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| Demographics ofIndia | |
|---|---|
 Population pyramid of India in 2024 | |
| Population | 1,408,069,540 (2023)[1] |
| Density | 483.68 people/km² (2023 est.)[2] |
| Growth rate | +0.89% (2023 est.)[3] |
| Birth rate | 16.15 births/1,000 people (2023 est.)[4] |
| Death rate | 9.1 deaths/1,000 people (2023 est.)[5] |
| Life expectancy |  72.03 years (2023 est.)[6] |
| • male | 70.52 years (2023 est.)[7] |
| • female | 73.60 years (2023 est.)[7] |
| Fertility rate |  1.94 children born per woman (2025)[8][9] |
| Infant mortality rate |  22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)[10] |
| Net migration rate | -0.68 (negative net migration)[11] |
| Age structure | |
| 0–14 years | 25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.) |
| 15–64 years | 67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.) |
| 65 and over | 6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.) |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 1.06 male(s)/female (2023)[12] |
| At birth | 1.1 male(s)/female (2023)[12] |
| Under 15 | 1.11 male(s)/female (2023)[12] |
| 15–64 years | 1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.) |
| 65 and over | 0.85 male(s)/female (2023)[12] |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Major ethnic |
|
| Minor ethnic |
|
| Language | |
| Official | SeeLanguages of India |
| Spoken | |
India is themost populous country in the world, with one-sixth of theworld's population.[13][14][15][16]Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population Dashboard, in 2023 India's population stood at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg.[16] In 2015, India's population waspredicted to reach 1.7 billion by 2050.[17][18] In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.[19]
In 2024, themedian age of an Indian was 29.8 years,[20] compared to 40.2 for China and 49.9 for Japan; and, by 2030; India'sdependency ratio will be just over 0.4.[21] However, the number ofchildren in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.[22]
India has many ethnic groups,[23] and every majorregion is represented, as are four majorfamilies oflanguages (Indo-European,Dravidian,Austroasiatic andSino-Tibetan languages) as well as twolanguage isolates: theNihali language,[24] spoken in parts ofMaharashtra, and theBurushaski language, spoken in parts ofJammu and Kashmir. Around 150,000 people in India areAnglo-Indians,[25] and between 25,000-70,000 people areSiddhis, who are descendants of Bantu slaves brought byArabs,Persians andPortuguese to the western coast of India during theMiddle Ages andthe colonial period. They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.[26]
Thesex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.[27] This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century.[28]
The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are nowPakistan andBangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along withinterpolated estimates and overallaggregate averages derived from their estimates.[29][30]
| Year | Maddison (2001)[31] | Clark (1967)[32][33][34] | Biraben (1979)[33][35][36] | Durand (1974)[37][33] | McEvedy (1978)[38][33] | Aggregate average | Period | Average % growth / century | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | % growth / century | Population | % growth / century | Population | % growth / century | Population | % growth / century | Population | % growth / century | Population | % growth / century | |||
| 10,000 BC | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 100,000 | — | 100,000 | — | Stone Age | 3.9 |
| 4000 BC | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,000,000 | 3.9 | 1,000,000 | 3.9 | ||
| 2000 BC | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6,000,000 | 9.4 | 6,000,000 | 9.4 | Bronze Age | 9.4 |
| 500 BC | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25,000,000 | 10 | 25,000,000 | 10 | Iron Age | 10.2 |
| 400 BC | — | — | — | — | 30,000,000 | — | — | — | 26,600,000 | 6.3 | 28,300,000 | 13.2 | ||
| 200 BC | — | — | — | — | 55,000,000 | 35.4 | — | — | 30,000,000 | 6.3 | 42,500,000 | 22.5 | Maurya era | 22.5 |
| 1 AD | 75,000,000 | — | 70,000,000 | — | 46,000,000 | –9.3 | 75,000,000 | — | 34,000,000 | 6.5 | 60,000,000 | 18.8 | Classical era | 5.3 |
| 200 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 72,500,000 | 1.7 | 45,000,000 | –1.1 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 39,000,000 | 7.1 | 61,300,000 | 1.1 | ||
| 400 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 75,000,000 | 1.7 | 32,000,000 | –18.6 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 45,000,000 | 7.4 | 60,400,000 | –0.7 | ||
| 500 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 33,000,000 | 3.1 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 48,000,000 | 6.5 | 61,200,000 | 1.3 | ||
| 600 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 37,000,000 | 12.1 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 51,000,000 | 6.5 | 62,600,000 | 2.3 | Early medieval era | 1.9 |
| 700 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 50,000,000 | 35.1 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 56,500,000 | 10.3 | 66,300,000 | 5.9 | ||
| 800 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 43,000,000 | –16.3 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 62,000,000 | 10.3 | 66,000,000 | –0.5 | ||
| 900 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 72,500,000 | –3.5 | 38,000,000 | –13.2 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 69,500,000 | 11.4 | 66,000,000 | 0 | ||
| 1000 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 70,000,000 | –3.5 | 40,000,000 | 5.3 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 77,000,000 | 11.4 | 67,400,000 | 2.1 | ||
| 1100 | 81,000,000 | 8 | 72,500,000 | 3.5 | 51,000,000 | 27.5 | 81,300,000 | 8.4 | 80,000,000 | 3.9 | 73,200,000 | 8.6 | Late medieval era | 8.1 |
| 1200 | 87,500,000 | 8 | 75,000,000 | 3.5 | 65,100,000 | 27.5 | 88,200,000 | 8.4 | 83,000,000 | 3.8 | 79,800,000 | 9 | ||
| 1300 | 94,500,000 | 8 | 75,000,000 | 0 | 83,000,000 | 27.5 | 95,700,000 | 8.4 | 88,000,000 | 6 | 87,200,000 | 9.3 | ||
| 1400 | 102,000,000 | 8 | 77,000,000 | 3.3 | 88,800,000 | 7 | 103,700,000 | 8.4 | 94,000,000 | 6.8 | 92,900,000 | 7 | ||
| 1500 | 110,000,000 | 8 | 79,000,000 | 3.3 | 95,000,000 | 7 | 112,500,000 | 8.4 | 100,000,000 | 6.4 | 99,300,000 | 7 | ||
| 1600 | 135,000,000 | 22.8 | 100,000,000 | 26.6 | 145,000,000 | 52.6 | 135,800,000 | 20.7 | 130,000,000 | 30 | 129,200,000 | 30.1 | Mughal era | 31.9 |
| 1650 | 150,000,000 | 22.2 | 150,000,000 | 125 | 160,000,000 | 20.7 | 149,100,000 | 20.7 | 145,000,000 | 24.4 | 150,800,000 | 36.2 | ||
| 1700 | 165,000,000 | 22.2 | 200,000,000 | 77.8 | 175,000,000 | 20.7 | 163,900,000 | 20.7 | 160,000,000 | 21.8 | 172,800,000 | 31.3 | ||
| 1750 | 182,100,000 | 21.8 | 200,000,000 | 0 | 182,700,000 | 9 | 180,000,000 | 20.7 | 170,000,000 | 12.9 | 183,000,000 | 12.1 | Colonial era | 12.2 |
| 1800 | 200,900,000 | 21.8 | 190,000,000 | –10.8 | 190,700,000 | 9 | — | — | 185,000,000 | 18.4 | 190,400,000 | 8 | ||
| 1820 | 209,000,000 | 21.8 | 190,000,000 | 0 | 194,000,000 | 9 | — | — | 200,000,000 | 47.7 | 198,300,000 | 22 | ||
India's population has changed significantly due to migrations, technological advancements, and societal developments. Below is a table of historical population estimates:
Estimated Population of India (10,000 BC – 2021)
| Era | Year | Estimated Population | Growth Rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Classical India | 100 AD | 52,748,932 | +2.8% |
| 200 AD | 54,902,817 | +4.1% | |
| 300 AD | 57,654,213 | +5.0% | |
| 400 AD | 60,834,921 | +5.5% | |
| 500 AD | 64,291,782 | +5.7% | |
| Early Medieval India | 600 AD | 68,102,304 | +5.9% |
| 700 AD | 71,837,610 | +5.5% | |
| 800 AD | 75,983,210 | +5.8% | |
| 900 AD | 81,274,936 | +7.0% | |
| 1000 AD | 86,732,843 | +6.7% | |
| Delhi Sultanate | 1100 AD | 91,403,287 | +5.4% |
| 1200 AD | 96,289,634 | +5.4% | |
| 1300 AD | 101,984,726 | +5.9% | |
| 1400 AD | 111,209,832 | +9.1% | |
| Mughal Empire | 1500 AD | 121,847,294 | +9.6% |
| 1600 AD | 136,204,781 | +11.8% | |
| 1700 AD | 161,874,263 | +18.9% | |
| 1800 AD | 186,432,976 | +15.2% | |
| Colonial Period | 1810 | 190,000,000 | +2.1% |
| 1820 | 195,000,000 | +2.6% | |
| 1830 | 200,000,000 | +2.6% | |
| 1840 | 205,000,000 | +2.5% | |
