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Demographics of Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

European countries by population in 2025:
  More than 100 million
  Between 30 and 100 million
  Between 10 and 30 million
  Between 3 and 10 million
  Between 1 and 3 million
  Between 0.3 and 1 million
  Less than 0.3 million
Population growth in 2021

Figures for thepopulation of Europe vary according to the particulardefinition of Europe's boundaries. In 2018, Europe had a total population of over 751 million people.[1][2] 448 million of them lived in theEuropean Union and 110 million inEuropean Russia; Russia is themost populous country in Europe.

Europe'spopulation growth is low, and itsmedian age high. Most of Europe is in a mode ofsub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is less populous than the one before.[3] Nonetheless, most West European countries still have growing populations, mainly due toimmigration within Europe and from outside Europe and some due to increases inlife expectancy andpopulation momentum. Some current and past factors in European demography have includedemigration,ethnic relations,economic immigration, a decliningbirth rate and anageing population.

History

[edit]
Further information:World population estimates § By world region
See also:Classical demography,Demography of the Roman Empire, andMedieval demography

Prehistory

[edit]

Approximately 5,000–130,000 people lived in Europe during theLast Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago.[4][5]

According to Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at theUniversity of Helsinki, up to 7 million people lived inNeolithic Europe in 3000 BC.[6]

According to archaeologist Johannes Müller, the European population was about 1 million around 6500 BC, but increased to 8 million in 2000 BC.[7]

The following table shows estimates of historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under "former USSR") based on Maddison (2007),[8] in millions, with an estimated percentage ofworld population:

Population of Europe, in millions, by year (est.)[8]
YearPopulation (millions)Percentage of world total
AD 13415%
10004015%
15007818%
160011220%
170012721%
182022421%
191349828%
200074213%

