Demographics ofHouston
Population pyramid of Houston in 2021
Population	2,304,580 (2020)

In the U.S. state ofTexas,Houston is the largest city by both population and area. With a1850 United States census population of 2,396—and 596,163 a century later, in 1950—Houston's population has experienced positive growth trends.^[1] In 2000, the city had a population of 1,953,631 people in 717,945 households and 457,330 families,^[2] increasing to 2,304,580 at the2020 census.^[3]

In common with most U.S. communities leading up to the 20th and 21st centuries, Houston was a predominantlynon-Hispanic white city. Since theNew Great Migration and immigration from Latin America, Africa, and Asia during the latter half of the 20th century, the city has become amajority-minority city withHispanic and Latino Americans constituting the plurality at 44% of the population. According toLos Angeles Times andNPR in 2017 and 2013, Houston has been described as the most diverse place in the United States.^[4][5]

White Americans ofnorthern and western European origin—particularly those ofGerman andBritish origins—founded the city of Houston. Historically in the mid-nineteenth century, SouthernAnglo settlers primarily from the southeastern United States crossed theMississippi River, migrating to Texas.^[16] Roberto R. Treviño, author ofThe Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston, said thatGerman Americans "historically played a central role in Houston, far outnumbering other whites such as the British,Irish,Canadians,French,Czechs,Poles, andScandinavian groups who historically have comprised a smaller part of the city's ethnic mosaic."^[17]

In 1910, prior to new waves of immigration from eastern and southern Europe, descendants of ethnic whites who had founded Houston numerically outnumbered other ethnic groups who had later settled in Houston.^[17] After European immigrants and their descendants assimilated intoUnited States culture, they tended to develop with the city of Houston. Demographics at mid-century reflected a white majority, with Latino (mostlyMexican American) and African American minorities. The state legislature haddisfranchised most blacks at the turn of the century and in practice, erected barriers to Hispanic-Latino voting as well.

After thecivil rights movement gained some successes—such as congressional passage of theCivil Rights Act of 1964 andVoting Rights Act of 1965 to enforce minority constitutional rights—in the 1970s,white flight occurred in Houston as wealthier people moved to newer housing in suburbs, also choosing to avoid the mandated economic and racial integration of public schools in the city.^[18] The effects of the non-Hispanic white exodus were partly mitigated due to the policy of the city government toannex neighboring areas where non-Hispanic whites had moved.^[19] Between the 1970–1971 and the 1971–1972 school years, enrollment at theHouston Independent School District decreased by 16,000. They were overwhelmingly ethnic whites; 700 Black and African American students left the system.^[18]

As the suburbs developed and Texas enjoyed the1970s oil boom, many non-Hispanic whites settled directly in established suburbs as they lacked any ties to inner city Houston. In 2004, 33% of non-Hispanic whites residing in Harris County originated from the Houston area, either by birth or from growing up there as children.^[20]

Demographers Max Beauregard and Karl Eschbach, both ofUniversity of Houston Center for Public Policy, concluded from their analysis of the2000 U.S. census that white flight from the city continued to occur in the 1990s. In the decade prior to the 2000 census, white non-Hispanic residents left neighborhoods within Houston such asAlief,Aldine,Fondren Southwest,Gulfton, andSharpstown as well asInwood Forest, Northline,Northside, andSpring Branch^[21] while neighborhoods such asClear Lake City and Kingwood experienced non-Hispanic white population growth.^[21]

The Hispanic and Latino American population in Houston has been increasing as more immigrants from Latin American countries come to work in the area, although several Hispanic and Latino communities existed in Houston since the 1800s. As of 2020, Houston had the3rd-largest Hispanic-Latino population in the United States. In 2011, Karl Eschbach, aUniversity of Texas Medical Branch demographer, said that the number of illegal immigrants in the Houston area was estimated at 400,000, with over 70% being of Mexican descent.^[22]

As of 2011, the city had 44% Hispanic and Latino Americans and of the city'sU.S. citizens that are Hispanic-Latino, half are at voting age or older. Many Hispanics and Latinos in Houston are not U.S. citizens, especially those living inGulfton andSpring Branch. As a result, Hispanic and Latino Americans have proportionally less representation in the municipal government than other ethnic groups. As of April 2011 two of theHouston City Council members were Hispanic-Latino, making up 18% of the council.^[23]