| 1850 | 210,000,000 | +2.4% | |
| British Raj | 1860 | 215,000,000 | +2.4% |
| 1870 | 220,000,000 | +2.3% | |
| 1881 | 253,891,821 | +15.4% | |
| 1891 | 287,223,431 | +13.1% | |
| 1901 | 317,318,032 | +10.5% | |
| 1911 | 317,369,222 | +0.02% | |
| 1921 | 318,866,673 | +0.46% | |
| 1931 | 337,515,000 | +5.8% | |
| 1941 | 389,000,000 | +15.3% | |
| Post-independence India | 1951 | 361,088,000 | -7.18% |
| 1961 | 439,235,000 | +21.7% | |
| 1971 | 548,159,652 | +24.8% | |
| 1981 | 683,329,097 | +24.7% | |
| 1991 | 846,387,888 | +24.0% | |
| 2001 | 1,028,610,328 | +21.5% | |
| 2011 | 1,210,854,977 | +17.9% | |
| 2021 | 1,390,537,387 | +14.9% |
The population grew from theSouth Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to theMaurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,[39] before population growth slowed down in theclassical era up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during theearly medieval era era up to 1000 AD.[31][33] The population growth rate then increased in thelate medieval era (during theDelhi Sultanate) from 1000 to 1500.[31][33]
Under theMughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,[39] due to Mughalagrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production.[40] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-centuryBritish India[41] and contemporary Europe[41] up until the 19th century.[42] These estimates byAbraham Eraly[41] andPaolo Malanima[42] have been criticised byTim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.[43]
Under the reign ofAkbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.[44] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.[45]Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.[41] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[41] with larger cities includingAgra (inAgra Subah) with up to 800,000 people[46] andDhaka (inBengal Subah) with over 1 million people.[47] Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time ofAurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).[44]
Thetotal fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources:Our World in Data andGapminder Foundation.[48]
| Years | 1880 | 1881 | 1882 | 1883 | 1884 | 1885 | 1886 | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 | 1902[48] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in India | 5.95 | 5.92 | 5.89 | 5.86 | 5.82 | 5.79 | 4.38 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.75 | 5.75 | 5.75 |
| Years | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 | 1930[48] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fertility Rate in India | 5.761 | 5.77 | 5.78 | 5.79 | 5.8 | 5.81 | 5.82 | 5.83 | 5.85 | 5.86 |
Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950
| Years | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1905 | 1911 | 1915 | 1921 | 1925 | 1931 | 1935 | 1941 | 1950[49] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy in India | 25.4 | 24.3 | 23.5 | 24.0 | 23.2 | 24.0 | 24.9 | 27.6 | 29.3 | 31.0 | 32.6 | 35.4 |
The population of India under theBritish Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:
| Census year | Population | Growth (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1871[50] | 238,830,958 | — |
| 1881[51] | 253,896,330 | 6.3 |
| 1891[50] | 287,223,431 | 13.1 |
| 1901[50] | 293,550,310 | 2.2 |
| 1911[52] | 315,156,396 | 7.4 |
| 1921[52] | 318,942,480 | 1.2 |
| 1931[52] | 352,837,778 | 10.6 |
| 1941[52] | 388,997,955 | 10.2 |
Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).[53]
Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation...".[54]
| Rank | Language | Language Family | Speakers (1971) | Speakers (1981) | Speakers (1991) | Speakers (2001) | Speakers (2011) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hindi[note 1] | Indo-Aryan | 202,767,971 | 257,749,009 | 329,505,193 | 422,048,642 | 528,347,193 |
| 2 | Bengali | Indo-Aryan | 44,792,312 | 51,298,319 | 69,595,738 | 83,369,769 | 97,237,669 |
| 3 | Telugu | Dravidian | 44,756,923 | 50,624,611 | 66,017,615 | 74,002,856 | 81,127,740 |
| 4 | Marathi | Indo-Aryan | 41,765,190 | 49,452,922 | 62,481,681 | 71,936,894 | 83,026,680 |
| 5 | Tamil | Dravidian | 37,690,106 | - | 53,006,368 | 60,793,814 | 69,026,881 |
| 6 | Urdu | Indo-Aryan | 28,620,895 | 34,941,435 | 43,406,932 | 51,536,111 | 50,772,631 |
| 7 | Gujarati | Indo-Aryan | 25,865,012 | 33,063,267 | 40,695,370 | 46,091,617 | 55,492,554 |
| 8 | Kannada | Dravidian | 21,710,649 | 25,697,146 | 32,753,676 | 37,924,011 | 43,706,512 |
| 9 | Malayalam | Dravidian | 21,938,760 | 25,700,705 | 30,377,176 | 33,066,392 | 34,838,819 |
| 10 | Odia | Indo-Aryan | 19,863,198 | 23,021,528 | 28,061,313 | 33,017,446 | 37,521,324 |
| 11 | Punjabi | Indo-Aryan | 14,108,443 | 19,611,199 | 23,378,744 | 29,102,477 | 33,124,726 |
| 12 | Assamese | Indo-Aryan | 8,959,558 | - | 13,079,696 | 13,168,484 | 15,311,351 |
| 13 | Maithili | Indo-Aryan | 6,130,026 | 7,522,265 | 7,766,921 | 12,179,122 | 13,583,464 |
| 14 | Bhili/Bhilodi Non-scheduled | Indo-Aryan | 3,399,285 | 4,293,314 | 5,572,308 | 9,582,957 | 10,413,637 |
| 15 | Santali | Austro-Asiatic | 3,786,899 | 4,332,511 | 5,216,325 | 6,469,600 | 7,368,192 |
| 16 | Kashmiri | Indo-Aryan | 2,495,487 | 3,176,975 | - | 5,527,698 | 6,797,587 |
| 17 | Nepali | Indo-Aryan | 1,419,835 | 1,360,636 | 2,076,645 | 2,871,749 | 2,926,168 |
| 18 | Gondi Non-scheduled | Dravidian | 1,688,284 | 1,913,262 | 2,124,852 | 2,713,790 | 2,984,453 |
| 19 | Sindhi | Indo-Aryan | 1,676,875 | 2,044,389 | 2,122,848 | 2,535,485 | 2,772,264 |
| 20 | Konkani | Indo-Aryan | 1,508,432 | 1,570,108 | 1,760,607 | 2,489,015 | 2,256,502 |
| 21 | Dogri | Indo-Aryan | 1,299,143 | 1,530,616 | - | 2,282,589 | 2,596,767 |
| 22 | Khandeshi Non-scheduled | Indo-Aryan | 251,896 | 1,216,789 | 973,709 | 2,075,258 | 1,860,236 |
| 23 | Kurukh Non-scheduled | Dravidian | 1,235,665 | 1,333,670 | 1,426,618 | 1,751,489 | 1,988,350 |
| 24 | Tulu Non-scheduled | Dravidian | 1,158,419 | 1,417,224 | 1,552,259 | 1,722,768 | 1,846,427 |
| 25 | Meiteilon (Manipuri) | Sino-Tibetan | 791,714 | 901,407 | 1,270,216 | 1,466,705 | 1,761,079 |
| 26 | Bodo | Sino-Tibetan | 556,576 | - | 1,221,881 | 1,350,478 | 1,482,929 |
| 27 | Khasi Non-scheduled | Austro-Asiatic | 479,028 | 628,846 | 912,283 | 1,128,575 | 1,431,344 |
| 28 | Mundari Non-scheduled | Austro-Asiatic | 771,253 | 742,739 | 861,378 | 1,061,352 | 1,128,228 |
| 29 | Ho Non-scheduled | Austro-Asiatic | 751,389 | 783,301 | 949,216 | 1,042,724 | 1,421,418 |
| 30 | Tripuri Non-scheduled | Sino-Tibetan | 372,579 | 502,067 | 694,940 | 854,023 | 1,011,294 |
According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spokeHindi natively, while the rest spokeAssamese,Bengali,Gujarati,Maithili,Kannada,Malayalam,Marathi,Odia,Punjabi,Tamil,Telugu,Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages arespecified in the Eighth Schedule ofIndian Constitution, while 100 are non-specified.
The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata andPurul subdivisions ofSenapati District ofManipur state due to cancellation of census results.
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| Year | Mid-year population | Births per year | Deaths per year | Annual change in population | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration rate (per 1000) | Total Fertility rate | Infant mortality (per 1000) | Life expectancy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 346,278,817 | 15,287,998 | 7,852,219 | 7,435,779 | 44.15 | 22.68 | 21.6 | 5.73 | 181.2 | 41.7 | ||
| 1951 | 353,870,058 | 15,663,440 | 7,973,004 | 7,591,241 | 44.26 | 22.53 | 21.6 | 0.5 | 5.77 | 180.1 | 41.7 | |
| 1952 | 361,874,904 | 16,082,888 | 8,048,990 | 8,004,846 | 44.44 | 22.24 | 21.9 | 0.2 | 5.82 | 177.5 | 42.0 | |
| 1953 | 370,104,571 | 16,501,176 | 8,169,722 | 8,229,667 | 44.59 | 22.07 | 22.1 | 0 | 5.87 | 175.3 | 42.2 | |
| 1954 | 378,687,141 | 16,903,336 | 8,122,090 | 8,582,570 | 44.64 | 21.45 | 22.7 | −0.4 | 5.91 | 172.2 | 43.0 | |
| 1955 | 387,700,891 | 17,219,756 | 8,168,768 | 9,013,750 | 44.41 | 21.07 | 22.8 | −0.1 | 5.91 | 169.7 | 43.4 | |
| 1956 | 396,988,906 | 17,526,402 | 8,232,471 | 9,288,015 | 44.15 | 20.74 | 22.8 | 0 | 5.91 | 167.3 | 43.8 | |
| 1957 | 406,253,895 | 17,825,650 | 8,323,747 | 9,264,989 | 43.88 | 20.49 | 22.8 | 0 | 5.91 | 165.0 | 44.1 | |
| 1958 | 415,777,437 | 18,053,426 | 8,374,383 | 9,523,542 | 43.42 | 20.14 | 22.7 | −0.2 | 5.90 | 162.7 | 44.4 | |