Past populations of Europe in modern national borders, AD 1–2020

[edit]
Population by year (in thousands)
Country/region110001500160017001820187019131950197319982020
Austria500[9]700[9]2000[9]2500[9]2500[9]3369[9]4520[9]6767[9]6935[9]7586[9]8078[9]8901[9]
Belgium300[9]400[9]1400[9]1600[9]2000[9]3424[9]5096[9]7666[9]8640[9]9738[9]10197[9]11493[9]
Denmark180[9]360[9]600[9]650[9]700[9]1155[9]1888[9]2983[9]4269[9]5022[9]5303[9]5823[9]
Finland20[9]40[9]300[9]400[9]400[9]1169[9]1754[9]3027[9]4009[9]4666[9]5153[9]5536[9]
France5000[9]6500[9]15000[9]18500[9]21471[9]31246[9]38440[9]41463[9]41836[9]52118[9]58805[9]67287[9]
Germany3000[9]3500[9]12000[9]16000[9]15000[9]24905[9]39231[9]65058[9]68371[9]78956[9]82029[9]83191[9]
Italy7000[9]5000[9]10500[9]13100[9]13300[9]20176[9]27888[9]37248[9]47105[9]54751[9]57592[9]59258[9]
Netherlands200[9]300[9]950[9]1500[9]1900[9]2355[9]3615[9]6164[9]10114[9]13438[9]15700[9]17425[9]
Norway100[9]200[9]300[9]400[9]500[9]970[9]1735[9]2447[9]3265[9]3961[9]4432[9]5368[9]
Sweden200[9]400[9]550[9]760[9]1260[9]2585[9]4164[9]5621[9]7015[9]8137[9]8851[9]10379[9]
Switzerland300[9]300[9]650[9]1000[9]1200[9]1829[9]2664[9]3864[9]4694[9]6441[9]7130[9]8667[9]
United Kingdom800[9]2000[9]3942[9]6170[9]8565[9]21226[9]31393[9]45649[9]50363[9]56223[9]59237[9]67886[9]
Portugal500[9]600[9]1000[9]1100[9]2000[9]3297[9]4353[9]6004[9]8512[9]8634[9]9968[9]10305[9]
Spain4500[9]4000[9]6800[9]8240[9]8770[9]12203[9]16201[9]20263[9]27868[9]34810[9]39371[9]48692[9]
Greece2000[9]1000[9]1000[9]1500[9]1500[9]2312[9]7554[9]8929[9]10835[9]10689[9]
13 small countries100[9]113[9]276[9]358[9]394[9]657[9]
Total Western Europe24700[9]25413[9]57268[9]73778[9]81460[9]132888[9]187532[9]261007[9]305060[9]358390[9]388399[9]419639[9]
Albania200[9]200[9]200[9]200[9]300[9]4371215[9]2296[9]3108[9]2878[9]
Bulgaria500[9]800[9]800[9]1250[9]1250[9]2187[9]4200[9]7251[9]8621[9]8257[9]6917[9]
Czechoslovakia1000[9]1250[9]3000[9]4500[9]4500[9]7190[9]12393[9]14563[9]15686[9]16366[9]
- Czech Rep.10221[9]8930[9]10295[9]10702[9]
- Slovakia3463[9]4642[9]5391[9]5460[9]
Hungary300[9]500[9]1250[9]1250[9]1500[9]4571[9]9338[9]10432[9]10237[9]9770[9]
Poland450[9]1200[9]4000[9]5000[9]6000[9]10426[9]25753[9]33363[9]38666[9]38268[9]
Romania800[9]800[9]2000[9]2000[9]2500[9]6389[9]7360[9]16311[9]20828[9]22503[9]19266[9]
Yugoslavia1500[9]1750[9]2250[9]2750[9]2750[9]5215[9]16578[9]21088[9]
Eastern Europe4750[9]6500[9]13500[9]16950[9]18800[9]36415[9]52182[9]79604[9]139428[9]173037[9]164513[9]151529[9]
Former USSR3900[9]7100[9]16950[9]20700[9]26550[9]54765[9]88672[9]156192[9]180050[9]249748[9]290866[9]299173[9]
- Russia102833[9]132434[9]147671[9]146171[9]
- Ukraine31142[9]36905[9]48274[9]50370[9]41902[9]
World230820[9]268273[9]437818[9]555828[9]603410[9]1041092[9]1270014[9]1791020[9]2524531[9]3913482[9]5907680[9]7800000[9]
Percentages of world population, by year
Country/region110001500160017001820187019131950197319982018
Austria0.2[9]0.3[9]0.5[9]0.4[9]0.4[9]0.3[9]0.4[9]0.4[9]0.3[9]0.2[9]0.1[9]
Belgium0.1[9]0.1[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.4[9]0.4[9]0.3[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]
Denmark0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]
Finland0.0[9]0.0[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]
France2.2[9]2.4[9]3.4[9]3.3[9]3.6[9]3.0[9]3.0[9]2.3[9]1.7[9]1.3[9]1.0[9]
Germany1.3[9]1.3[9]2.7[9]2.9[9]2.5[9]2.4[9]3.1[9]3.6[9]2.7[9]2.0[9]1.4[9]
Italy3.0[9]1.9[9]2.4[9]2.4[9]2.2[9]1.9[9]2.2[9]2.1[9]1.9[9]1.4[9]1.0[9]
Netherlands0.1[9]0.1[9]0.2[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.2[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.4[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]
Norway0.0[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]
Sweden0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.2[9]0.1[9]
Switzerland0.1[9]0.1[9]0.1[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.1[9]
United Kingdom0.3[9]0.7[9]0.9[9]1.1[9]1.4[9]2.0[9]2.5[9]2.5[9]2.0[9]1.4[9]1.0[9]
Portugal0.2[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.2[9]0.2[9]
Spain1.9[9]1.5[9]1.6[9]1.5[9]1.5[9]1.2[9]1.3[9]1.1[9]1.1[9]0.9[9]0.7[9]
Other0.9[9]0.4[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.3[9]0.4[9]0.4[9]0.5[9]0.4[9]0.3[9]
Total Western Europe10.7[9]9.5[9]13.1[9]13.3[9]13.5[9]12.8[9]14.8[9]14.6[9]12.1[9]9.2[9]6.6[9]
Eastern Europe2.1[9]2.4[9]3.1[9]3.0[9]3.1[9]3.5[9]4.1[9]4.4[9]3.5[9]2.8[9]2.0[9]
Former USSR1.7[9]2.6[9]3.9[9]3.7[9]4.4[9]5.3[9]7.0[9]8.7[9]7.1[9]6.4[9]4.9[9]
Total Europe14.5[9]14.5[9]20.1[9]20.0[9]21.0[9]21.6[9]25.9[9]27.7[9]22.7[9]18.4[9]13.5[9]9.8[10]
World100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]100.0[9]
Note: These numbers do not include the population of European countries' colonies, only the population within Europe.

