188,0068.713.6-5.00.2-4.81.3371.8079.7026.715,40912,0053,404
202237,766,327305,132448,448-143,3168.111.9-3.80.1-3.71.2673.4081.1028.115,57213,6331,939
202337,636,508272,451409,036-136,5857.210.9-3.70.2-3.51.1674.7082.0028.716,7079,9416,766
202437,489,087251,782408,504-156,7226.710.9-4.20.3-3.91.1074.9082.30[50]29.0[51]19,51510,2149,301
Total fertility rate varies significantly by county in Poland. In 2021,Kashubia andNowy Sącz regions had the highest fertility rate, along with metropolitan areas of Warsaw and Poznań. The lowest, sub-1 fertility was recorded in theSudetes.

Current vital statistics

[edit]
PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January—September 2024192,400302,000-109,600
January—September 2025181,300302,900-121,400
DifferenceDecrease -11,100 (-5.77%)Negative increase +900 (+0.30%)Decrease -11,800
Source:[52]


Birth and death rates of Poland in 1950-2008
Life expectancy at birth in Poland

Total fertility rates by voivodeship

[edit]
See also:List of Polish voivodeships by life expectancy
2023[53]
voivodeshipTFR
Masovian1.38
Podlaskie1.28
Pomeranian1.27
Greater Poland1.26
Lesser Poland1.25
Podkarpackie1.25
Łódź1.21
Opolskie1.20
Lubusz1.19
Kuyavian–Pomeranian1.19
Lublin1.19
Poland1.16
Świętokrzyskie1.16
West Pomeranian1.14
Silesian1.14
Warmian–Masurian1.14
Lower Silesian1.10

Immigration and foreign nationals

[edit]
Foreigners in Poland mostly settle in the largest metropolitan areas and in the western part of the country

Historically an emigrant country, Poland has seen an uptick in immigration only after 2014, when the growing economy started attracting foreign workforce, particularly from neighboringUkraine whose economy has been affected by the2014 war. Poland's official statistics regarding immigration are scattered and incomplete, and the complicated immigration system with many different routes to immigrate makes assessing true size of immigration to Poland challenging.[54]

Census data

[edit]

Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS), the Polish central statistics office, published multiple separate counts of foreign nationals living in Poland for the 2021 census. GUS counted 445,176 foreign nationals towards Poland's usually resident population (1.2% share) and 111,814 foreign nationals towards Poland's official population (0.3% share).[55] It also counted 1,433,779 foreign nationals as temporarily living in Poland (of whom 309,309 lived in Poland for more than 12 months).[56] It is unclear what is the overlap of these populations.

Largest groups of foreign residents as of 30 June 2025[57]
NationalityResident population
Ukraine997,120[58]
Belarus143,100
Georgia24,946
India24,706
Russia18,046
European UnionGermany13,871
Turkey13,803
Uzbekistan11,695
Vietnam11,342
Philippines8,639
Moldova8,618
European UnionItaly7,492
Azerbaijan5,955
  Nepal5,938
Bangladesh5,770
European UnionRomania5,343
China5,091
Colombia5,028
European UnionBulgaria4,604
Indonesia4,576
European UnionSpain4,470
European UnionFrance4,422
Armenia4,405
Zimbabwe3,821
Kazakhstan3,725

Work-based migration

[edit]

Most foreigners from outside of theEuropean Union immigrate to Poland via various kinds of work schemes. There are two primary types: a work permit (zezwolenie na pracę)[59] and a "declaration of entrusting work to a foreigner" (oświadczenie o powierzeniu wykonywania pracy cudzoziemcowi).

Net migration

[edit]
Permanent Migration in Poland
YearImmigrationEmigrationNet Migration
201916,90910,726+6,183
202013,2638,780+4,483
202115,40912,005+3,404
202215,57213,633+1,939
202316,7079,941+6,766
202419,51510,214+9,301
Note: Does not include temporary migration.

[60]

Work permits

[edit]

Work permits can be issued to any foreigner from outside of the European Union who is not a refugee and does not already have a residence permit in Poland. Work permits require a labor market test and can be issued for up to 3 years. In 2022, 61.1% of work permits were issued for at least 12 months (including 49.2% issued for 24 months and more) while 38.5% were issued for 6–12 months. Less than 0.4% were issued for less than 6 months.