| 1959 | 425,780,669 | 18,321,022 | 8,395,630 | 10,003,232 | 43.03 | 19.72 | 22.7 | −0.2 | 5.89 | 160.3 | 44.9 | |
| 1960 | 435,990,344 | 18,705,012 | 8,467,290 | 10,209,675 | 42.90 | 19.42 | 22.9 | 0.2 | 5.92 | 158.2 | 45.2 | |
| 1961 | 446,564,730 | 19,054,934 | 8,586,012 | 10,574,386 | 42.67 | 19.23 | 22.8 | 0.5 | 5.94 | 156.4 | 45.4 | |
| 1962 | 457,283,092 | 19,422,986 | 8,679,851 | 10,718,362 | 42.48 | 18.98 | 22.9 | 0.5 | 5.95 | 154.5 | 45.7 | |
| 1963 | 468,138,576 | 19,783,962 | 8,767,246 | 10,855,484 | 42.26 | 18.73 | 22.9 | 0.5 | 5.97 | 152.7 | 45.9 | |
| 1964 | 479,229,599 | 20,156,988 | 8,871,377 | 11,091,023 | 42.06 | 18.51 | 23.0 | 0.3 | 5.98 | 151.1 | 46.2 | |
| 1965 | 490,140,141 | 20,414,206 | 9,488,516 | 10,910,542 | 41.65 | 19.36 | 21.7 | 0.9 | 5.94 | 156.4 | 45.0 | |
| 1966 | 500,740,250 | 20,632,990 | 9,543,207 | 10,600,109 | 41.20 | 19.06 | 21.6 | 0.2 | 5.88 | 154.7 | 45.3 | |
| 1967 | 511,606,375 | 20,889,458 | 9,609,691 | 10,866,125 | 40.83 | 18.78 | 21.5 | 0 | 5.83 | 153.1 | 45.7 | |
| 1968 | 522,716,894 | 21,162,298 | 9,155,303 | 11,110,519 | 40.48 | 17.52 | 22.4 | −0.5 | 5.76 | 145.0 | 47.5 | |
| 1969 | 533,880,544 | 21,386,208 | 9,218,624 | 11,163,650 | 40.06 | 17.27 | 22.3 | 0 | 5.68 | 143.3 | 47.9 | |
| 1970 | 545,864,268 | 21,705,420 | 9,287,483 | 11,983,724 | 39.76 | 17.01 | 22.3 | −0.1 | 5.62 | 141.7 | 48.2 | |
| 1971 | 558,096,383 | 22,169,874 | 9,382,778 | 12,232,115 | 39.72 | 16.81 | 22.5 | −0.1 | 5.57 | 139.9 | 48.6 | |
| 1972 | 570,482,142 | 22,509,830 | 9,468,026 | 12,385,759 | 39.46 | 16.60 | 22.5 | 0 | 5.48 | 138.5 | 49.0 | |
| 1973 | 583,465,595 | 22,929,810 | 9,517,150 | 12,983,453 | 39.30 | 16.31 | 22.7 | 0.1 | 5.40 | 136.3 | 49.5 | |
| 1974 | 597,041,392 | 23,284,796 | 9,489,001 | 13,575,797 | 39.00 | 15.89 | 22.8 | 0 | 5.33 | 133.3 | 50.2 | |
| 1975 | 611,309,532 | 23,451,070 | 9,492,655 | 14,268,140 | 38.36 | 15.53 | 22.6 | 0 | 5.20 | 130.7 | 50.8 | |
| 1976 | 625,861,887 | 23,935,742 | 9,499,656 | 14,552,355 | 38.24 | 15.18 | 22.7 | −0.4 | 5.13 | 127.9 | 51.4 | |
| 1977 | 640,801,105 | 24,070,484 | 9,494,741 | 14,939,218 | 37.56 | 14.82 | 22.2 | 0.1 | 5.01 | 124.9 | 51.9 | |
| 1978 | 655,728,226 | 24,359,834 | 9,461,503 | 14,927,121 | 37.15 | 14.43 | 22.1 | 0.3 | 4.89 | 121.7 | 52.5 | |
| 1979 | 671,155,745 | 24,833,594 | 9,440,528 | 15,427,519 | 37.00 | 14.07 | 22.3 | 0.2 | 4.81 | 118.4 | 53.1 | |
| 1980 | 687,354,031 | 25,471,068 | 9,452,567 | 16,198,286 | 37.06 | 13.75 | 22.5 | 0.4 | 4.78 | 115.2 | 53.6 | |
| 1981 | 703,696,255 | 25,868,440 | 9,446,658 | 16,342,224 | 36.76 | 13.42 | 22.7 | 0.3 | 4.70 | 112.1 | 54.2 | |
| 1982 | 720,313,474 | 26,221,360 | 9,431,256 | 16,617,219 | 36.40 | 13.09 | 22.6 | 0.3 | 4.62 | 109.3 | 54.7 | |
| 1983 | 737,372,685 | 26,637,448 | 9,418,131 | 17,059,211 | 36.13 | 12.77 | 22.6 | 0.2 | 4.57 | 106.7 | 55.3 | |
| 1984 | 754,875,451 | 27,113,114 | 9,414,277 | 17,502,766 | 35.92 | 12.47 | 22.7 | 0.2 | 4.52 | 104.2 | 55.8 | |
| 1985 | 772,647,801 | 27,366,950 | 9,398,793 | 17,772,350 | 35.42 | 12.16 | 22.5 | 0.2 | 4.43 | 101.8 | 56.3 | |
| 1986 | 790,689,978 | 27,848,424 | 9,392,670 | 18,042,177 | 35.22 | 11.88 | 22.7 | −0.1 | 4.40 | 99.4 | 56.8 | |
| 1987 | 808,931,261 | 27,860,878 | 9,365,358 | 18,241,283 | 34.44 | 11.58 | 22.2 | 0.2 | 4.31 | 97.0 | 57.3 | |
| 1988 | 827,342,997 | 28,040,342 | 9,337,583 | 18,411,736 | 33.89 | 11.29 | 21.9 | 0.2 | 4.22 | 94.6 | 57.8 | |
| 1989 | 846,039,530 | 28,154,986 | 9,306,083 | 18,696,533 | 33.28 | 11.00 | 21.6 | 0.3 | 4.13 | 92.2 | 58.2 | |
| 1990 | 864,972,219 | 28,171,520 | 9,277,651 | 18,932,689 | 32.57 | 10.73 | 21.1 | 0.5 | 4.05 | 89.8 | 58.7 | |
| 1991 | 883,927,607 | 28,305,720 | 9,256,425 | 18,955,388 | 32.02 | 10.47 | 21.0 | 0.2 | 3.96 | 87.6 | 59.1 | |
| 1992 | 902,957,072 | 28,365,204 | 9,232,809 | 19,029,465 | 31.41 | 10.22 | 20.7 | 0.3 | 3.88 | 85.5 | 59.5 | |
| 1993 | 922,118,380 | 28,374,418 | 9,221,708 | 19,161,308 | 30.77 | 10.00 | 20.3 | 0.4 | 3.80 | 83.5 | 59.8 | |
| 1994 | 941,163,775 | 28,512,692 | 9,201,756 | 19,045,395 | 30.30 | 9.78 | 20.0 | 0.4 | 3.72 | 81.4 | 60.2 | |
| 1995 | 960,301,048 | 28,588,052 | 9,191,892 | 19,137,273 | 29.77 | 9.57 | 19.7 | 0.4 | 3.65 | 79.3 | 60.6 | |
| 1996 | 979,678,464 | 28,623,284 | 9,180,936 | 19,377,416 | 29.22 | 9.37 | 19.4 | 0.3 | 3.58 | 77.1 | 61.0 | |
| 1997 | 999,133,765 | 28,659,994 | 9,166,224 | 19,455,301 | 28.68 | 9.17 | 19.0 | 0.4 | 3.51 | 74.8 | 61.4 | |
| 1998 | 1,018,665,073 | 28,724,934 | 9,155,898 | 19,531,308 | 28.20 | 8.99 | 18.7 | 0.4 | 3.45 | 72.5 | 61.8 | |
| 1999 | 1,038,225,821 | 28,790,310 | 9,141,493 | 19,560,748 | 27.73 | 8.80 | 18.4 | 0.3 | 3.38 | 70.2 | 62.2 | |
| 2000 | 1,057,922,728 | 29,111,712 | 9,127,431 | 19,696,907 | 27.52 | 8.63 | 18.3 | 0.1 | 3.35 | 67.8 | 62.7 | |
| 2001 | 1,077,898,572 | 29,324,930 | 9,143,228 | 19,975,844 | 27.21 | 8.48 | 18.2 | 0 | 3.30 | 65.4 | 63.1 | |
| 2002 | 1,097,600,381 | 29,128,216 | 9,103,548 | 19,701,809 | 26.54 | 8.29 | 17.7 | 0.2 | 3.22 | 63.1 | 63.6 | |
| 2003 | 1,116,802,997 | 28,794,442 | 9,074,469 | 19,202,616 | 25.78 | 8.13 | 17.2 | 0.2 | 3.12 | 60.8 | 64.1 | |
| 2004 | 1,135,991,510 | 28,537,736 | 9,067,053 | 19,188,513 | 25.12 | 7.98 | 16.7 | 0.2 | 3.05 | 58.6 | 64.5 | |
| 2005 | 1,154,676,319 | 28,063,000 | 9,027,961 | 18,684,809 | 24.30 | 7.82 | 16.1 | 0.1 | 2.96 | 56.3 | 65.0 | |
| 2006 | 1,172,878,890 | 27,637,610 | 8,995,893 | 18,202,571 | 23.56 | 7.67 | 15.5 | −0.1 | 2.86 | 54.1 | 65.4 | |
| 2007 | 1,190,676,028 | 27,304,622 | 8,972,698 | 17,797,138 | 22.93 | 7.54 | 15.1 | −0.3 | 2.78 | 51.9 | 65.8 | |
| 2008 | 1,207,930,962 | 27,186,094 | 8,950,894 | 17,254,934 | 22.51 | 7.41 | 14.7 | −0.4 | 2.72 | 49.6 | 66.1 | |
| 2009 | 1,225,524,760 | 27,219,670 | 8,934,340 | 17,593,798 | 22.21 | 7.29 | 14.5 | −0.5 | 2.67 | 47.4 | 66.5 | |
| 2010 | 1,243,481,564 | 26,900,710 | 8,908,601 | 17,956,804 | 21.63 | 7.16 | 14.1 | −0.2 | 2.60 | 45.2 | 66.9 | |
| 2011 | 1,261,224,952 | 26,681,990 | 8,889,393 | 17,743,388 | 21.16 | 7.05 | 13.7 | 0 | 2.54 | 43.0 | 67.4 | |
| 2012 | 1,278,674,506 | 26,432,416 | 8,879,964 | 17,449,554 | 20.67 | 6.95 | 13.3 | 0.1 | 2.47 | 40.8 | 67.9 | |
| 2013 | 1,295,829,506 | 25,995,998 | 8,888,126 | 17,155,000 | 20.06 | 6.86 | 13.0 | 0.1 | 2.41 | 38.7 | 68.5 | |
| 2014 | 1,312,277,184 | 25,050,538 | 8,884,412 | 16,447,678 | 19.09 | 6.77 | 12.3 | 0.2 | 2.31 | 36.7 | 69.1 | |
| 2015 | 1,328,024,492 | 25,147,252 | 8,936,426 | 15,747,308 | 18.94 | 6.73 | 12.1 | −0.2 | 2.29 | 34.7 | 69.6 | |
| 2016 | 1,343,944,293 | 25,207,146 | 9,004,539 | 15,919,801 | 18.76 | 6.70 | 11.9 | 0 | 2.27 | 32.8 | 70.1 | |
| 2017 | 1,359,657,392 | 24,466,744 | 9,072,749 | 15,713,099 | 18.00 | 6.67 | 11.3 | 0.3 | 2.20 | 31.1 | 70.5 | |
| 2018 | 1,374,659,068 | 24,620,206 | 9,169,449 | 15,001,676 | 17.91 | 6.67 | 11.0 | −0.1 | 2.18 | 29.4 | 70.7 | |
| 2019 | 1,389,030,303 | 24,124,982 | 9,264,486 | 14,371,235 | 17.37 | 6.67 | 10.3 | 0 | 2.11 | 27.9 | 70.9 | |
| 2020 | 1,402,617,692 | 23,485,340 | 10,118,286 | 13,587,389 | 16.74 | 7.21 | 9.2 | 0.4 | 2.05 | 26.6 | 70.1 | |
| 2021 | 1,414,203,889 | 23,321,854 | 13,093,783 | 11,586,197 | 16.49 | 9.26 | 7.0 | −1.0 | 2.01 | 25.5 | 67.2 | |
| 2022 | 1,425,423,212 | 23,286,124 | 9,373,180 | 11,219,323 | 16.34 | 6.58 | 7.2 | −0.4 | 1.99 | 23.8624 | 67.7 | |
| 2023 | 1,438,069,597 | 23,219,488 | 9,507,013 | 12,646,385 | 16.15 | 6.61 | 9.5 | −1.4 | 1.98 | 22.6186 | 72.0 | |
| 2024 | 1,450,935,791 | 23,186,978 | 9,557,050 | 12,999,094 | 15.98 | 6.59 | 9.39 | -0.43 | 1.96 | |||
| 2025 | 15.8 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 1.94 |
| Year | Average population | Live births1 | Deaths1 | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 716,493,000 | 24,289,000 | 8,956,000 | 15,333,000 | 33.9 | 12.5 | 21.4 | 4.52 |
| 1982 | 733,152,000 | 24,781,000 | 8,725,000 | 16,056,000 | 33.8 | 11.9 | 21.9 | 4.5 |
| 1983 | 750,034,000 | 25,276,000 | 8,925,000 | 16,351,000 | 33.7 | 11.9 | 21.8 | 4.5 |
| 1984 | 767,147,000 | 26,006,000 | 9,666,000 | 16,340,000 | 33.9 | 12.6 | 21.3 | 4.5 |
| 1985 | 784,491,000 | 25,810,000 | 9,257,000 | 16,553,000 | 32.9 | 11.8 | 21.1 | 4.3 |
| 1986 | 802,052,000 | 26,147,000 | 8,903,000 | 17,244,000 | 32.6 | 11.1 | 21.5 | 4.15 |
| 1987 | 819,800,000 | 26,316,000 | 8,936,000 | 17,380,000 | 32.1 | 10.9 | 21.2 | 4.1 |
| 1988 | 837,700,000 | 26,388,000 | 9,215,000 | 17,173,000 | 31.5 | 11.0 | 20.5 | 4.0 |
| 1989 | 855,707,000 | 26,185,000 | 8,814,000 | 17,371,000 | 30.6 | 10.3 | 20.3 | 3.9 |