Total population

[edit]
Population pyramid of Europe in 2023 based on the collectiveUnited Nations geoscheme for Europe
Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023

330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916.[11] In 1950 there were 549,000,000.[12] The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to theUnited Nations,[12] which was slightly less than 11% of theworld population. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent ofEurope. The population of theEuropean Union (EU) was 509 million as of 2015.[13] Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety[14] account for another 90 million. Five transcontinental countries[15] have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.

As it stands now, around 10% of the world's people live in Europe. If demographic trends keep their pace, its share may fall to around 7% in 2050, but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers, according to the United Nations estimate.[12] (The decline in thepercentage is partly due to highfertility rates in Africa and South America.) The sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population. High immigration and emigration levels within and from outside the continent are taking place and quickly changing countries, specifically in Western Europe, from a singleethnic group to amulticultural society. These trends can changesocieties'economies as well as theirpolitical and socialinstitutions.[how?][citation needed]

Vital statistics

[edit]
Birth and death rates, by year[16]
YearAverage
population		Live birthsDeathsNatural
change		Crude rates (per 1000)Total
fertility
rate		Life
expectancy
BirthsDeathsNatural
change		Migration
change
1950549,721,71812,202,2206,473,2335,728,98722.211.810.4-1.62.7062.8
1951554,559,50212,112,4256,609,7945,502,63121.811.99.9-0.82.6662.8
1952559,609,90412,142,3686,265,1355,877,23321.711.210.5-0.82.6664.0
1953565,058,63312,120,8266,220,9375,899,88921.511.010.4-0.52.6464.7
1954570,670,99412,151,7796,072,6456,079,13421.310.610.7-0.82.6465.5
1955576,304,97412,134,2705,987,1516,147,11921.110.410.7-0.92.6366.0
1956581,975,51612,133,5835,899,5946,233,98920.810.110.7-0.82.6266.9
1957587,711,63512,194,1005,963,2696,230,83120.710.110.6-0.52.6266.9
1958593,669,29712,177,6005,647,5716,530,02920.59.511.0-0.92.6068.2
1959599,684,87012,178,2455,816,0566,362,18920.39.710.6-0.72.6068.1
1960605,629,87012,098,3785,783,8286,314,55020.09.610.4-0.42.5868.8
1961611,711,02011,990,3995,749,2926,241,10719.69.410.2-0.52.5669.1
1962617,672,20611,784,0566,023,7065,760,35019.19.89.3-0.12.5368.9
1963623,335,99411,654,6466,031,2195,623,42718.79.79.002.5269.2
1964628,944,87811,467,6185,843,5145,624,10418.29.38.9-0.42.5069.9
1965634,267,60611,141,5966,058,7525,082,84417.69.68.0-0.12.4569.8
1966639,264,46110,950,0766,074,8084,875,26817.19.57.602.4270.0
1967644,114,43610,969,0396,204,6464,764,39317.09.67.4-0.42.4270.0
1968648,610,19110,821,0046,427,6224,393,38216.79.96.8-0.42.3869.9
1969652,740,59610,685,4986,652,5434,032,95516.410.26.2-0.42.3369.6
1970656,521,42610,568,0716,602,1773,965,89416.110.16.002.2870.0
1971660,476,01010,662,5416,675,0513,987,49016.110.16.00.52.2770.1
1972664,799,67910,499,8446,699,9133,799,93115.810.15.70.52.2170.3
1973668,909,02210,322,1726,814,5983,507,57415.410.25.20.82.1470.4