As of 2010, Strait and Gong, authors of "Ethnic Diversity in Houston, Texas: The Evolution of Residential Segregation in the Bayou City, 1990–2000," stated that Hispanics and Latinos had "intermediate levels of segregation" from non-Hispanic whites.^[24]: 58

In the early 1980s, there were 300,000 native Hispanics and Latinos, and an estimated 80,000illegal immigrants from Mexico in Houston.^[25]

In 1985, Harris County had about 500,000 Hispanics and Latinos. Eschbach said that, historically, this population resided in specific neighborhoods of Houston, such asDenver Harbor, theHouston Heights,Magnolia Park, and theNorthside. Between 1985 and 2005, the county's Hispanic population tripled, with Hispanics and Latinos making up about 40% of the county's residents. In most communities inside and outsideBeltway 8, Hispanics and Latinos became the predominant ethnic group. Some communities in Greater Houston which do not have Hispanics or Latinos as the predominant ethnic group include expensive, predominantly non-Hispanic white communities such asMemorial,Uptown, andWest University Place; and historically African-American neighborhoods located south and northeast ofDowntown Houston. Eschbach said, "But even these core black and white neighborhoods are experiencing Hispanic inroads. Today, Hispanics live everywhere."^[26]

At the publication of the2020 census, the Hispanic and Latino American population remained stable at 44% of the city's population.

Historically, the city of Houston had a significant African American population,^[17] as this area of the state developed cotton plantation agriculture that was dependent on enslaved laborers. In 2020, its Black and African American population constituted 22.1% of the population.^[6] Thousands ofenslaved African Americans lived near the city before theAmerican Civil War. Many of them worked on sugar and cotton plantations. Slaves held in the city primarily worked in domestic household and artisan jobs. In 1860 forty-nine percent of the city's population was made up of enslaved people of color. In 1860 nearbyFort Bend County had a population with twice as many black slaves as white residents; it was one of six majority-black counties statewide.^[27]

From the 1870s to the 1890s, black people made up almost 40% of Houston's population.^[17] Before being effectivelydisfranchised by the state legislature imposing payment of apoll tax in 1902, they were politically active and strongly supportedRepublican Party candidates.^[17] After disfranchisement, the state legislature established legal segregation andJim Crow. Between 1910 and 1970, the black population of Houston ranged from 21% to 32.7%.^[17] They were virtually without political representation until after 1965 and passage of the federalVoting Rights Act, which enforced their constitutional rights of suffrage. Many blacks left Houston for the West Coast during and after World War II in theGreat Migration, as jobs increased rapidly in the defense industry on that coast and social conditions were better.

In 1970, 90% of the black people in Houston lived in predominantlyAfrican American neighborhoods, reflecting decades of legal, residential segregation. By 1980 there was some increase in diversity in the city, and 82% of blacks lived in majority-black areas.^[28] Since the late 20th century, with changes in social conditions and the burgeoning Houston economy, there has been an increasingNew Great Migration of blacks to the South. Many are college educated and have moved to Houston for its lower cost of living and job opportunities compared to some northern and western cities.^[29] Many of the new professional migrants settle directly in the suburbs, which offer more housing than the city; among them are upper class, majority-black neighborhoods.^[30]Black Enterprise has referred to Houston as the nextblack mecca.^[30] Houston has been ranked among the best U.S. metros for Black professionals.^[31] In 2010 Strait and Gong stated that of all ethnic groups in Houston, African Americans were the most segregated from non-Hispanic whites.^[24]: 58

Houston also has large populations of immigrants from Asia. In addition, the city has the largestVietnamese American population in Texas and third-largest in the United States as of 2004.^[32][33] Houston also has one of the largestChinese American,^[34]Pakistani American,^[35][36] andFilipino American^[37][38] populations in the United States.