| 1990 | 873,785,000 | 26,388,000 | 8,476,000 | 17,912,000 | 30.2 | 9.7 | 20.5 | 3.8 |
| 1991 | 891,910,000 | 26,133,000 | 8,741,000 | 17,392,000 | 29.3 | 9.8 | 19.5 | 3.64 |
| 1992 | 910,065,000 | 26,392,000 | 9,192,000 | 17,200,000 | 29.0 | 10.1 | 18.9 | 3.6 |
| 1993 | 928,226,000 | 26,640,000 | 8,633,000 | 18,007,000 | 0 | 9.3 | 19.4 | 3.5 |
| 1994 | 946,373,000 | 27,161,000 | 8,801,000 | 18,360,000 | 28.7 | 9.3 | 19.4 | 3.5 |
| 1995 | 964,486,000 | 27,295,000 | 8,680,000 | 18,615,000 | 28.3 | 9.0 | 19.3 | 3.5 |
| 1996 | 982,553,000 | 26,824,000 | 8,745,000 | 18,079,000 | 27.3 | 8.9 | 18.4 | 3.40 |
| 1997 | 1,000,558,000 | 27,215,000 | 8,905,000 | 18,310,000 | 27.2 | 8.9 | 18.3 | 3.3 |
| 1998 | 1,018,471,000 | 26,989,000 | 9,166,000 | 17,823,000 | 26.5 | 9.0 | 17.5 | 3.2 |
| 1999 | 1,036,259,000 | 26,943,000 | 9,015,000 | 17,928,000 | 26.0 | 8.7 | 17.3 | 3.2 |
| 2000 | 1,053,898,000 | 27,191,000 | 8,958,000 | 18,233,000 | 25.8 | 8.5 | 17.3 | 3.2 |
| 2001 | 1,071,374,000 | 27,213,000 | 9,000,000 | 18,213,000 | 25.4 | 8.4 | 17.0 | 3.10 |
| 2002 | 1,088,694,000 | 27,217,000 | 8,818,000 | 18,399,000 | 25.0 | 8.1 | 16.9 | 3.0 |
| 2003 | 1,105,886,000 | 27,426,000 | 8,847,000 | 18,579,000 | 24.8 | 8.0 | 16.8 | 3.0 |
| 2004 | 1,122,991,000 | 27,064,000 | 8,422,000 | 18,642,000 | 24.1 | 7.5 | 16.6 | 2.9 |
| 2005 | 1,140,043,000 | 27,133,000 | 8,664,000 | 18,469,000 | 23.8 | 7.6 | 16.2 | 2.9 |
| 2006 | 1,157,039,000 | 27,190,000 | 8,678,000 | 18,512,000 | 23.5 | 7.5 | 16.0 | 2.79 |
| 2007 | 1,134,024,000 | 26,195,954 | 8,391,778 | 17,804,176 | 23.1 | 7.4 | 15.7 | 2.7 |
| 2008 | 1,150,196,000 | 26,224,469 | 8,511,450 | 17,713,019 | 22.8 | 7.4 | 15.4 | 2.6 |
| 2009 | 1,166,228,000 | 26,240,130 | 8,513,464 | 17,726,666 | 22.5 | 7.3 | 15.2 | 2.6 |
| 2010 | 1,182,108,000 | 26,124,587 | 8,511,178 | 17,613,409 | 22.1 | 7.2 | 14.9 | 2.5 |
| 2011 | 1,197,658,000 | 26,108,944 | 8,503,372 | 17,605,572 | 21.8 | 7.1 | 14.7 | 2.44 |
| 2012 | 1,212,827,000 | 26,197,063 | 8,489,789 | 17,707,274 | 21.6 | 7.0 | 14.6 | 2.38 |
| 2013 | 1,227,012,000 | 26,258,057 | 8,589,084 | 17,668,973 | 21.4 | 7.0 | 14.4 | 2.34 |
| 2014 | 1,243,542,000 | 25,904,377 | 8,264,730 | 17,639,647 | 21.0 | 6.7 | 14.3 | 2.32 |
| 2015 | 1,259,108,000 | 26,189,446 | 8,184,202 | 18,005,244 | 20.8 | 6.5 | 14.3 | 2.27 |
| 2016 | 1,273,986,000 | 25,989,314 | 8,153,510 | 17,835,804 | 20.4 | 6.4 | 14.0 | 2.26 |
| 2017[71] | 1,288,522,000 | 26,028,144 | 8,117,689 | 17,910,455 | 20.2 | 6.3 | 13.9 | 2.18 |
| 2018 | 1,324,609,000 | 26,492,180 | 8,212,576 | 18,279,604 | 20.0 | 6.2 | 13.8 | 2.15 |
| 2019 | 1,338,995,000 | 24,820,886 | 7,641,076 | 17,179,810 | 18.5 | 5.7 | 12.8 | 2.08[72] |
| 2020 | 1,353,378,000 | 24,222,444 | 8,115,882 | 16,106,562 | 17.4 | 6.0 | 11.5 | 2.03 |
| 2021[73] | 1,414,203,889 | 27,294,135 | 10,606,529 | 16,687,606 | 19.3 | 7.5 | 11.8 | 2.00 |
| 2022[74] | 1,425,423,212 | 27,225,583 | 9,692,878 | 17,532,705 | 19.1 | 6.8 | 12.3 | 2.00 |
| 2023[75] | 1,438,069,596 | 26,460,481 | 9,203,645 | 17,256,836 | 18.4 | 6.4 | 12.0 | 1.9 |
| 1The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population. | ||||||||
| Period | Life expectancy at birth | Life expectancy at age 15 | Life expectancy at age 65 | Life expectancy at age 80 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 41.18 | 60.06 | 75.90 | 84.77 |
| 1955 | 43.74 | 60.96 | 76.14 | 84.86 |
| 1960 | 45.61 | 61.75 | 76.33 | 84.93 |
| 1965 | 45.56 | 61.84 | 76.20 | 84.91 |
| 1970 | 48.59 | 63.40 | 76.55 | 85.30 |
| 1975 | 50.76 | 64.68 | 77.00 | 85.69 |
| 1980 | 53.59 | 66.10 | 77.22 | 85.82 |
| 1985 | 56.32 | 67.35 | 77.30 | 85.81 |
| 1990 | 58.62 | 68.32 | 77.59 | 85.94 |
| 1995 | 60.63 | 69.08 | 78.06 | 86.22 |
| 2000 | 62.75 | 69.92 | 78.56 | 86.44 |
| 2005 | 64.94 | 70.84 | 78.87 | 86.45 |
| 2010 | 67.16 | 71.83 | 79.28 | 86.64 |
| 2015 | 69.33 | 72.88 | 79.91 | 87.14 |
| 2020 | 70.16 | 72.81 | 79.48 | 86.92 |
Demographic and Health SurveysFrom the Demographic Health Survey:[83]
| Year | Total | Urban | Rural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | |
| 1992–1993 | 28.7 | 3.39 (2.64) | 24.1 | 2.70 (2.09) | 30.4 | 3.67 (2.86) |
| 1998–1999 | 24.8 | 2.85 (2.13) | 20.9 | 2.27 (1.73) | 26.2 | 3.07 (2.28) |
| 2005–2006 | 23.1 | 2.68 (1.90) | 18.8 | 2.06 (1.60) | 25.0 | 2.98 (2.10) |
| 2015–2016 | 19.0 | 2.18 (1.8) | 15.8 | 1.75 (1.5) | 20.7 | 2.41 (1.9) |
| 2019–2021 | 17.1 | 1.99 (1.6) | 14.0 | 1.63 (1.4) | 18.6 | 2.14 (1.7) |
| CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman).1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate. | ||||||
| Year | Hindu | Muslim | Christian | Sikh | Buddhist/ Neo-Buddhist | Jain | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019–2021 | 1.94 (1.6) | 2.36 (1.8) | 1.88 (1.7) | 1.61 (1.4) | 1.39 (1.2) | 1.60 (1.5) | 2.15 (1.7) |
| CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman).1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate. | |||||||
| State (Population 2011) | Total | Urban | Rural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | |
| Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) | 22.6 | 2.74 (2.06) | 18.6 | 2.08 (1.62) | 24.0 | 2.99 (2.22) |
| Maharashtra (112 374 333) | 16.6 | 1.87 (1.57) | 15.5 | 1.68 (1.41) | 17.5 | 2.06 (1.73) |
| Bihar (104 099 452) | 27.1 | 3.41 (2.48) | 20.4 | 2.42 (1.83) | 28.0 | 3.56 (2.58) |
| West Bengal (91 276 115) | 16.6 | 1.77 (1.53) | 14.0 | 1.57 (1.38) | 18.0 | 1.85 (1.58) |
| Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) | 20.2 | 2.32 (1.82) | 17.7 | 1.95 (1.61) | 21.3 | 2.48 (1.91) |
| Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) | 15.5 | 1.70 (1.51) | 13.9 | 1.54 (1.38) | 17.2 | 1.86 (1.63) |
| Rajasthan (68 548 437) | 20.8 | 2.40 (1.81) | 17.5 | 1.94 (1.52) | 22.0 | 2.56 (1.91) |
| Karnataka (61 095 297) | 15.9 | 1.81 (1.42) | 15.2 | 1.65 (1.30) | 16.5 | 1.92 (1.50) |
| Gujarat (60 439 692) | 16.7 | 2.03 (1.54) | 15.3 | 1.82 (1.39) | 17.9 | 2.19 (1.64) |
| Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) | 16.1 | 1.83 (1.64) | 13.9 | 1.53 (1.39) | 17.0 | 1.96 (1.75) |
| Odisha (41 974 218) | 18.1 | 2.05 (1.69) | 15.6 | 1.73 (1.50) | 18.7 | 2.12 (1.72) |
| Telangana (35 193 978) | 17.1 | 1.79 (1.59) | 17.1 | 1.67 (1.53) | 17.2 | 1.88 (1.64) |
| Kerala (33 406 061) | 11.2 | 1.56 (1.47) | 11.4 | 1.57 (1.47) | 11.0 | 1.55 (1.46) |
| Jharkhand (32 988 134) | 21.7 | 2.55 (2.06) | 16.3 | 1.78 (1.47) | 23.5 | 2.83 (2.27) |
| Assam (31 205 576) | 19.5 | 2.21 (1.78) | 13.2 | 1.45 (1.25) | 20.5 | 2.34 (1.87) |
| Punjab (27 743 338) | 13.8 | 1.62 (1.37) | 13.5 | 1.59 (1.32) | 14.0 | 1.63 (1.39) |
| Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) | 20.7 | 2.23 (1.88) | 17.9 | 1.78 (1.58) | 21.5 | 2.37 (1.97) |
| Haryana (25 351 462) | 18.7 | 2.05 (1.63) | 16.3 | 1.78 (1.44) | 20.2 | 2.22 (1.75) |
| Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) | 17.7 | 2.01 (1.67) | 13.9 | 1.58 (1.39) | 19.4 | 2.18 (1.77) |
| Uttarakhand (10 086 292) | 19.0 | 2.07 (1.60) | 17.1 | 1.80 (1.43) | 20.0 | 2.24 (1.71) |
| Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) | 15.3 | 1.88 (1.55) | 12.0 | 1.43 (1.15) | 15.7 | 1.92 (1.59) |
| Tripura (3 673 917) | 15.3 | 1.69 (1.55) | 12.7 | 1.40 (1.34) | 16.4 | 1.80 (1.62) |
| Meghalaya (2 966 889) | 24.6 | 3.04 (2.79) | 16.1 | 1.67 (1.57) | 26.7 | 3.47 (3.18) |
| Manipur (2 855 794) | 21.2 | 2.61 (2.33) | 17.5 | 2.14 (1.96) | 23.7 | 2.92 (2.57) |
| Nagaland (1 978 502) | 21.4 | 2.74 (2.35) | 16.3 | 1.78 (1.58) | 24.1 | 3.38 (2.86) |
| Goa (1 458 545) | 12.8 | 1.66 (1.37) | 13.4 | 1.72 (1.37) | 11.7 | 1.55 (1.37) |
| Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) | 17.9 | 2.12 (1.64) | 17.0 | 1.69 (1.26) | 18.2 | 2.29 (1.79) |
| Mizoram (1 097 206) | 18.7 | 2.26 (2.15) | 16.9 | 1.97 (1.89) | 21.2 | 2.71 (2.54) |
| Sikkim (610 577) | 11.4 | 1.17 (0.88) | 12.1 | 1.11 (0.82) | 11.1 | 1.21 (0.91) |
| CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman).1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate. | ||||||
| State (Population 2011) | Total | Urban | Rural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | CBR | TFR1 | |
| Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) | 20.5 | 2.35 (1.77) | 16.7 | 1.88 (1.49) | 21.8 | 2.50 (1.86) |
| Maharashtra (112 374 333) | 13.8 | 1.71 (1.43) | 12.6 | 1.50 (1.27) | 15.0 | 1.89 (1.58) |
| Bihar (104 099 452) | 25.9 | 2.98 (2.25) | 20.4 | 2.35 (1.88) | 27.0 | 3.11 (2.31) |
| West Bengal (91 276 115) | 15.5 | 1.64 (1.42) | 12.4 | 1.39 (1.24) | 17.0 | 1.73 (1.48) |
| Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) | 17.2 | 1.99 (1.61) | 13.7 | 1.61 (1.34) | 18.5 | 2.12 (1.69) |
| Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) | 13.7 | 1.76 (1.59) | 12.7 | 1.61 (1.50) | 14.6 | 1.89 (1.66) |
| Rajasthan (68 548 437) | 18.7 | 2.01 (1.61) | 15.3 | 1.67 (1.42) | 19.8 | 2.11 (1.65) |
| Karnataka (61 095 297) | 14.2 | 1.67 (1.38) | 13.2 | 1.50 (1.25) | 14.9 | 1.79 (1.46) |
| Gujarat (60 439 692) | 15.0 | 1.86 (1.53) | 13.3 | 1.65 (1.39) | 16.3 | 2.0 (1.60) |
| Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) | 13.8 | 1.68 (1.55) | 12.5 | 1.47 (1.36) | 14.3 | 1.78 (1.64) |
| Odisha (41 974 218) | 15.9 | 1.82 (1.52) | 13.1 | 1.48 (1.26) | 16.5 | 1.89 (1.57) |
| Telangana (35 193 978) | 15.3 | 1.75 (1.55) | 16.0 | 1.75 (1.57) | 15.3 | 1.74 (1.54) |
| Kerala (33 406 061) | 11.8 | 1.79 (1.68) | 11.9 | 1.82 (1.71) | 11.6 | 1.76 (1.65) |
| Jharkhand (32 988 134) | 20.2 | 2.26 (1.87) | 14.2 | 1.56 (1.32) | 22.0 | 2.48 (2.04) |
| Assam (31 205 576) | 16.8 | 1.87 (1.56) | 13.1 | 1.50 (1.37) | 17.4 | 1.93 (1.59) |
| Punjab (27 743 338) | 13.3 | 1.63 (1.35) | 12.1 | 1.55 (1.29) | 14.0 | 1.68 (1.38) |
| Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) | 16.4 | 1.82 (1.57) | 13.6 | 1.42 (1.28) | 17.2 | 1.94 (1.66) |
| Haryana (25 351 462) | 16.4 | 1.91 (1.54) | 14.1 | 1.65 (1.38) | 17.5 | 2.04 (1.62) |
| Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) | 13.1 | 1.41 (1.3) | ||||
| Uttarakhand (10 086 292) | 16.7 | 1.85 (1.46) | 16.8 | 1.84 (1.47) | 16.6 | 1.86 (1.47) |
| Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) | 12.7 | 1.66 (1.43) | 11.2 | 1.43 (1.36) | 12.9 | 1.69 (1.44) |
| Tripura (3 673 917) | 14.5 | 1.70 (1.49) | 11.0 | 1.39 (1.29) | 15.8 | 1.81 (1.56) |
| Meghalaya (2 966 889) | 24.2 | 2.91 (2.66) | 14.8 | 1.57 (1.43) | 26.5 | 3.31 (3.04) |
| Manipur (2 855 794) | 17.4 | 2.17 (1.98) | 14.7 | 1.84 (1.73) | 19.1 | 2.38 (2.13) |
| Nagaland (1 978 502) | 15.4 | 1.72 (1.57) | 12.5 | 1.21 (1.13) | 16.8 | 2.00 (1.82) |
| Goa (1 458 545) | 10.3 | 1.30 (1.21) | 10.3 | 1.26 (1.19) | 10.3 | 1.36 (1.24) |
| Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) | 16.0 | 1.80 (1.49) | 14.8 | 1.44 (1.24) | 16.2 | 1.88 (1.54) |
| Mizoram (1 097 206) | 15.0 | 1.87 (1.78) | 13.9 | 1.63 (1.56) | 16.4 | 2.19 (2.08) |
| Sikkim (610 577) | 10.2 | 1.05 (0.85) | 7.8 | 0.71 (0.54) | 11.7 | 1.32 (1.11) |
| Delhi | 14.8 | 1.62 (1.29) | 14.6 | 1.60 (1.27) | 23.4 | 2.47 (2.06) |
| CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman).1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate. | ||||||
Regional vital statistics
| State or UT | Birth rate | Death rate | Natural growth rate | Infant mortality rate | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 15.6 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 12.6 | 25 | 29 | 18 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 17.9 | 18.3 | 16.7 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 5.4 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 46 | 51 | 33 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 20.5 | 22.1 | 14.6 | 5.9 | 6.9 | 2.3 | 14.6 | 15.2 | 12.3 | 31 | 34 | 12 |
| Assam | 23.2 | 24.4 | 15.8 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 14.9 | 15.8 | 10.1 | 58 | 60 | 36 |
| Bihar | 28.1 | 28.8 | 22.0 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 21.3 | 21.8 | 16.4 | 48 | 49 | 38 |
| Chandigarh | 15.6 | 21.6 | 15.0 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 11.6 | 17.9 | 11.0 | 22 | 20 | 23 |
| Chhattisgarh | 25.3 | 26.8 | 18.6 | 8.0 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 17.3 | 18.4 | 12.4 | 51 | 52 | 44 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 26.6 | 26.0 | 28.6 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 21.9 | 20.9 | 25.3 | 38 | 43 | 22 |
| Daman and Diu | 18.8 | 19.1 | 18.3 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 13.6 | 23 | 19 | 29 |
| Delhi | 17.8 | 19.7 | 17.5 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 13.6 | 15.0 | 13.4 | 30 | 37 | 29 |
| Goa | 13.2 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 4.5 | 8.0 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Gujarat | 21.8 | 23.3 | 19.4 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 15.1 | 15.8 | 14.0 | 44 | 51 | 30 |
| Haryana | 22.3 | 23.3 | 19.8 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 15.7 | 16.3 | 14.3 | 48 | 51 | 38 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 16.9 | 17.5 | 11.5 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 4.2 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 7.3 | 40 | 41 | 29 |
| Jammu and Kashmir | 18.3 | 19.5 | 13.5 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 12.6 | 13.6 | 8.8 | 43 | 45 | 32 |
| Jharkhand | 25.3 | 26.7 | 19.3 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 18.3 | 19.3 | 13.9 | 42 | 44 | 30 |
| Karnataka | 19.2 | 20.2 | 17.5 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 5.4 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 38 | 43 | 28 |
| Kerala | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 13 | 14 | 10 |
| Lakshadweep | 14.3 | 15.5 | 13.2 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 8.0 | 9.5 | 6.5 | 25 | 23 | 27 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 27.3 | 29.2 | 20.5 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 18.9 | 20.2 | 14.5 | 62 | 67 | 42 |
| Maharashtra | 17.1 | 17.6 | 16.4 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 5.3 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 28 | 34 | 20 |
| Manipur | 14.9 | 14.8 | 15.3 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 11.3 | 14 | 15 | 9 |
| Meghalaya | 24.5 | 26.6 | 14.8 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 16.6 | 18.2 | 9.2 | 55 | 58 | 37 |
| Mizoram | 17.1 | 21.1 | 13.0 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 12.5 | 15.7 | 9.3 | 37 | 47 | 21 |
| Nagaland | 16.8 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 23 | 24 | 20 |
| Odisha | 20.5 | 21.4 | 15.2 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 6.6 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 8.6 | 61 | 63 | 43 |
| Puducherry | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 22 | 25 | 21 |
| Punjab | 16.6 | 17.2 | 15.6 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 5.8 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 34 | 37 | 28 |
| Rajasthan | 26.7 | 27.9 | 22.9 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 20.0 | 20.9 | 16.9 | 55 | 61 | 31 |
| Sikkim | 17.8 | 18.1 | 16.1 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 30 | 31 | 19 |
| Tamil Nadu | 15.9 | 16.0 | 15.8 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 6.9 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 24 | 25 | 22 |
| Tripura | 14.9 | 15.6 | 11.5 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 5.8 | 27 | 29 | 19 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 28.3 | 29.2 | 24.2 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 6.3 | 20.2 | 20.7 | 17.9 | 61 | 64 | 44 |
| Uttarakhand | 19.3 | 20.2 | 16.2 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 5.1 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 11.1 | 38 | 41 | 25 |
| West Bengal | 16.8 | 18.6 | 11.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 10.7 | 12.6 | 5.6 | 31 | 32 | 25 |
Neonatal and infant demographics
The table below represents theinfant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.[87]
| Year | Male | Female | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998[88] | 69.8 | 73.5 | 71.6 |
| 2005[87] | 56.3 | 58 | 57[89] |
| 2009[90] | 49 | 52 | — |
| 2014[91] | 43.7 | 37.90 | 40.7[89] |
| 2018[92] | 29.95 | 29.88 | 29.94[92] |
India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million femalefetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.[93]
The national Census of India does not recogniseracial or ethnic groups within India,[97] but recognises many of the tribal groups asScheduled Castes and Tribes (seelist of Scheduled Tribes in India).For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), seeSouth Asian ethnic groups.According to a 2009 study published by Reichet al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[98][99] 700,000 people from theUnited States of any race live in India.[100] Around 150,000Anglo-Indian people still live in India.[101][102] India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.