1974672,912,94110,406,0136,818,2593,587,75415.510.15.30.42.1370.6
1975676,770,84510,285,0477,009,1883,275,85915.210.44.80.52.0770.5
1976680,361,15010,242,3997,085,8373,156,56215.110.44.60.52.0370.6
1977683,848,71010,171,2647,039,6673,131,59714.910.34.60.21.9970.9
1978687,149,55310,143,4187,183,5312,959,88714.810.54.30.31.9670.9
1979690,287,70510,159,9337,268,7442,891,18914.710.54.20.41.9571.0
1980693,437,22810,156,3717,422,7202,733,65114.610.73.90.41.9370.9
1981696,429,19010,053,0307,404,1162,648,91414.410.63.80.21.8971.2
1982699,220,37010,102,6477,373,7342,728,91314.410.53.90.11.8971.5
1983702,014,77410,078,1847,562,0972,516,08714.410.83.60.41.8771.5
1984704,798,62310,050,6887,584,9142,465,77414.310.83.50.41.8671.6
1985707,516,2879,969,9207,702,8832,267,03714.110.93.20.91.8471.7
1986710,385,0769,987,2747,423,6412,563,63314.110.53.60.71.8472.5
1987713,465,3389,966,3047,407,4172,558,88714.010.43.60.61.8472.7
1988716,444,4319,840,5677,475,8802,364,68713.710.43.30.41.8272.8
1989719,107,8839,495,1177,527,9041,967,21313.210.52.70.61.7672.9
1990721,497,2829,235,4257,681,1971,554,22812.810.62.20.71.7272.9
1991723,602,8988,888,9097,796,5551,092,35412.310.81.50.81.6672.9
1992725,259,4938,523,5157,935,829587,68611.810.90.80.81.6072.7
1993726,441,8928,138,7938,412,609-273,81611.211.6-0.41.41.5372.1
1994727,063,1627,913,4538,492,472-579,01910.911.7-0.81.11.5072.1
1995727,300,4087,663,8318,553,348-889,51710.511.8-1.21.41.4672.2
1996727,453,5667,581,5758,394,631-813,05610.411.5-1.11.31.4572.7
1997727,566,4807,476,6748,240,385-763,71110.311.3-1.00.81.4373.2
1998727,445,6067,369,5278,193,143-823,61610.111.3-1.10.61.4273.6
1999727,100,0167,264,3828,402,774-1,138,39210.011.6-1.61.41.4073.4
2000726,968,4737,325,7638,401,888-1,076,12510.111.6-1.51.41.4273.5
2001726,878,3717,277,5948,364,598-1,087,00410.011.5-1.51.61.4173.8
2002726,939,3587,330,5268,520,890-1,190,36410.111.7-1.62.31.4273.8
2003727,424,9887,442,4758,655,471-1,212,99610.211.9-1.72.71.4573.8
2004728,163,2437,558,6528,381,363-822,71110.411.5-1.12.21.4774.4
2005728,950,4867,568,6378,494,391-925,75410.411.7-1.32.51.4774.5
2006729,857,7087,703,0298,237,212-534,18310.611.3-0.72.81.5075.2
2007731,393,1367,886,1298,187,820-301,69110.811.2-0.42.91.5475.6
2008733,256,1828,169,3988,195,293-25,89511.111.20.02.21.5975.8
2009734,902,8058,208,2688,099,043109,22511.211.00.11.81.6076.3
2010736,276,8138,227,4848,128,38799,09711.211.00.11.71.6176.5
2011737,589,6668,132,9807,958,960174,02011.010.80.21.61.6077.1
2012738,907,5948,178,8048,078,292100,51211.110.90.11.41.6277.3
2013740,013,8068,039,7918,033,9635,82810.910.90.01.41.6077.6
2014741,014,1478,067,4547,955,740111,71410.910.70.21.31.6277.9
2015742,107,4498,004,4658,177,599-173,13410.811.0-0.21.81.6278.0
2016743,318,5827,950,6848,009,194-58,51010.710.8-0.11.61.6278.4
2017744,449,3617,617,7558,076,159-458,40410.210.8-0.61.81.5678.7
2018745,359,1307,375,1578,112,356-737,1999.910.9-1.02.11.5378.8
2019746,189,6457,108,3928,020,246-911,8549.510.7-1.21.21.4979.1
2020746,225,3566,938,7399,119,281-2,180,5429.312.2-2.91.51.4777.7
2021745,173,7746,879,8189,656,398-2,776,5809.213.0-3.71.4877.0
2022746,964,5936,520,6378,811,692-2,291,0558.711.8-3.11.4178.2
2023745,602,8756,337,6958,293,264-1,955,5698.511.1-2.61.4079.1
2024745,083,8246,345,9928,431,000−2,085,0088.411.4-3.01.4079.5
2025(p)744,398,8321.41