According to a 2002 survey of 500 Asian Americans in Harris County overseen by Stephen Klineberg, a professor atRice University, Asian immigrants have substantially lower household income than Anglo residents and other immigrant groups, while they have higher levels of education. Indicating the community is severelyunderemployed.^[39] In spite of this, however, the Asian American population has grown from 4.1% of the population in 1990, to 7.1% in 2020.^[1][6]

In 2020 Harris County had 690 people of native Hawaiian origins. Post 2020 some Hawaiian people began moving to Houston due to decreased costs of living, and in 2022 theHouston Chronicle stated that there were larger numbers of people of Pacific Islander origins.^[40]

American Indian communities have existed in the present-day city and area of Houston prior to European colonization and settlement. With the advent of colonialism, its American Indian or Native American population has declined substantially. As of 2021^[update] tribes represented included theAlabama Coushatta,Choctaw,Comanche,Cherokee,Lipan Apache,Muskogee Creek,Navajo,Ponca, andTunica Biloxi ethnic groups, with about 68,000 Native Americans in the area as of 2010.^[41]

Highlighting and preserving their culture, theAmerican Indian Genocide Museum is in Houston. There was a Native American museum,Southern Apache Museum, that opened in 2012 inNorthwest Mall. It closed in 2017 due to redevelopment.^[41] Area Native Americans opposed thestatue of Christopher Columbus inBell Park until its 2020 removal.^[42]

Houston's foreign-born population increased by 400,000 in a ten-year span ending in 2010. During that span, of all U.S. cities, Houston had the second-largest increase of foreign-born persons.^[43] As of 2011, 22% of Greater Houston residents were born in another country. This percentage was the fifth-largest in Texas.^[44] In 2015 about 25% of the residents of Harris County—over one million persons—were immigrants. Surrounding counties have percentages similar to that of Harris County. As of that year, immigrants were widely dispersed throughout the Houston area.^[43] In 2023, 25% of the people in the Houston area were not born in the United States.^[45]

The television programMo is set in Houston and describes issues regarding immigration to the Houston area.^[46]

Circa 2003 a significant number ofAfrican immigrants have made the Houston area home.^[47] The African immigrants in Houston have higher education levels than other immigrant groups and U.S.-born whites. According to Stephen Klineberg—a sociology professor atRice University—as of 2003, almost 35% of African immigrants have university degrees, and 28% of African immigrants have postgraduate degrees. In the Houston area, 28% of U.S.-born whites have university degrees, and 16% have postgraduate degrees.^[48] In 2012, the total trade between Houston and Africa was $19.7 billion. Houston is Africa's largest U.S. trade partner.^[49] In 2016 the city had about 60,000 people of recent African immigrant origin.^[50]

The population of people of recent West African origins came with West Africans working for area universities and with West Africans studying at those universities.^[51]

In 2019Ethiopian Airlines CEO Tewolde GebreMariam stated that the presence of African immigrants in United States is one reason related to the airline's decision to establish theBush Intercontinental Airport-Lome Airport route.^[52]

Charles W. Corey of theU.S. Department of State said in 2003 that it has been estimated that Greater Houston had the largest Nigerian expatriate population in the United States.^[47] Circa 2010 over 20,000 people in the Houston area were of recent Nigerian ancestry.^[51] As of 2018 about 150,000Nigerian Americans live in the Houston area.^[53] The 2017American Community Survey estimated that 65,000Nigerian Americans lived in Texas,^[54] the vast majority of which reside in Houston. As of 2003, Houston had 23,000 Nigerian American residents. Many Nigerian Americans choose Houston over other American destinations due to its warmer climate and the ease of establishing businesses.^[48] Nigerians in Houston are highly educated and often have postgraduate degrees.^[55] By 2014 Nigerians in the Houston area opened Nigerian groceries, restaurants, and churches.^[56] There were almost 53,000 people of recent Nigerian origins in the Houston area in 2022.^[51] Many Nigerian Americans in Houston live inAlief andSharpstown.