India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population[104] lived in about 638,000 villages[105] and the remaining 27.8%[104] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380urban agglomerations.[106]By 2011, the share of the population living in rural areas decreased to 68.84%, while that of those living in urban areas increased to 31.16%.[107] India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.[108] However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world,[109][110] it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.[111]Comparative demographics
| Category | Global ranking | References |
|---|---|---|
| Area | 7th | [112] |
| Population | 1st | [112] |
| Population growth rate | 102nd of 212 | in 2010[113] |
| Population density | 24th of 212 | in 2010[113] |
| Male to Female ratio, at birth | 12th of 214 | in 2009[114] |
| Census year | Population | Change (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 361,088,003 | – |
| 1961 | 439,235,000 | 21.6 |
| 1971 | 548,160,000 | 24.8 |
| 1981 | 683,329,000 | 24.7 |
| 1991 | 846,387,888 | 23.9 |
| 2001 | 1,028,737,436 | 21.5 |
| 2011 | 1,210,193,422 | 17.7 |
List of states and union territories by demographics
| Rank | State/UT | Population[116] | Percent (%) | Male | Female | Difference between male and female | Sex ratio | Rural[107] | Urban[107] | Area[117] (km2) | Density (per km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Uttar Pradesh | 199,812,341 | 16.50 | 104,480,510 | 95,331,831 | 9,148,679 | 930 | 155,111,022 | 44,470,455 | 240,928 | 828 |
| 2 | Maharashtra | 112,374,333 | 9.28 | 58,243,056 | 54,131,277 | 4,111,779 | 929 | 61,545,441 | 50,827,531 | 307,713 | 365 |
| 3 | Bihar | 104,099,452 | 8.60 | 54,278,157 | 49,821,295 | 4,456,862 | 918 | 92,075,028 | 11,729,609 | 94,163 | 1,102 |
| 4 | West Bengal | 91,276,115 | 7.54 | 46,809,027 | 44,467,088 | 2,341,939 | 950 | 62,213,676 | 29,134,060 | 88,752 | 1,030 |
| 5 | Madhya Pradesh | 72,626,809 | 6.00 | 37,612,306 | 35,014,503 | 2,597,803 | 931 | 52,537,899 | 20,059,666 | 308,245 | 236 |
| 6 | Tamil Nadu | 72,147,030 | 5.96 | 36,137,975 | 36,009,055 | 128,920 | 996 | 37,189,229 | 34,949,729 | 130,058 | 555 |
| 7 | Rajasthan | 68,548,437 | 5.66 | 35,550,997 | 32,997,440 | 2,553,557 | 928 | 51,540,236 | 17,080,776 | 342,239 | 201 |
| 8 | Karnataka | 61,095,297 | 5.05 | 30,966,657 | 30,128,640 | 838,017 | 973 | 37,552,529 | 23,578,175 | 191,791 | 319 |
| 9 | Gujarat | 60,439,692 | 4.99 | 31,491,260 | 28,948,432 | 2,542,828 | 919 | 34,670,817 | 25,712,811 | 196,024 | 308 |
| 10 | Andhra Pradesh | 49,386,799 | 4.08 | 24,738,068 | 24,648,731 | 89,337 | 996 | 34,776,389 | 14,610,410 | 160,205 | 308 |
| 11 | Odisha | 41,974,218 | 3.47 | 21,212,136 | 20,762,082 | 450,054 | 979 | 34,951,234 | 6,996,124 | 155,707 | 269 |
| 12 | Telangana | 35,193,978 | 2.91 | 17,704,078 | 17,489,900 | 214,178 | 988 | 21,585,313 | 13,608,665 | 114,840 | 307 |
| 13 | Kerala | 33,406,061 | 2.76 | 16,027,412 | 17,378,649 | −1,351,237 | 1084 | 17,445,506 | 15,932,171 | 38,863 | 859 |
| 14 | Jharkhand | 32,988,134 | 2.72 | 16,930,315 | 16,057,819 | 872,496 | 948 | 25,036,946 | 7,929,292 | 79,714 | 414 |
| 15 | Assam | 31,205,576 | 2.58 | 15,939,443 | 15,266,133 | 673,310 | 958 | 26,780,526 | 4,388,756 | 78,438 | 397 |
| 16 | Punjab | 27,743,338 | 2.29 | 14,639,465 | 13,103,873 | 1,535,592 | 895 | 17,316,800 | 10,387,436 | 50,362 | 550 |
| 17 | Chhattisgarh | 25,545,198 | 2.11 | 12,832,895 | 12,712,303 | 120,592 | 991 | 19,603,658 | 5,936,538 | 135,191 | 189 |
| 18 | Haryana | 25,351,462 | 2.09 | 13,494,734 | 11,856,728 | 1,638,006 | 879 | 16,531,493 | 8,821,588 | 44,212 | 573 |
| 19 | Delhi (UT) | 16,787,941 | 1.39 | 8,887,326 | 7,800,615 | 1,086,711 | 868 | 944,727 | 12,905,780 | 1,484 | 11,297 |
| 20 | Jammu and Kashmir | 12,541,302 | 1.04 | 6,640,662 | 5,900,640 | 740,022 | 889 | 9,134,820 | 3,414,106 | 222,236 | 56 |
| 21 | Uttarakhand | 10,086,292 | 0.83 | 5,137,773 | 4,948,519 | 189,254 | 963 | 7,025,583 | 3,091,169 | 53,483 | 189 |
| 22 | Himachal Pradesh | 6,864,602 | 0.57 | 3,481,873 | 3,382,729 | 99,144 | 972 | 6,167,805 | 688,704 | 55,673 | 123 |
| 23 | Tripura | 3,673,917 | 0.30 | 1,874,376 | 1,799,541 | 74,835 | 960 | 2,710,051 | 960,981 | 10,486 | 350 |
| 24 | Meghalaya | 2,966,889 | 0.25 | 1,491,832 | 1,475,057 | 16,775 | 989 | 2,368,971 | 595,036 | 22,429 | 132 |
| 25 | Manipur | 2,855,794 | 0.24 | 1,438,687 | 1,417,107 | 21,580 | 985 | 1,899,624 | 822,132 | 22,327 | 128 |
| 26 | Nagaland | 1,978,502 | 0.16 | 1,024,649 | 953,853 | 70,796 | 931 | 1,406,861 | 573,741 | 16,579 | 119 |
| 27 | Goa | 1,458,545 | 0.12 | 739,140 | 719,405 | 19,735 | 973 | 551,414 | 906,309 | 3,702 | 394 |
| 28 | Arunachal Pradesh | 1,383,727 | 0.11 | 713,912 | 669,815 | 44,097 | 938 | 1,069,165 | 313,446 | 83,743 | 17 |
| 29 | Puducherry (UT) | 1,247,953 | 0.10 | 612,511 | 635,442 | −22,931 | 1037 | 394,341 | 850,123 | 479 | 2,598 |
| 30 | Mizoram | 1,097,206 | 0.09 | 555,339 | 541,867 | 13,472 | 976 | 529,037 | 561,997 | 21,081 | 52 |
| 31 | Chandigarh (UT) | 1,055,450 | 0.09 | 580,663 | 474,787 | 105,876 | 818 | 29,004 | 1,025,682 | 114 | 9,252 |
| 32 | Sikkim | 610,577 | 0.05 | 323,070 | 287,507 | 35,563 | 890 | 455,962 | 151,726 | 7,096 | 86 |
| 33 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT) | 380,581 | 0.03 | 202,871 | 177,710 | 25,161 | 876 | 244,411 | 135,533 | 8,249 | 46 |
| 34 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT) | 343,709 | 0.03 | 193,760 | 149,949 | 43,811 | 774 | 183,024 | 159,829 | 491 | 698 |
| 35 | Daman and Diu (UT) | 243,247 | 0.02 | 150,301 | 92,946 | 57,355 | 618 | 60,331 | 182,580 | 112 | 2,169 |
| 36 | Lakshadweep (UT) | 64,473 | 0.01 | 33,123 | 31,350 | 1,773 | 946 | 14,121 | 50,308 | 32 | 2,013 |
| – | Total (India) | 1,210,854,977 | 100 | 623,724,248 | 586,469,174 | 35,585,741 | 943 | 833,087,662 | 377,105,760 | 3,287,240 | 382 |
Literacy rate
| State or UT code | State or UT | Overall (%) | Male (%) | Female (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jammu and Kashmir | 68.74% | 76.75% | 58.01% |
| 2 | Himachal Pradesh | 83.78% | 90.83% | 76.60% |
| 3 | Punjab | 86.60% | 81.48% | 71.34% |
| 4 | Chandigarh | 86.43% | 90.54% | 81.38% |
| 5 | Uttarakhand | 79.63% | 88.33% | 70.70% |
| 6 | Haryana | 76.64% | 85.38% | 66.77% |
| 7 | Delhi | 86.34% | 91.03% | 80.93% |
| 8 | Rajasthan | 67.06% | 80.51% | 52.66% |
| 9 | Uttar Pradesh | 69.72% | 79.24% | 59.26% |
| 10 | Bihar | 63.82% | 73.39% | 53.33% |
| 11 | Sikkim | 82.20% | 87.29% | 76.43% |
| 12 | Arunachal Pradesh | 66.95% | 73.69% | 59.57% |
| 13 | Nagaland | 80.11% | 83.29% | 76.69% |
| 14 | Manipur | 79.85% | 86.49% | 73.17% |
| 15 | Mizoram | 91.58% | 93.72% | 89.40% |
| 16 | Tripura | 87.75% | 92.18% | 83.15% |
| 17 | Meghalaya | 75.48% | 77.17% | 73.78% |
| 18 | Assam | 73.18% | 78.81% | 67.27% |
| 19 | West Bengal | 77.08% | 82.67% | 71.16% |
| 20 | Jharkhand | 67.63% | 78.45% | 56.21% |
| 21 | Odisha | 72.90% | 82.40% | 64.36% |
| 22 | Chhattisgarh | 71.04% | 81.45% | 60.59% |
| 23 | Madhya Pradesh | 70.63% | 80.53% | 60.02% |
| 24 | Gujarat | 79.31% | 87.23% | 70.73% |
| 25 | Daman and Diu | 87.07% | 91.48% | 79.59% |
| 26 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 77.65% | 86.46% | 65.93% |