Work permits issued each year by country of citizenship[61]
Country2011 (Men/Women)2012 (Men/Women)2013 (Men/Women)2014 (Men/Women)2015 (Men/Women)2016 (Men/Women)2017 (Men/Women)2018 (Men/Women)2019 (Men/Women)2020 (Men/Women)2021 (Men/Women)2022 (Men/Women)2023 (Men/Women)2024 (Men/Women) (half a year)Total (Men/Women)
Ukraine18,669 (11,293/7,376)20,295 (11,866/8,429)20,416 (11,460/8,956)26,315 (16,015/10,300)50,465 (35,317/15,148)106,223 (75,839/30,384)192,547 (137,495/55,052)238,334 (173,946/64,388)330,495 (235,889/94,606)295,272 (204,343/90,929)325,779 (230,143/95,636)85,074 (60,943/24,131)7,298 (4,148/3,150)2,369 (1,412/957)1,719,551 (1,210,019/509,442)
Belarus1,725 (1,427/298)1,949 (1,597/352)2,004 (1,641/363)1,834 (1,540/294)2,037 (1,852/185)4,870 (4,557/313)10,518 (9,684/834)19,233 (17,700/1,533)27,130 (24,216/2,914)27,304 (23,847/3,457)34,895 (30,398/4,497)18,418 (15,868/2,550)6,383 (5,083/1,300)2,452 (1,930/522)160,752 (141,340/19,412)
India1,055 (995/60)1,090 (999/91)1,300 (1,184/116)1,242 (1,096/146)1,425 (1,272/153)1,772 (1,538/234)3,938 (3,539/399)8,362 (7,775/587)8,063 (7,412/651)8,184 (7,696/488)15,382 (14,400/982)41,640 (39,706/1,934)45,998 (44,238/1,760)18,632 (17,788/844)158,083 (149,638/8,445)
  Nepal1,202 (928/274)486 (384/102)525 (412/113)402 (343/59)596 (507/89)1,211 (1,077/134)7,075 (6,239/836)19,912 (17,758/2,154)9,175 (7,996/1,109)5,708 (4,917/791)10,873 (9,439/1,434)20,045 (17,685/2,360)35,287 (30,339/4,948)19,580 (16,962/2,618)132,077 (115,056/17,021)
Uzbekistan619 (606/13)958 (893/65)948 (859/89)1,060 (970/90)1,433 (1,293/140)836 (796/40)1,409 (1,338/71)2,634 (2,539/95)6,309 (6,048/261)5,873 (5,593/280)15,040 (14,228/812)33,373 (31,481/1,892)27,959 (26,623/1,336)14,068 (13,481/587)112,519 (106,748/5,771)
Philippines277 (130/147)181 (79/102)227 (61/166)246 (128/118)179 (67/112)249 (116/133)733 (330/403)2,057 (1,317/740)6,317 (3,796/2,521)7,391 (4,165/3,226)13,317 (6,898/6,419)22,557 (11,066/11,491)29,154 (15,589/13,565)20,337 (12,889/7,448)103,222 (56,631/46,591)
Bangladesh680 (667/13)233 (225/8)314 (308/6)283 (280/3)319 (311/8)721 (714/7)2,412 (2,342/70)8,341 (8,207/134)6,986 (6,873/113)3,758 (3,680/78)7,535 (7,468/67)13,539 (13,415/124)27,896 (27,645/251)11,368 (11,241/127)84,385 (83,376/1,009)
Turkey1,187 (1,130/57)1,063 (1,022/41)967 (905/62)689 (644/45)550 (506/44)672 (615/57)1,228 (1,131/97)1,481 (1,378/103)2,936 (2,824/112)2,641 (2,520/121)7,400 (7,015/385)25,004 (23,827/1,177)25,934 (24,162/1,772)8,734 (8,114/620)80,486 (75,793/4,693)
Moldova1,017 (716/301)616 (463/153)699 (501/198)1,027 (696/331)1,488 (985/503)2,844 (1,967/877)3,792 (2,766/1,026)6,035 (4,499/1,536)8,341 (6,138/2,203)7,616 (5,548/2,068)7,960 (5,969/1,991)1,828 (1,441/387)245 (210/35)94 (73/21)43,602 (31,972/11,630)
Vietnam2,504 (1,610/894)2,302 (1,475/827)2,230 (1,422/808)2,369 (1,595/774)732 (530/202)439 (327/112)658 (496/162)1,313 (1,032/281)3,367 (2,793/574)2,992 (2,323/669)3,428 (2,575/853)5,908 (4,354/1,554)9,854 (7,378/2,476)4,995 (3,739/1,256)43,091 (31,649/11,442)