Population by country

[edit]
Population density in theEuropean Union and theEFTA countries, along with candidate countries (2017)
Further information:List of European countries by life expectancy
Parts of this article (those related to Population by country: Several censuses have been taken, starting with Albania, with vastly different/lower population numbers;Serbia, Netherlands (15 August 2024 18 mill. inh.);etc., etc.) need to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(August 2024)

According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept ofCentral Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions.

Population and area of European countries/territories
Country (or territory)Population
[1][2]		Area
(km2)[17]		Density
(per km2)
 Albania *2,854,71028,74899
 Andorra *79,034468169
 Armenia *2,790,97429,74394
 Austria *8,922,08283,871106
 Azerbaijan *10,312,99286,600119
 Belarus *9,578,167207,60046
 Belgium *11,611,41930,528380
 Bosnia and Herzegovina *3,270,94351,20964
 Bulgaria *6,520,314110,90059
 Croatia *4,060,13556,59472
 Cyprus *1,244,1889,251134
 Czech Republic *10,510,75178,866133
 Denmark *6,011,48843,094139
 Estonia *1,328,70145,22729
 Faroe Islands *(Denmark)49,7091,39935.6
 Finland *5,535,992336,85216
 France *64,531,444551,500117
 Georgia *3,757,98069,70054
 Germany *83,408,554357,137234
 Gibraltar *(UK)32,66965,445
 Greece *10,445,365131,95779
 Guernsey *[d]65,345631,037
 Hungary *9,709,78693,026104
 Iceland *370,335103,0004
 Ireland *4,986,52669,82571
 Isle of Man *[d]84,263572147
 Italy *59,240,329301,339197
 Jersey *[d]97,857116844
 Kosovo **[p]1,859,20310,887171
 Latvia *1,873,91964,56229
 Liechtenstein *39,039160244
 Lithuania *2,786,65165,30043
 Luxembourg *639,3212,586247
 Malta *526,7483161,667
 Moldova *3,061,50633,84690
 Monaco *36,686218,343
 Montenegro *627,85913,81245
 Netherlands *17,501,69637,354469
 North Macedonia *2,103,33025,71382
 Norway *5,403,021323,78717
 Poland *38,307,726311,888123
 Portugal *[f]10,290,10392,212112
 Romania *19,328,560238,39181
 Russia *145,102,75517,098,2468
 San Marino *33,74561553
 Serbia *[g]7,296,76988,36183
 Slovakia *5,447,62249,036111
 Slovenia *2,119,41020,273105
 Spain *47,486,935505,99294
 Svalbard and Jan Mayen(Norway)2,86862,4220
 Sweden *10,467,097450,29523
 Switzerland *8,691,40641,285211
 Transnistria *505,0004,163121.3
 Turkey *84,775,404783,562108
 Ukraine *43,531,422603,50072
 United Kingdom *67,281,039242,495277
 Vatican City *8420.41,913.6
 Åland(Finland)28,6661,58018

* indicates link goes to article ondemographics of the country (or territory), not just the country itself.

Age

[edit]
Life expectancy in Europe in 2021
Main article:Aging of Europe

Mirroring their mostly sub-replacement fertility and highlife expectancy, European countries tend to have older populations overall. They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. OnlyJapan had an older population.[18]

Population pyramids by country (mostly 2020 and 2023 unless stated otherwise)

Fertility

[edit]

According to Eurostat, the average birth rate in the European Union was 1.5 children per woman in 2020. The EU countries with the highest rates were France (1.83 live births per woman), Romania (1.80) and Czechia (1.71). The lowest rates were found in Malta (1.13), Spain (1.19) and Italy (1.24).[19]

The reasons that Italian citizens give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their jobs, and lack of services for families.[20]

Eurostat says that the proportion of children born to foreign mothers, including both from other EU member states and from non-EU countries, has been increasing in the EU since 2013 and stood at 21% in 2020.[19]