| 27 | Maharashtra | 83.20% | 89.82% | 75.48% |
| 28 | Andhra Pradesh[119] | 67.35% | 74.77% | 59.96% |
| 29 | Karnataka | 75.60% | 82.85% | 68.13% |
| 30 | Goa | 87.40% | 92.81% | 81.84% |
| 31 | Lakshadweep | 92.28% | 96.11% | 88.25% |
| 32 | Kerala | 93.91% | 96.02% | 91.98% |
| 33 | Tamil Nadu | 80.33% | 86.81% | 73.86% |
| 34 | Puducherry | 86.55% | 92.12% | 81.22% |
| 35 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 86.27% | 90.11% | 81.84% |
| – | Overall (India) | 74.03% | 82.14% | 65.46% |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percentage (%) | Cumulative percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 58,632,074 | 54,174,704 | 112,806,778 | 9.32 | 9.32 |
| 5–9 | 66,300,466 | 60,627,660 | 126,928,126 | 10.48 | 19.8 |
| 10–14 | 69,418,835 | 63,290,377 | 132,709,212 | 10.96 | 30.76 |
| 15–19 | 63,982,396 | 56,544,053 | 120,526,449 | 9.95 | 40.71 |
| 20–24 | 57,584,693 | 53,839,529 | 111,424,222 | 9.20 | 49.91 |
| 25–29 | 51,344,208 | 50,069,757 | 101,413,965 | 8.38 | 58.29 |
| 30–34 | 44,660,674 | 43,934,277 | 88,594,951 | 7.32 | 65.61 |
| 35–39 | 42,919,381 | 42,221,303 | 85,140,684 | 7.03 | 72.64 |
| 40–44 | 37,545,386 | 34,892,726 | 72,438,112 | 5.98 | 78.62 |
| 45–49 | 32,138,114 | 30,180,213 | 62,318,327 | 5.15 | 83.77 |
| 50–54 | 25,843,266 | 23,225,988 | 49,069,254 | 4.05 | 87.82 |
| 55–59 | 19,456,012 | 19,690,043 | 39,146,055 | 3.23 | 91.05 |
| 60–64 | 18,701,749 | 18,961,958 | 37,663,707 | 3.11 | 94.16 |
| 65–69 | 12,944,326 | 13,510,657 | 26,454,983 | 2.18 | 96.34 |
| 70–74 | 9,651,499 | 9,557,343 | 19,208,842 | 1.59 | 97.93 |
| 75–79 | 4,490,603 | 4,741,900 | 9,232,503 | 0.76 | 98.69 |
| 80–84 | 2,927,040 | 3,293,189 | 6,220,229 | 0.51 | 99.2 |
| 85–89 | 1,120,106 | 1,263,061 | 2,383,167 | 0.20 | 99.4 |
| 90–94 | 652,465 | 794,069 | 1,446,534 | 0.12 | 99.52 |
| 95–99 | 294,759 | 338,538 | 633,297 | 0.05 | 99.57 |
| 100+ | 289,325 | 316,453 | 605,778 | 0.05 | 99.62 |
| Unknown | 2,372,881 | 2,116,921 | 4,489,802 | 0.37 | 99.99 |
| Total | 623,270,258 | 587,584,719 | 1,210,854,977 | 100.00 | |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent | |
| 0–14 | 194,351,375 | 178,092,741 | 372,444,116 | 30.76 | |
| 15–64 | 394,175,879 | 373,559,847 | 767,735,726 | 63.40 | |
| 65+ | 32,370,123 | 33,815,210 | 66,185,333 | 5.47 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 664,184,000 | 626,890,000 | 1,291,074,000 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 62,872,000 | 56,038,000 | 118,910,000 | 9.21 |
| 5–9 | 61,499,000 | 56,969,000 | 118,468,000 | 9.18 |
| 10–14 | 65,142,000 | 59,682,000 | 124,824,000 | 9.67 |
| 15–19 | 67,223,000 | 60,871,000 | 128,094,000 | 9.92 |
| 20–24 | 63,521,000 | 57,356,000 | 120,877,000 | 9.36 |
| 25–29 | 57,272,000 | 53,357,000 | 110,629,000 | 8.57 |
| 30–34 | 50,782,000 | 49,250,000 | 100,032,000 | 7.75 |
| 35–39 | 45,318,000 | 44,787,000 | 90,105,000 | 6.98 |
| 40–44 | 41,280,000 | 40,497,000 | 81,777,000 | 6.33 |
| 45–49 | 36,602,000 | 35,107,000 | 71,709,000 | 5.55 |
| 50–54 | 30,738,000 | 29,016,000 | 59,754,000 | 4.63 |
| 55–59 | 24,403,000 | 23,307,000 | 47,710,000 | 3.70 |
| 60–64 | 19,133,000 | 19,288,000 | 38,421,000 | 2.98 |
| 65–69 | 15,198,000 | 16,114,000 | 31,312,000 | 2.43 |
| 70–74 | 11,002,000 | 11,723,000 | 22,725,000 | 1.76 |
| 75–79 | 7,703,000 | 8,367,000 | 16,070,000 | 1.24 |
| 80+ | 4,496,000 | 5,161,000 | 9,657,000 | 0.75 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 189,513,000 | 172,689,000 | 362,202,000 | 28.05 |
| 15–64 | 436,272,000 | 412,836,000 | 849,108,000 | 65.77 |
| 65+ | 38,399,000 | 41,365,000 | 79,764,000 | 6.18 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 700,623,000 | 662,383,000 | 1,363,006,000 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 60,153,000 | 54,120,000 | 114,273,000 | 8.38 |
| 5–9 | 62,276,000 | 55,390,000 | 117,666,000 | 8.63 |
| 10–14 | 61,266,000 | 56,785,000 | 118,051,000 | 8.66 |
| 15–19 | 64,862,000 | 59,420,000 | 124,282,000 | 9.12 |
| 20–24 | 66,770,000 | 60,474,000 | 127,244,000 | 9.34 |
| 25–29 | 62,944,000 | 56,956,000 | 119,900,000 | 8.80 |
| 30–34 | 56,614,000 | 52,961,000 | 109,575,000 | 8.04 |
| 35–39 | 50,027,000 | 48,836,000 | 98,863,000 | 7.25 |
| 40–44 | 44,450,000 | 44,315,000 | 88,765,000 | 6.51 |
| 45–49 | 40,204,000 | 39,903,000 | 80,107,000 | 5.88 |
| 50–54 | 35,235,000 | 34,331,000 | 69,566,000 | 5.10 |
| 55–59 | 29,082,000 | 28,062,000 | 57,144,000 | 4.19 |
| 60–64 | 22,465,000 | 22,079,000 | 44,544,000 | 3.27 |
| 65–69 | 16,823,000 | 17,583,000 | 34,406,000 | 2.52 |
| 70–74 | 12,546,000 | 13,904,000 | 26,450,000 | 1.94 |
| 75–79 | 8,269,000 | 9,294,000 | 17,563,000 | 1.29 |
| 80+ | 6,637,000 | 7,970,000 | 14,607,000 | 1.07 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 183,695,000 | 166,295,000 | 349,990,000 | 25.68 |
| 15–64 | 472,653,000 | 447,337,000 | 919,990,000 | 67.50 |
| 65+ | 44,275,000 | 48,751,000 | 93,026,000 | 6.83 |
| State or UT code | State or UT | Total | Male | Female | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jammu and Kashmir | 2,008,670 | 1,080,662 | 927,982 | 152,680 |
| 2 | Himachal Pradesh | 763,864 | 400,681 | 363,183 | 37,498 |
| 3 | Punjab | 2,941,570 | 1,593,262 | 1,348,308 | 244,954 |
| 4 | Chandigarh | 117,953 | 63,187 | 54,766 | 8,421 |
| 5 | Uttarakhand | 1,328,844 | 704,769 | 624,075 | 80,694 |
| 6 | Haryana | 3,297,724 | 1,802,047 | 1,495,677 | 306,370 |
| 7 | Delhi | 1,970,510 | 1,055,735 | 914,775 | 140,960 |
| 8 | Rajasthan | 10,504,916 | 5,580,212 | 4,924,004 | 656,208 |
| 9 | Uttar Pradesh | 29,728,235 | 15,653,175 | 14,075,060 | 1,578,115 |
| 10 | Bihar | 18,582,229 | 9,615,280 | 8,966,949 | 648,331 |
| 11 | Sikkim | 61,077 | 31,418 | 29,659 | 1,759 |
| 12 | Arunachal Pradesh | 202,759 | 103,430 | 99,330 | 4,100 |
| 13 | Nagaland | 285,981 | 147,111 | 138,870 | 8,241 |
| 14 | Manipur | 353,237 | 182,684 | 170,553 | 12,131 |
| 15 | Mizoram | 165,536 | 83,965 | 81,571 | 2,394 |
| 16 | Tripura | 444,055 | 227,354 | 216,701 | 10,653 |
| 17 | Meghalaya | 555,822 | 282,189 | 273,633 | 8,556 |
| 18 | Assam | 4,511,307 | 2,305,088 | 2,206,219 | 98,869 |
| 19 | West Bengal | 10,112,599 | 5,187,264 | 4,925,335 | 261,929 |
| 20 | Jharkhand | 5,237,582 | 2,695,921 | 2,541,661 | 154,260 |
| 21 | Odisha | 5,035,650 | 2,603,208 | 2,432,442 | 170,766 |
| 22 | Chhattisgarh | 3,584,028 | 1,824,987 | 1,759,041 | 65,946 |
| 23 | Madhya Pradesh | 10,548,295 | 5,516,957 | 5,031,338 | 485,619 |
| 24 | Gujarat | 7,564,464 | 3,974,286 | 3,519,890 | 454,396 |
| 25 | Daman and Diu | 25,880 | 13,556 | 12,314 | 1,242 |
| 26 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 49,196 | 25,575 | 23,621 | 1,954 |
| 27 | Maharashtra | 12,848,375 | 6,822,262 | 6,026,113 | 796,149 |
| 28 | Andhra Pradesh | 8,642,686 | 4,448,330 | 4,194,356 | 253,974 |
| 29 | Karnataka | 6,855,801 | 3,527,844 | 3,327,957 | 199,887 |
| 30 | Goa | 139,495 | 72,669 | 66,826 | 5,843 |
| 31 | Lakshadweep | 7,088 | 3,715 | 3,373 | 342 |
| 32 | Kerala | 3,322,247 | 1,695,889 | 1,626,358 | 69,531 |
| 33 | Tamil Nadu | 6,894,821 | 3,542,351 | 3,352,470 | 189,881 |
| 34 | Puducherry | 127,610 | 64,932 | 62,678 | 2,254 |
| 35 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 39,497 | 20,094 | 19,403 | 691 |
| – | Total (India) | 158,789,287 | 82,952,135 | 75,837,152 | 7,114,983 |