Indonesia77 (46/31)88 (44/44)100 (25/75)94 (21/73)75 (22/53)111 (48/63)148 (52/96)352 (227/125)2,023 (1,669/354)3,885 (3,438/447)7,924 (6,667/1,257)10,011 (8,489/1,522)9,405 (7,808/1,597)6,565 (5,386/1,179)40,858 (33,942/6,916)
Kazakhstan282 (256/26)104 (66/38)118 (72/46)126 (80/46)74 (46/28)112 (82/30)321 (229/92)803 (634/169)1,689 (1,255/434)2,464 (1,780/684)4,597 (3,372/1,225)8,883 (6,796/2,087)10,298 (7,584/2,714)5,740 (3,901/1,839)35,611 (26,153/9,458)
Georgia157 (114/43)174 (131/43)203 (165/38)225 (172/53)88 (68/20)142 (113/29)398 (355/43)2,752 (2,488/264)7,438 (6,479/959)8,213 (7,033/1,180)9,288 (7,819/1,469)4,285 (3,792/493)819 (753/66)274 (244/30)34,456 (29,726/4,730)
Azerbaijan55 (47/8)78 (65/13)96 (80/16)103 (90/13)116 (99/17)193 (167/26)1,336 (1,101/235)3,302 (2,906/366)3,183 (2,939/244)2,125 (1,937/188)3,796 (3,414/382)7,769 (7,118/651)8,206 (7,584/622)3,447 (3,192/255)33,805 (30,769/3,036)
Colombia23 (20/3)32 (24/8)30 (21/9)28 (22/6)25 (18/7)29 (20/9)48 (38/10)91 (77/14)156 (121/35)190 (138/52)244 (184/60)4,129 (3,187/942)11,945 (9,041/2,904)15,780 (11,554/4,226)32,750 (24,465/8,285)
China5,854 (4,137/1,717)3,247 (2,105/1,142)3,089 (2,041/1,048)2,133 (1,439/694)1,288 (880/408)1,205 (885/320)1,179 (895/284)1,473 (1,135/338)1,935 (1,447/488)1,380 (1,065/315)1,725 (1,298/427)2,233 (1,664/569)2,618 (1,933/685)884 (696/188)30,243 (21,620/8,623)
Turkmenistan2 (1/1)3 (2/1)4 (3/1)6 (6/0)5 (4/1)4 (4/0)16 (14/2)42 (35/7)317 (296/21)961 (891/70)2,654 (2,322/332)11,919 (10,258/1,661)8,779 (7,795/984)5,479 (4,772/707)30,191 (26,403/3,788)
Russia549 (324/225)719 (409/310)822 (483/339)654 (385/269)579 (386/193)1,008 (738/270)1,433 (1,028/405)1,903 (1,402/501)2,862 (2,135/727)3,371 (2,466/905)6,244 (4,504/1,740)2,330 (1,817/513)2,407 (1,697/710)1,121 (773/348)26,002 (18,547/7,455)
Kyrgyzstan28 (14/14)36 (27/9)68 (40/28)133 (93/40)42 (29/13)19 (14/5)81 (57/24)654 (565/89)1,283 (828/455)1,095 (710/385)2,468 (2,036/432)8,051 (7,136/915)6,487 (5,531/956)5,331 (4,223/1,108)25,776 (21,303/4,473)
Pakistan184 (172/12)366 (354/12)233 (223/10)274 (264/10)184 (174/10)187 (179/8)427 (403/24)1,065 (1,026/39)911 (877/34)815 (799/16)1,528 (1,478/50)4,645 (4,555/90)7,393 (7,291/102)4,709 (4,658/51)22,921 (22,453/468)
Tajikistan91 (87/4)51 (48/3)45 (42/3)103 (93/10)59 (56/3)98 (92/6)353 (335/18)868 (846/22)1,323 (1,277/46)1,186 (1,134/52)2,532 (2,434/98)5,380 (5,194/186)3,395 (3,284/111)1,747 (1,688/59)17,231 (16,610/621)
South Korea550 (492/58)508 (448/60)520 (441/79)301 (253/48)153 (136/17)150 (124/26)219 (195/24)720 (676/44)1,838 (1,737/101)2,967 (2,837/130)2,068 (1,960/108)1,884 (1,758/126)1,618 (1,510/108)726 (673/53)14,222 (13,240/982)
Zimbabwe7 (7/0)12 (12/0)12 (12/0)9 (9/0)3 (3/0)9 (8/1)12 (8/4)13 (11/2)40 (27/13)116 (57/59)360 (244/116)815 (658/157)5,017 (4,634/383)3,882 (3,250/632)10,307 (8,940/1,367)