UntilContinental Airlines began nonstop flights toLagos fromGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport in November 2011, many Nigerians had to fly through Europe to travel between Texas and Nigeria.^[57] Jenalia Moreno of theHouston Chronicle said that the Nigerian community and the energy companies in Houston have worked for a long time to get a flight to Nigeria from this city.^[58] In 2016United Airlines, which had merged with Continental, canceled the Lagos route, citing a decline in the energy industry and inability to get currency out of Nigeria.^[59]

In 2020No Passport Required featured Nigerian restaurants in Houston.^[60] According to theMigration Policy Institute, 2018 estimates from theU.S. Census Bureau state that 40,000 Houston residents were of recent Nigerian origins.^[61]

Until 2006 there was a video rental shop catering to the West African community. Houston has TV services catering to area West Africans, including AfrocentrikTV, Afrovibes Entertainment, and Millenium Broadcasting Corporation.^[61] Circa 2024, theUniversity of Houston is one of several universities that attracted Nigerians; Hannah Goldfield ofThe Atlantic stated that year that a resident of Houston told her that the University of Houston was one of the top universities considered by Nigerian citizens planning to attend American universities.^[51]

Mesfin Genanaw, aHouston Community College teacher who was one of the individuals who assisted with the building of the areaEthiopian Orthodox church, stated in a 2003Houston Chronicle article that there was estimated 5,000 Ethiopians in Greater Houston.^[62] In 2020, Dai Huynh wrote inBuzz Magazines that the number of ethnic Ethiopians in the Houston area goes "from 3,000 to 10,000 depending on whom you ask".^[63]

One Ethiopian Orthodox church in Houston is the Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church. Prior to the construction of the church, those of the Ethiopian Orthodox faith worshiped at Coptic Orthodox churches. Genanaw, stated that in 1992 20 Ethiopian women who were attending a Coptic church planned the establishment of an Ethiopian church. In 1993 the group purchased a 2.5-acre (1.0 ha) site and a tent, and conducted church services in a tent. After fundraisers were held, in 1995 construction of the permanent church started, and the church later obtained an additional 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land.^[62]

In 2020 Huynh wrote "the Ethiopian restaurant scene is vibrant" with several restaurants in theGulfton area.^[63]

As of 2009^[update] the number of Equatorial Guinean citizens in the Houston area under 100, was the largest Equatorial Guinean population in the United States. TheConsulate-General of Equatorial Guinea in Houston is located in Houston.^[64]

St. Nicholas Catholic Church inEast Downtown (historically the Third Ward) has African immigrants in its congregation. By 2012 the church held Swahili masses due to it gaining African immigrant parishioners.^[65] In particular it has a group of Cameroonians in the congregation served by the Assumption Cameroonian Catholic Community, so it has services each month tailored to that group.^[66]

European immigration was often from Western Europe until 1965.^[67] Since the late 20th century, new immigrants have arrived from Norway, Russia, and the Middle East. In addition, there are nationals from the United Kingdom and other countries who work in Houston periodically.Lasse Sigurd Seim—the consul general of theNorwegian Consulate General, Houston—described the estimated 5,000–6,000 Norwegians in the Houston area around 2008 as the largest concentration of ethnic Norwegians outside ofScandinavia. Jenalia Moreno of theHouston Chronicle said during that year that the influx of Norwegians into Greater Houston was "relatively new" and related to Norway's also having a major oil industry.^[68]

In a 2004Houston Chronicle article, Nikolai V. Sofinskiy, the first consul general of theConsulate-General of Russia in Houston, said that there were around 40,000 Russian speakers in theHouston area.^[69]

As of 1983, there were about 10,000 British nationals in Houston.^[70] Annette Baird of theHouston Chronicle said that, as of December 2000, the number of British citizens in Greater Houston was estimated to be over 40,000. Grainne O'Reilly-Askew, the first headmistress of theBritish School of Houston, said that before the school was established, British companies encountered difficulty in convincing their executives to relocate to Greater Houston, since the area previously did not have a school using theBritish educational system.^[71]John Major, the formerPrime Minister of the United Kingdom, attended the school's official opening.^[72]

Circa 2013 the Houston area had about 98,300 people of Middle Eastern origins, with amargin of error of more than 27,700. This figure includes people of Arab, Iranian, Israeli, and Turkish origins.^[73]

As of 2007^[update], there were about 4,000–5,000 ethnic Armenians in the Houston area, according to St. Kevork parish council chairperson Vreij Kolandjian and pontifical visit host committee chairperson David Onanian.^[74] St. Kevork Armenian Church, which was established around 1982, serves as theArmenian Apostolic Church facility in Houston. As of 2007^[update] about 10% of the ethnic Armenians in Houston were active in this church.^[74]

Czechs, also known as Bohemians, arrived in Texas around the mid-1840s. Although they tended to settle more in areas around Austin and theTexas Hill Country of central Texas, a sizeable community exists in Houston.^[75] The Czech Center Museum celebrates their achievements and contribution to Texas life and culture.