Religion

[edit]
Main article:Religion in Europe
Further information:Christianity in Europe andIslam in Europe

Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a process ofsecularization. Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the European Union that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer.[21] The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed that over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christians" with only 15% professing to have no religion, though the wording of the question has been criticized as "misleading" by theBritish Humanist Association.[22] The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60% of the population regarding themselves as "Christians".[23]

Despite its decline,Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey published in 2010, 76.2% of Europeans identified themselves as Christians.[24][25]Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians.[26] The second-largest Christian group in Europe was theOrthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians.[26] And about 19% of European Christians were part of theProtestant tradition. Europe constitutes in absolute terms theworld's largest Christian population.[27] According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970),[28][29] these changes were largely result of thecollapse of Communism andswitching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union andEastern Bloc countries.[28]

According to a 2003 study,[30] 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "Post-Christian Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially inBelgium, theCzech Republic,Finland,France,Germany, theUnited Kingdom,Norway, theNetherlands andSweden) has been noted. According to a survey published in 2012,atheists andagnostics make up about 18.2% of the European population.[31] According to the same survey thereligiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population only in twoEuropean countries:Czech Republic (75%) andEstonia (60%).[31]

According to another survey about Religiosity in theEuropean Union from 2012 by Eurobarometer,Christianity was the largest religion in the Union (accounting for 72% of the total population),Catholics were with 48% the largestChristian group in the Union,Protestants made up 12%,Eastern Orthodox made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the total population.[32]non-believers/agnostics accounted for 16%,atheists accounted for 7% andMuslims accounted for 2%.[33]

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Main article:Ethnic groups in Europe
Further information:White people andImmigration to Europe

Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constituteethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Siberia)[34]

The largest ethnic groups are theRussians, with 117 million, and theGermans, with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation ofnationality may controversially take onethnic aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups such asScots,Welsh,Cornish,Northern Irish,Bretons,Catalans, andBasques, making it difficult to quantify a "British" or "French" ethnicity, for example.

There are an estimated 10 millionRomani people in Europe.[35]

Overview map of thepeoples of Europe
Size and geographic distribution of the 87 peoples of Europe, according to Pan & Pfeil (2003).[36]

Font size reflects population size (groups smaller than 2 million not to scale)Groups not shown due to lack of geographic concentration:Romani (3.8 million),Jews (1.3 million),Karaim (4,600). SmallFinnic andCaucasian groups (<0.2 million) not shown in map:Votes,Ludes,Setos,Võros;Balkars,Karachays,Laks,Lazs,Nogais,Rutuls,Tabasarans,Tats,Tsakhurs.

Language

[edit]
Main article:Languages of Europe
Further information on statistics in EU:Languages of the European Union § Knowledge
Map of Europe showing the major languages

Most of the languages of Europe belong to theIndo-Europeanlanguage family. This family is divided into a number of branches, includingRomance,Germanic,Baltic,Slavic,Albanian,Celtic,Armenian andGreek. TheUralic languages, which includeHungarian,Finnish,Estonian,Udmurt,Mordvin andSami also have a significant presence in Europe. TheTurkic family also has several European members, while theNorth Caucasian andKartvelian families which includeGeorgian,Circassian,Chechen andAbkhaz anong others are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. TheBasque language of the westernPyrenees is anisolate unrelated to any other group, whileMaltese is the onlySemitic language in Europe with national language status, althoughArabic,Hebrew andNeo-Aramaic dialects are spoken by migrant populations. TheKalmyk language, is aMongolic language, spoken inKalmykia, located directly north of theNorth Caucasus inEastern Europe. The most spoken language of Europe isRussian, which belongs to the group of Slavic languages.

Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such asCatalan andBasque in Spain,Frisian in theNetherlands, as well as languages spoken by relatively few such asCornish,Manx andScottish Gaelic in the United Kingdom, andRomansch inSwitzerland.

Genetic origins

[edit]
Main article:Genetic history of Europe
See also:Caucasian race
Bronze Age spread ofYamnayaSteppe pastoralist ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the lateProto-Indo-Europeans.