Sri Lanka54 (49/5)39 (27/12)47 (43/4)16 (14/2)42 (35/7)42 (32/10)73 (65/8)302 (274/28)835 (782/53)281 (248/33)544 (486/58)1,627 (1,471/156)3,174 (2,807/367)1,973 (1,746/227)9,049 (8,079/970)
Serbia164 (143/21)188 (162/26)274 (239/35)613 (518/95)650 (599/51)804 (705/99)878 (804/74)930 (867/63)911 (841/70)811 (747/64)946 (833/113)1,311 (1,199/112)884 (821/63)430 (402/28)9,794 (8,880/914)
Kosovo46 (46/0)24 (21/3)3 (3/0)40 (40/0)24 (23/1)88 (82/6)640 (571/69)522 (490/32)740 (680/60)1,045 (940/105)1,812 (1,656/156)1,730 (1,600/130)725 (667/58)74 (68/6)7,513 (6,887/626)
Ethiopia10 (7/3)14 (4/10)4 (1/3)2 (2/0)1 (1/0)017 (15/2)328 (224/104)505 (348/157)1,033 (812/221)2,168 (1,716/452)535 (425/110)431 (330/101)258 (188/70)5,306 (4,073/1,233)
Armenia457 (251/206)457 (259/198)448 (271/177)363 (215/148)140 (95/45)156 (117/39)181 (136/45)281 (210/71)433 (328/105)332 (244/88)948 (706/242)368 (291/77)119 (88/31)106 (89/17)4,789 (3,300/1,489)
Others3,740 (2,882/858)4,288 (3,344/944)3,780 (2,801/979)3,336 (2,474/862)3,154 (2,397/757)3,356 (2,574/782)3,737 (2,826/911)4,946 (3,843/1,103)7,630 (5,748/1,882)7,819 (6,030/1,789)12,682 (9,499/3,183)9,49920,567 (15,822/4,745)21,021 (16,151/4,870)12,492 (9,617/2,875)112,548 (86,008/26,540)
Europe22,471 (14,230/8,241)24,269 (14,979/9,290)24,395 (14,487/9,908)30,683 (19,373/11,310)55,411 (39,323/16,088)115,985 (84,011/31,974)210,091 (152,596/57,495)267,462 (199,366/68,096)370,857 (270,245/100,612)335,939 (238,377/97,562)378,409 (274,151/104,258)111,956 (83,944/28,012)
North Africa and Western/Central Asia3,491 (3,075/416)3,742 (3,280/462)3,653 (3,138/515)3,459 (2,945/514)3,047 (2,666/381)2,846 (2,530/316)6,188 (5,438/750)14,010 (12,689/1,321)26,512 (23,701/2,811)26,580 (23,385/3,195)50,882 (45,245/5,637)
South Asia3,182 (2,818/364)2,230 (2,003/227)2,436 (2,185/251)2,239 (2,017/222)2,588 (2,319/269)3,956 (3,560/396)13,949 (12,607/1,342)38,037 (35,083/2,954)26,023 (24,057/1,966)18,787 (17,371/1,416)35,947 (33,335/2,612)
East and South-East Asia10,400 (7,215/3,185)7,607 (5,054/2,553)7,226 (4,639/2,587)6,017 (3,995/2,022)3,496 (2,409/1,087)3,169 (2,217/952)3,840 (2,547/1,293)6,842 (4,958/1,884)17,207 (12,384/4,823)19,901 (14,571/5,330)29,422 (19,943/9,479)
Sub-Saharan Africa309 (258/51)268 (209/59)268 (204/64)220 (177/43)177 (128/49)273 (214/59)290 (218/72)820 (605/215)1,962 (1,410/552)3,306 (2,463/843)7,782 (5,716/2,066)
Americas903 (709/194)966 (726/240)1,036 (786/250)991 (733/258)1,017 (731/286)1,113 (842/271)1,219 (908/311)1,533 (1,1165/368)2,111 (1,696/415)1,976 (1,513/463)2,682 (2,005/677)
Oceania48 (37/11)53 (36/17)42 (29/13)40 (28/12)45 (36/9)47 (36/11)45 (33/12)62 (39/23)62 (45/17)39 (35/4)59 (57/2)
Total41,265 (28,597/12,668)39,601 (26,555/13,046)39,526 (25,759/13,767)44,026 (29,497/14,529)65,926 (47,711/18,215)127,550 (93,530/34,020)235,807 (174,487/61,320)329,049 (254,117/74,932)445,171 (333,974/111,302)406,828 (297,938/108,890)506,137 (381,161/124,976)365,858 (303,016/62,842)320,749 (272,724/48,025)173,647 (144,749/28,898)3,140,867 (2,413,437/727,430)

Declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner

[edit]

In addition to work permits, there is a secondary, easier work migration scheme calleddeclarations of entrusting work to a foreigner. Compared to the work permit system, employers seeking to entrust work to a foreigner do not need to subject the job to a labor market test. However, the work visa is only valid for up to 24 months instead of 36 months. Prior to 2022, the time limits were even stricter, with a 6-month maximum stay that had to be accompanied by a 6-month period outside of Poland until a new work visa could be obtained.[62][63] This system is only open to citizens of 5post-Soviet countries,[64][65] though business leaders have called for an extension to other post-Soviet republics. Russian citizens are excluded from the program since October 2022,[66] following the invasion of Ukraine. Between 2007 and 2017, this scheme was known as adeclaration ofintention to entrust work to a foreigner, though it led to numerous abuses, since after submitting the statement, employers were not obliged to report whether the foreigner had come, and whether they had taken the job. Migrants would sometimes take up different work than previously indicated, use the permit to move to Western Europe, or not arrive at all. On 1 January 2018, it was replaced by the current scheme. Since then, employers are obliged to report the fact that the migrant has taken up employment. The change limits the comparability of the data from the previous periods.[67]

Registered declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner[68]
Country20182019202020212022
 Ukraine1,446,3041,475,9231,329,4911,705,709618,503
 Belarus62,80566,04578,905103,749217,374
 Georgia28,00845,13744,270135,743147,847
 Moldova36,74239,41445,28176,50647,269
 Russia6,71811,26219,24636,21416,084
 Armenia1,6482,3022,4067,3147,475
Total1,582,2251,640,0831,519,5992,065,4161,054,640

Seasonal work permits

[edit]

Since January 2018, employers may hire foreigners on a seasonal work permit, used specifically for agricultural and tourism-related work.[69] In 2020, 60.8% of hired foreigners were women, 42% were under 35 years old, and most worked in Poland from 31 to 90 days.[70] The vast majority of migrants come fromUkraine, as well asBelarus,Moldova, andGeorgia, since the law doesn't require the employer to look for potential Polish workers before hiring a foreigner from said countries.

Seasonal work permits by country of citizenship
Country201820192020
 Ukraine119,926129,683135,482
 Belarus607659625
 Moldova359380342
 Georgia199302291
 Uzbekistan366122
 Philippines157878
 Russia457962
 Indonesia0344
Others3597175
Total121,436131,446137,403

Social insurance data

[edit]

Polish social insurance provider,Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS), reported 1,094,148 foreigners paying towards pension insurance in Poland at the end of June 2023, an 8.1% increase since the year prior and more than double compared to 5 years ago. Foreigners were 6.74% of all insured in Poland, an increase from basically 0 just a few years earlier.Ukrainians andBelarusians were the largest groups of foreigners, at 68.4% and 11.1%, respectively. Other nationalities with more than 10,000 people insured in the Polish insurance system include:Georgians (27,434),Indians (18,620),Moldovans (14,654), andRussians (12,709).[71]

Ukrainian refugees

[edit]
For more information, seeUkrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)#Poland.