German immigrants arrived in number following therevolutions of 1848 in the German states, like their Bohemian brethren; they tended to oppose slavery and supported the Republican Party through the Reconstruction era.^[76] TheSecond Ward, in the 1800s, had a heavily German American community. Thomas McWhorter, author of "From Das Zweiter to El Segundo, A Brief History of Houston's Second Ward," wrote that "Second Ward became an unofficial hub of German-American culture and social life during the nineteenth century."^[77] German settlers also predominated inSpring Branch, a community that later become a part of Houston, in the mid-1800s.^[78]

HoustonSaengerbund, established in 1883, is a German-American singing group; there were groups like it that proliferated in communities of Germans overseas in the 1800s. It bought the William Hamblen House in 1913. As of 2010 the group still conducts regular meetings. It was the final German American cultural organization to be established in the Second Ward.^[79] In the late 1800s Volksfest Park hosted the Volkfest festival, a German-American event. Its attendance prompted the Bayou Street Railway Company to, in 1889, add amule car line to the park.^[80]

The first recorded ethnic Greeks in Houston, listed in theHouston City Directory of 1889–1890, were George and Peter Poleminacos. They worked as manual laborers, as they did not speak English. Kalliope Vlahos was the first Greek woman to arrive, in 1903; after her, more women and families with children began settling Houston.^[81] Many of the earliest settlers planned to make money in the U.S. and then return to their homelands. Several Greeks became businessowners;^[82] historically many Greeks operated cafes and sweets shops in Downtown Houston.^[83] The capital start-up costs of such shops were relatively low.

As of 2002^[update] about 40,000 people in the Houston area wereof Italian descent.^[84]

Brina D'Amico, a member of the D'Amico restaurateur family, said in 2014 that most Italian-American families in Houston were of Sicilian origins, and their immigrant ancestors had entered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries at thePort of Galveston.^[85] In addition to Galveston, many other southern Italians arrived throughIndianola, Texas andNew Orleans, while several people from northern Italy entered throughEllis Island and traveled from there to Texas.^[86] Many ethnic Italians, after arrival, began working in groceries.^[84] Prior to 1900 Galveston, then more prominent than Houston, attracted Italian immigrants.^[86]

In previous eras there were over twenty ethnic Italian clubs in the Houston area, with several associated with particular religious institutions; immigrants founded several of them, and several were defunct by 2018.^[86] Federation of Italian-American Organizations of Greater Houston is a collection of Italian American organizations.^[84] In 2018 it hosted five to six of the aforementioned clubs.^[86] The Italian Cultural and Community Center (ICCC) is located in theHouston Museum District,^[84] and is operated by the federation.^[87] The ICCC and federation offices are in theJohn G. Logue House, which the federation obtained in 1988.^[88]

In the "Space Age" era, many members of that ethnic group moved toGlenbrook Valley.^[89]

La Voce, an ethnic newspaper published by the federation, had a circulation of 3,700 as of 2001.^[87]

The ICCC holds the Houston Italian Festival orFesta Italiana every year.^[90] It has music, food, and art programs. The city government provides funding and proceeds help fund the ICCC.^[91] The festival started in 1979.^[92]

The first volume ofHoustonians of Italian Descent, a non-fiction non-academic collection with personal testimonies about ethnic Italian communities as well as information about religious and organizational institutions, was released in 2002. Lena Mandola of the Mandola restaurateur family was the principal driver behind the book.^[84] The creators of the book deemed the sales of the first volume to be positive, and the second volume was released in 2004.^[93]