| State or UT code | State or UT | Total | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jammu and Kashmir | – | – | – |
| 2 | Himachal Pradesh | – | – | – |
| 3 | Punjab | – | – | – |
| 4 | Chandigarh | – | – | – |
| 5 | Uttarakhand | – | – | – |
| 6 | Haryana | 22,055,357 | 11,703,083 | 10,352,274 |
| 7 | Delhi | 14,782,725 | 7,920,675 | 6,862,050 |
| 8 | Rajasthan | 58,116,096 | 30,039,874 | 28,076,222 |
| 9 | Uttar Pradesh | 169,853,242 | 88,943,240 | 80,910,002 |
| 10 | Bihar | 85,222,408 | 44,570,067 | 40,652,341 |
| 11 | Sikkim | 546,611 | 290,243 | 256,368 |
| 12 | Arunachal Pradesh | 1,179,852 | 616,802 | 563,050 |
| 13 | Nagaland | 1,694,621 | 878,596 | 816,025 |
| 14 | Manipur | 2,368,519 | 1,187,080 | 1,181,439 |
| 15 | Mizoram | 925,478 | 468,374 | 457,104 |
| 16 | Tripura | 3,226,977 | 1,644,513 | 1,582,464 |
| 17 | Meghalaya | 2,408,185 | 1,210,479 | 1,197,706 |
| 18 | Assam | 26,657,965 | 13,649,839 | 13,008,126 |
| 19 | West Bengal | 81,235,137 | 41,740,125 | 39,495,012 |
| 20 | Jharkhand | 27,728,656 | 14,235,767 | 13,492,889 |
| 21 | Odisha | 36,911,708 | 18,598,470 | 18,313,238 |
| 22 | Chhattisgarh | 21,956,168 | 11,002,928 | 10,953,240 |
| 23 | Madhya Pradesh | 62,049,270 | 32,095,963 | 29,953,307 |
| 24 | Gujarat | 52,889,452 | 27,507,996 | 25,381,456 |
| 25 | Daman and Diu | 217,031 | 136,544 | 80,487 |
| 26 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 293,657 | 167,603 | 126,054 |
| 27 | Maharashtra | 99,524,597 | 51,539,135 | 47,985,462 |
| 28 | Andhra Pradesh | 76,022,847 | 38,061,551 | 37,961,296 |
| 29 | Karnataka | 54,274,903 | 27,529,898 | 26,745,005 |
| 30 | Goa | 1,318,228 | 668,042 | 650,186 |
| 31 | Lakshadweep | 57,341 | 29,391 | 27,950 |
| 32 | Kerala | – | – | – |
| 33 | Tamil Nadu | 65,244,137 | 32,616,520 | 32,627,617 |
| 34 | Puducherry | 1,116,854 | 545,553 | 571,301 |
| 35 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 340,447 | 182,236 | 158,211 |
| – | Total (India) | 1,051,404,135 | 540,772,113 | 510,632,022 |
Based on the latest Census Data
Population pyramid by religion
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The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions ofSenapati district ofManipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excludingAssam andJammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.
| Religion | Population | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Hindus | 966,378,868 | 79.80% |
| Muslims | 172,245,158 | 14.23% |
| Christians | 27,819,588 | 2.30% |
| Sikhs | 20,833,116 | 1.72% |
| Buddhists | 8,442,972 | 0.70% |
| Jains | 4,451,753 | 0.37% |
| Others | 7,937,734 | 0.66% |
| Not Stated | 2,867,303 | 0.24% |
| Year | Hindus | Muslims | Christians | Sikhs | Buddhists | Jainis | Zoroastrians | Others/ Religion not specified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 84.1% | 9.8% | 2.3% | 1.79% | 0.74% | 0.46% | 0.13% | 0.43% |
| 1961 | 83.45% | 10.69% | 2.44% | 1.79% | 0.74% | 0.46% | 0.09% | 0.43% |
| 1971 | 82.73% | 11.21% | 2.60% | 1.89% | 0.70% | 0.48% | 0.09% | 0.41% |
| 1981 | 82.30% | 11.75% | 2.44% | 1.92% | 0.70% | 0.47% | 0.09% | 0.42% |
| 1991 | 81.53% | 12.61% | 2.32% | 1.94% | 0.77% | 0.40% | 0.08% | 0.44% |
| 2001 | 80.46% | 13.43% | 2.34% | 1.87% | 0.77% | 0.41% | 0.06% | 0.72% |
| 2011[124] | 79.80% | 14.23% | 2.30% | 1.72% | 0.70% | 0.37% | — | 0.9% |
| Religious group | Population (2011) % | Growth (2001–2011)[125][126] | Sex ratio (2011) | Literacy (2011) (%)[127] | Work participation (2011) (%)[128][129] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| total[128] | rural | urban | child[130] | |||||
| Hinduism | 79.80% | 16.8% | 939 | 946 | 921 | 913 | 73.3% | 41.0% |
| Islam | 14.23% | 24.6% | 951 | 957 | 941 | 943 | 68.5% | 32.6% |
| Christianity | 2.30% | 15.5% | 1023 | 1008 | 1046 | 958 | 84.5% | 41.9% |
| Sikhism | 1.72% | 8.4% | 903 | 905 | 898 | 828 | 75.4% | 36.3% |
| Buddhism | 0.70% | 6.1% | 965 | 960 | 973 | 933 | 81.3% | 43.1% |
| Jainism | 0.37% | 5.4% | 954 | 935 | 959 | 889 | 94.9% | 35.5% |
| Others/Religion Not Specified | 0.90% | n/a | 959 | 947 | 975 | 974 | n/a | n/a |
Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979, which was completed in 1983.
India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.
The following data are from the Mandal report:[citation needed]
| Caste/Tribe | Population | Percentage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total population | 731,000,000 | 100% | *Margin of error 0.34% |
| Scheduled castes and tribes | 164,913,600 | 22.56% | |
| Scheduled castes | 110,015,500 | 15.05% | |
| Scheduled tribes | 54,898,100 | 7.51% | |
| Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities | 128,509,800 | 17.58% | |
| Brahmin (including Bhumihar) | 40,351,200 | 5.52% | |
| Kshtriyas(Rajput) | 28,509,000 | 3.90% | |
| Maratha | 16,155,100 | 2.21% | |
| Jats | 7,310,000 | 1% | |
| Vaishya, Bania, etc. | 13,742,800 | 1.88% | |
| Kayasthas | 7,821,700 | 1.07% | |
| Others [ Including Yadavs (Kshtriyas) ] | 14,620,000 | 2% | |
| Non-Hindu communities and groups | 121,346,000 | 16.6% | Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC |
| Muslim (Non S.T) | 81,798,900 | 11.19% | 0.02% |
| Christian (Non S.T) | 15,789,600 | 2.16% | 0.44% |
| Sikh (Non scheduled) | 12,207,700 | 1.67% | 0.22% |
| Buddhist (Non S.T) | 4,897,700 | 0.67% | 0.03% |
| Jain (Non scheduled) | 3,435,700 | 0.47% | |
| Other backward classes and communities (OBC) | 380,120,000 | 52% | *OBC is a derived figure |
| Hindu OBC | 318,716,000 | 43.60% | |
| Non-Hindu OBC | 61,404,000 | 8.40% | *52% of Non-Hindus |
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Y-Chromosome DNAY-DNA represents the male lineage, The IndianY-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows wherehaplogroupsR-M420,H,R2,L andNOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[133]
| H | 30% | |
| R1a | 34% | |
| R2 | 15% | |
| L | 10% | |
| NOP | 10% | (Excluding R) |
| Other Haplogroups | 15% |
Mitochondrial DNAmtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up ofHaplogroup M[135]
| Haplogroup M | 60% | |
| Haplogroup UK | 15% | |
| Haplogroup N | 25% | (Excluding UK) |
Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.
| Rank | Name | State/UT | Pop. | Rank | Name | State/UT | Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mumbai | Maharashtra | 12,478,447 | 11 | Kanpur | Uttar Pradesh | 2,920,067 | ||
| 2 | Delhi | Delhi | 11,007,835 | 12 | Lucknow | Uttar Pradesh | 2,901,474 | ||
| 3 | Chennai | Tamil Nadu | 8,696,010 | 13 | Nagpur | Maharashtra | 2,405,421 | ||
| 4 | Bengaluru | Karnataka | 8,425,970 | 14 | Indore | Madhya Pradesh | 1,960,521 | ||
| 5 | Hyderabad | Telangana | 6,809,970 | 15 | Thane | Maharashtra | 1,818,872 | ||
| 6 | Ahmedabad | Gujarat | 5,570,585 | 16 | Bhopal | Madhya Pradesh | 1,795,648 | ||
| 7 | Kolkata | West Bengal | 4,486,679 | 17 | Visakhapatnam | Andhra Pradesh | 1,730,320 | ||
| 8 | Surat | Gujarat | 4,462,002 | 18 | Pimpri-Chinchwad | Maharashtra | 1,729,359 | ||
| 9 | Pune | Maharashtra | 3,115,431 | 19 | Patna | Bihar | 1,683,200 | ||
| 10 | Jaipur | Rajasthan | 3,073,350 | 20 | Vadodara | Gujarat | 1,670,806 | ||
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