Poland has been at the forefront of the Ukrainian refugee crisis from the very beginning, as the country shares a long border with Ukraine and many Ukrainians have family members working or studying in Poland. As the refugee crisis became apparent, Polish authorities waived certain entry restrictions for people fleeing Ukraine, such as requirements for passports[72] and, along with millions of private citizens,[73] organized food and shelter for the arriving refugees. Poland's response to the Ukrainian refugee crisis has won the country international praise.[74][75]

As of September 2023, 958,120 refugees remain in Poland, of which 408,884 are under 18. More than 1 in 10 refugees lives in Warsaw (103,476), followed by Wrocław (45,942), Kraków (31,795) and Poznań (24,312).[76] Refugees are not counted towards the official population number by GUS as they are in a temporary residence status and temporary residents are not reported.[77]

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Main article:Ethnic minorities in Poland

Poland was a diverse country before World War II, with only around 2/3 of the population being ethnically Polish. Due to German and Soviet war-time resettlements and genocides, and after-war population transfers, post-war Poland was one of the most ethnically homogenous countries in Europe and has stayed that way in the 21st century.

Map of at least 5% non-Polish areas
Population background%1Population (1st declaration)Population (any declaration)
Total100.0038,036,11838,036,118
European Union99.5337,858,10538,690,651
Autochthonous toPoland99.3437,785,17338,423,818
Poles98.5937,499,70037,595,069
Silesians0.62236,588596,224
Kashubians0.0415,177179,685
Lemkos0.029,22613,607
Romani0.029,02613,303
Jews0.028,06417,156
Tatars0.014,0095,295
Karaites0.013,3833,479
Other EU member states (primarilyGermans)0.1972,932266,833
Other Europe (primarilyUkrainian andBelarusian)0.34130,903232,165
Other (primarily Vietnamese)0.0830,051102,746
Unspecified0.0311,12811,128
1 In the 2021 census responders were allowed to pick up to 2 nationalities/ethnicities. Percentages are calculated for the first choice only.
National and ethnic composition of Poland by census
Ethnicity19211931194620022011120211
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Poles17,789,28769.2321,993,44468.9120,520,17885.7536,983,72096.7437,310,30096.8837,499,70098.59
Silesians173,1530.45435,8001.13236,5880.62
Ukrainians3,898,42815.173,221,97510.1030,9570.0838,4000.1064,9090.17
Belarusians1,035,6934.03989,8523.1048,7370.1336,4000.0943,6930.11
Germans769,3922.99740,9922.322,288,3009.56152,8970.4074,5000.1942,5580.11
Kashubians5,0620.0117,7000.0515,1770.04
Russians48,9200.19138,7130.436,1030.028,2000.0210,9770.03
Lemkos5,8630.027,1000.029,2260.02
Romani12,8550.0312,6000.039,0260.02
Lithuanians24,0440.0983,1160.265,8460.025,6000.018,0880.02
Jews2,048,8787.972,732,5738.561,1330.002,5000.018,0640.02
Armenians1,0820.003,0000.015,5860.01
Slovaks2,0010.012,3000.014,5080.01
Vietnamese1,8080.003,6000.014,1980.01
Czechs30,6280.1238,0970.128310.001,3000.004,0350.01
Ruthenians1,219,6473.82
Local38,9430.15707,0882.22
Others9,8560.0411,1190.03399,5261.6769,7850.18
Unknown6310.0039,1630.12417,431.774,8852.03521,5001.3511,1280.03
Total25,694,70031,915,77923,929,75738,230,08038,511,82438,036,100
1 In 2011 and 2021 censuses responders were allowed to pick up to 2 nationalities/ethnicities. Only first choices are shown here.