Bell Park in theHouston Museum District area formerly hada statue of Christopher Columbus,^[87] which the Italian American Organizations of Greater Houston Inc. had commissioned. In 1992 the organization donated the statue to the city government. By 2020 Columbus became a target of criticism, with detractors citing his holding slaves.^[94] Area Native Americans expressed their desire that the statue no longer be in place.^[42] In a single week in June 2020 there were instances where vandals attacked the statue, with two instances involving red paint placed on the statue and one instance of the removal of one of the statue's hands.^[95] On Friday June 19, 2020, the statue was taken out of the park.^[96]

In the late 1800s, more Norwegians arrived at the port of Galveston than any other United States port other than Ellis Island in New York City. Many of the Norwegians who were processed through Galveston migrated to join compatriots in farming areas ofMinnesota and other areas in theMidwestern United States.^[68] Houston andStavanger, Norway have been sister cities since 1980, furthering this relationship.

The city has aPolish American church, Our Lady of Czestochowa Roman Catholic Parish inSpring Branch, established in the 1980s. At the time Polish immigrants who resisted communist rule in that country arrived in Houston. There is a Polish festival, Houston Polish Festival, held twice each year. In 2019 organizer Damian Reichert stated that it was the state's only major Polish festival.^[97]

Houston has a significantRomani population.^[98]

The Ukrainian American Cultural Club of Houston is active in the city. After the2022 invasion of Ukraine, a former president of the organization Iryna Petrovska Marchiano, arranged to have a mural created to show support for Ukraine.^[99]

There is apan-Slavic shop called the General Store. It was known as the Russian General Store until 2022, and changed its name in response to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[100]

As of 1994, over 50,000 ethnic Iranians live in Houston. As of that year, 12city blocks alongHillcroft Avenue, fromWestheimer Road to a point just south of Westpark, contain a Persian business district including shops and restaurants. Allison Cook of theHouston Press referred to the area as "Little Persia".^[101]

As of 1990 most Iranians/Persians in Houston are not religious.^[102]

As of 2000, Iranians were one of the two mainZoroastrian groups in Houston. As of that year the total number of Iranians in Houston of all religions is larger than the totalParsi (generally immigrants from India) population by a 10 to 1 ratio.^[103]

Rustomji wrote that as of 2000, because of the historic tensions between the Parsi and Iranian groups, the Iranians in Houston did not become full members of the Zoroastrian Association of Houston (ZAH), which was majority Parsi. Rustomji stated that Iranian Zoroastrians "attend religious functions sporadically and remain tentative about their ability to fully integrate, culturally and religiously, with Parsis."^[103] In 1996 the Iranian population had its largest attendance at a ZAH event when it attendedJashne-e-Sade, an event the community created for ZAH. By 2000 some Muslim Iranians who were opposed to fundamentalism in the mosques, began attending Zoroastrian events. Rustomji wrote in 2000 that from 2000 to 2005, Iranians were expected to make up a greater proportion of ZAH.^[103]

As of 2006, most member of the HoustonHaziratu'l-Quds (aBaháʼí Faith center) were Persians.^[104] As of 2010 many Houston Baháʼí are refugees from Iran. In Iran many of their relatives and parents suffered state sanctionedpersecution of Baháʼís, being arrested and/or executed.^[105]

After Iranian student and activist Gelareh Bagherzadeh was murdered in Houston in 2012, Lomi Kriel of theHouston Chronicle stated that "The case has been complicated by the possible Iranian link and the close-knit nature of Houston's Iranian community. Many have been either afraid to talk or reluctant to disclose details they consider private or disrespectful."^[106] The perpetrator,Ali Irsan, was later convicted and sentenced to death for the crime,^[107] anhonor killing in retaliation against Bagherzadeh's encouragement of Irsan's daughter to leave Islam and marry a Christian man.^[108][109]

As of 2008^[update] multiple Houston-area restaurants selling Levantine cuisine also served sandwiches. This trend started withLebanese American Jalal Antone, who openedAntone's Import Company. He advised Levantine businesspeople that American people at the time would considerLevantine cuisine to be too foreign, so it would make more business sense to open a sandwich shop that also sells Levantine dishes on its menu.^[110]

Badr stated that as of 2000, about 10% of theIslamic Society of Greater Houston (ISGH) consists of ethnic Arabs, from a variety of Middle East nations. She added that the percentage of Arabs among Houston's Muslim population is estimated by some to be "as high as 30%."^[111] According to Badr, from 1990 to 2000 many Arabs began to found their own mosques and Islamic schools separate from the ISGH. They disagreed about various issues with other members of the Society, including the language of the Friday sermons in the mosques, the operations of Sunday schools and full-time schools, and monetary collection and distribution within the community.^[111]

As of 2014 U.S. census estimates, 23,300 people in the Houston area spoke Arabic; this was a one-third increase in the number of Arabic speakers compared to 2009.^[112]

Since the 1970s—when Houston began absorbing Vietnamese refugees after theFall of Saigon—Houston has become a destination for refugee resettlement. About 1,600 refugees arrive atGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport per year. Refugees fromAfghanistan,Bhutan,El Salvador,Cuba,Iraq,Myanmar, andSomalia have settled in Houston; Burundians fromRwanda have also settled in Houston. Over the three years leading to 2009, Houston took about 2,200Burmese.^[113] The number of people born outside of the United States in the Houston area increased by 400,000 between 2000 and 2010.^[114] In 2014 a total of 4,818 refugees from 40 countries settled in Harris County. That year, of all counties in Texas, Harris County had the largest number of refugee settlements.^[43] In 2015 there were about 1 million people born outside of the United States in the Greater Houston metropolitan area, which would be below 25% of the total population.^[114] As of 2015^[update], if the Houston area was its own country, it would rank among the top five countries in the world for refugee resettlement.^[115]

The South Texas Office of Refugees stated that from 2009 to 2021 11,790 people came from Afghanistan to the Houston area, with 90% of them havingSpecial Immigrant Visas which belonged to Afghans who interpreted for theU.S. military.^[116] From 2015 to 2021 1,700 people from Afghanistan who interpreted for U.S. military forces and/or are family members of these interpreters moved to the Houston area.^[117] According to the Refugee Resettlement Data 1975–2018 dataset by theUniversity of Gottingen and theUniversity of Western Australia, 885 refugees from Afghanistan moved to Harris County between 1975 and 2018; according to the data, Afghans made up the 16th largest such group in the county.^[118]

In 2021 theHouston Chronicle reported that Afghans in Houston had negative views of theFall of Kabul on August 15, where theTaliban replaced theformer Afghan government with theIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan.^[119] The group Afghan Community Houston held protests denouncing the Taliban takeover.^[120] Between the Fall of Kabul and August 18, 100 Afghans moved to Houston fromFort Lee.^[116] On August 19 the group The Alliance stated on August 19 that it planned to move 70 Afghan refugees to Houston later that month.^[121]

From 1975 to 2018, 74,050 refugees settled Harris County, the seventh largest figure for a county.^[122]

Houston has the largest population ofRomani people in Texas.^[123]

Historically, Houstonians tend to pronounceSouthern English with the drawl typical of theLower South.

A total of 938,123 residents of the city of Houston said that they spoke English only, according to the 2000 census. The largest foreign languages in Houston included Spanish andSpanish creole (679,292 speakers),Vietnamese (26,125 speakers), Chinese (24,234 speakers),African indigenous languages (11,603 speakers), andUrdu ofPakistan (10,669 speakers). Percentages of the non-English groups who said that they spoke English at least "very well" include 42% of the Spanish speakers, 32% of the Vietnamese speakers, 49% of the Chinese speakers, 72% of the speakers of indigenous African languages, and 70% of the speakers of Urdu.^[124]

In 2000, 1,961,993 residents of Harris County spoke English only. The five largest foreign languages in the county were Spanish orSpanish Creole (1,106,883 speakers),Vietnamese (53,311 speakers), Chinese (33,003 speakers), French includingCajun andPatois (33,003 speakers), andUrdu ofPakistan (14,595 speakers). Percentages of language groups who said that they spoke English at least "very well" include 46% of Spanish speakers, 37% of Vietnamese speakers, 50% of Chinese speakers, 85% of French speakers, and 72% of Urdu speakers.^[124] Southwestern Louisiana Creole language is spoken in Houston.^[125]

As of 2015, about 40% of Harris County residents spoke languages other than English.^[43] By 2021 American Community Survey estimates, 46.2% of the city's population spoke a language other than English.^[126] In contrast, 53.8% of the population only spoke English. The second-most spoken language for Houston was Spanish at 37.2%.