A breakdown of ethnic Poles and ethnic minorities by voivodeship according to the censuses of 2002, 2011 and 2021:[78][79][80]

Census year2002 census2011 census2021 census
VoivodeshipPolish ethnicityNon-Polish ethnicityNot reported or no ethnicityPolish ethnicity (including mixed)Only non-Polish ethnicityNot reported or no ethnicityPolish ethnicity (including mixed)Only non-Polish ethnicityNot reported or no ethnicity
Lower Silesian98.02%0.42%1.56%97.87%0.38%1.75%99.25%0.72%0.03%
Greater Poland99.29%0.13%0.58%98.96%0.13%0.91%99.60%0.38%0.02%
Holy Cross98.50%0.09%1.41%98.82%0.08%1.10%99.70%0.27%0.03%
Kuyavian-Pomeranian98.74%0.13%1.13%98.73%0.12%1.15%99.63%0.34%0.03%
Lesser Poland98.72%0.26%1.02%98.22%0.24%1.54%99.50%0.47%0.03%
Lublin98.74%0.13%1.12%98.66%0.14%1.20%99.64%0.33%0.03%
Lubusz97.72%0.33%1.95%98.26%0.31%1.43%99.43%0.54%0.03%
Łódź98.06%0.15%1.78%98.86%0.16%0.98%99.61%0.37%0.02%
Masovian96.55%0.26%3.19%98.61%0.37%1.02%99.29%0.68%0.03%
Opole81.62%12.52%5.86%88.14%9.72%2.14%95.58%4.33%0.09%
Podlaskie93.94%4.57%1.49%95.18%2.89%1.93%98.17%1.79%0.04%
Pomeranian97.42%0.58%2.00%97.68%0.95%1.37%98.97%1.01%0.02%
Silesian91.99%3.93%4.08%90.65%7.78%1.57%95.49%4.48%0.03%
Subcarpathian98.83%0.26%0.91%98.16%0.21%1.63%99.60%0.36%0.04%
Warmian-Masurian97.13%1.28%1.60%97.59%0.90%1.51%99.21%0.76%0.03%
West Pomeranian98.27%0.46%1.27%98.18%0.36%1.46%99.39%0.58%0.03%
Poland96.74%1.23%2.03%97.10%1.55%1.35%98.84%1.13%0.03%

Languages

[edit]
Main article:Languages of Poland
Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)

Religion

[edit]
See also:Religion in Poland andCatholic Church in Poland

Historically, Poland has been a religiously diverse country. However, after thewar-related population transfers and the Holocaust, Poland became predominantlyCatholic, with smallOrthodox,Protestant andJewish communities.

Religious makeup of Poland
  1. Roman Catholic (71.3%)
  2. Orthodox (0.40%)
  3. Jehovah's Witnesses (0.29%)
  4. Other denominations (0.58%)
  5. No denomination (6.87%)
  6. Refused to state (20.5%)
  7. Unknown (0.04%)

The most recent census has shown a Catholic majority again, however with a significant drop in self-declared Catholics compared to a census 10 years earlier.[81]Roman Catholics constitute 71.3% of the population, down from 87.58% in 2011.[82]

Percentage of populationNumber of adherents
Denomination2011 census2021 census2011 census2021 census
Roman Catholic Church87.671.333,728,73427,121,331
Polish Orthodox Church0.40.4156,284151,648
Jehovah's Witnessess0.40.29137,308108,754
Lutheranism0.20.1770,76665,407
Greek Catholic Church0.10.0933,28133,209
Pentecostal Church0.10.0826,43330,105
Catholic Mariawite Church0.00.039,99012,248
Old Catholic Church of Poland0.00.028,8076,942
Baptist Christian Church of the Republic of Poland0.00.015,9825,181
Buddhism0.00.015,9813,236
Seventh Day Adventist Church0.00.014,9473,129
Pastafarianism0.00.014922,312
Islam0.00.015,1082,209
Christ's Church in Poland0.00.018602,072
Slavic Native Faiths0.00.019142,039
God's Church in Christ0.00.011,3502,007
Other denominations0.10.1124,71640,343
Not belonging to any denomination2.46.87929,4202,611,506
Refusing to state a denomination7.120.532,733,8437,807,553
Denomination unknown1.60.04626,60816,059

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

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