According to the 2022American Community Survey, the most commonly spoken languages in Houston by people aged 5 years and over (2,149,641 people):^[127]

• Speak only English: 51.5%
• Language other than English: 48.5%
• Spanish: 38.9%
• Asian languages and Pacific Island languages: 4.4%
• OtherIndo-European languages: 3.4%
• Other languages: 1.8%

According to thePew Research Center andD Magazine, Houston and its metropolitan area are the third-most religious and Christian area by percentage of population in the United States, and second in Texas behind the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.^[129][130]

Historically, the city of Houston has been a center ofProtestantism, being part of theculturally conservative and evangelical Bible Belt.^[131] Other Christian groups includingEastern andOriental Orthodox Christianity, and non-Christian religions did not grow for much of the city's history because immigration was predominantly from Western Europe, which at the time was dominated byWestern Christianity and favored by the quotas in federal immigration law. TheImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965 removed the quotas, allowing for the growth of other religions.^[132]

In the same study by the Pew Research Center, an estimated 20% of Houston-area residents claimedno religious affiliation, compared to about 23% nationwide.^[133] Houston-area residents identifying with other religions (includingIslam,Judaism,Buddhism, andHinduism) collectively made up about 7% of the religious and spiritual population.

Montrose historically has been the center of the LGBT community in Houston. The Houstonian LGBT community was attracted to Montrose as a neighborhood after encountering it while patronizing Art Wren. Within Montrose, new gay bars began to open.^[134] By 1985, the flavor and politics of the neighborhood were heavily influenced by the LGBT community, and in 1990, according to Hill, 19% of Montrose residents identified as LGBT. Due to continued gentrification, by 2011 many in the LGBT community moved to theHouston Heights and Houston-area suburbs.^[134]

In 2010 theUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston released a Health of Houston Survey. Based on the survey results, 20% of area residents considered themselves to be in poor or fair health. Half of the Houston area residents did not have dental insurance. The area's percentage of individuals who reported having psychiatric distress was twice the U.S. national average. Of the racial groups, after excludingillegal immigrants, Hispanics and Latinos had the lowest rates of health insurance.^[135] Houston is also part of theStroke Belt along with many other Southern cities.^[136]

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As of 2015^[update], in maps showing average income, there is a geographic shape in a form similar to an arrow in the center-west part of Houston, beginning nearDowntown Houston and going west toMemorial, which generally has wealthier residents.^[137]

In 2013 Allen Turner of theHouston Chronicle reported that residents of Harris County were "consistently conservative in elections", voting for Republican candidates in local, state and federal elections. But, according to aRice UniversityKinder Institute for Urban Research 2013 opinion poll, they were surprisingly liberal on a variety of hot-button social topics, "such as immigration, gun control and equal matrimonial rights for same-sex couples".^[138]

• Demographics of Dallas
• Demographics of Texas
• Demographics of Dallas–Fort Worth
• Demographics of San Antonio

• Klineberg, Stephen L. "THE CHANGING FACE OF HOUSTON: Tracking the Economic and Demographic Transformations Through 30 Years of Survey." Posted at the City of Houston.
• Tolson, Mike. "Houston represents the changing face of the nation."Houston Chronicle. Thursday May 23, 2013.
• Turner, Sylvester (January 21, 2021)."Mayor Turner: Immigrants helped save our city in times of crisis – and they will do so again".Houston Chronicle. – Opinion section

• Houston demographicsArchived May 8, 2010, at theWayback Machine – Greater Houston Partnership – Houston.org
• Health of Houston Survey 2010 –University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
• City of Houston page on demographic information
• Houston demographics atUniversity of Wisconsin–Eau Claire

• Demographics of Houston
• Demographics of Texas
• Culture of Houston
• Geography of Houston
• Economy of Houston
• Demographics in the United States by populated place

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