Homo sapiens appeared in Europe roughly 40,000 years ago, with the settlement of theCro-Magnons, followed by European hunter-gatherers andEarly European Farmers (EEF). Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe, notably by the immediate descendants of theProto-Indo-Europeans who migrated west after the advent of theNeolithic Revolution.[37]

Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA

[edit]

Studies ofmitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have suggested substantial genetic homogeneity of European populations,[38] with only a few geographic or linguistic isolates appearing to be genetic isolates as well.[39] On the other hand, analyses of theY chromosome[40][41] and of autosomal diversity[42] have shown a general gradient of genetic similarity running from the southeast to the northwest of the continent.

Autosomal DNA

[edit]
Population genomicPCA map, showing Europeans (CEU) among other sampled Eurasian populations[43]

According to geneticistDavid Reich, based onancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans formed from four West-Eurasian ancestral components in varying degrees:Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG),Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG),Neolithic Levant farmers andNeolithic Iranian farmers respectively.[44]

Population structure

[edit]

A study in May 2009[45] that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished "several distinct regions" within Europe:

In this study, Fst (fixation index) was found to correlate considerably with geographic distances ranging from ≤0.0010 for neighbouring populations to 0.0230 forSouthern Italy andFinland. For comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Yoruba (West Africans) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Yoruba (West Africans) – Chinese 0.1900.[45]: Table S2 

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

^ a: Continental regions as perUN categorisations/map. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be inone or both of Europe andAsia, orAfrica.
^ b: IncludesTransnistria, a region that has declared, andde factoachieved, independence; however, it is not recognisedde jure bysovereign states.
^ c: Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. However, the population and area figures include the entire state.
^ d: Guernsey, theIsle of Man andJersey areCrown Dependencies of the United Kingdom. OtherChannel Islands in theBailiwick of Guernsey includeAlderney andSark.
^ e: Cyprus is physiographically entirely inWestern Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including thede facto independent partNorthern Cyprus.
^ f: Figures forPortugal include theAzores andMadeira archipelagos, both inNorthern Atlantic.
^ g: Area figure forSerbia includesKosovo, a province that unilaterally declared its independence fromSerbia on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear. Population and density figures are 2010 estimates and are given without the disputed territory ofKosovo.
^ h: Figures for France includemetropolitan France but notoverseas departments and territories as they are not part of the European continent.
^ j: Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both theUral andEmba rivers. However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.
^ k: Armenia is physiographically entirely inWestern Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.
^ m: Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. However, the population and area figures include the entire state. This also includes Georgian estimates forAbkhazia andSouth Ossetia, two regions that have declared andde factoachieved independence. TheInternational recognition, however, is limited.
^ o: The total figures for area and population includes the whole of the transcontinental countries. The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.
^ p: Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence fromSerbia on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is unclear. Its population is a 2007 estimate.
^ r: Abkhazia andSouth Ossetia unilaterally declared their independence fromGeorgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively. Their sovereign status isunclear. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ab"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100"(XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)").United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved17 July 2022.
  3. ^"Figure 8: Population by Total Fertility (millions)" inWorld Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011)
  4. ^Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre; Demars, Pierre-Yves; Noiret, Lorette; Dobrowsky, Dmitry (November 2005)."Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data".Journal of Archaeological Science.32 (11):1656–1668.Bibcode:2005JArSc..32.1656B.doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006.
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  8. ^abAngus Maddison,The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.
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  15. ^Population in million:Armenia 2.9,Georgia 4.0,Kazakhstan 17.8,Russia 144,Turkey 78.3.
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  26. ^abChristianity in EuropeArchived 4 January 2012 at theWayback Machine, excluding the Asian part of Russia, including the European part of Turkey
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  28. ^abZurlo, Gina; Skirbekk, Vegard; Grim, Brian (2019).Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017. BRILL. p. 85.ISBN 978-90-04-34630-7.
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  43. ^The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium; Abdulla, Mahmood Ameen; Ahmed, Ikhlak; Assawamakin, Anunchai; Bhak, Jong; et al. (11 December 2009)."Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia".Science.326 (5959):1541–1545.Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1541..doi:10.1126/science.1177074.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 20007900.S2CID 34341816.
  44. ^Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2016)."Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"(PDF).Nature.536 (7617):419–424.Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L.doi:10.1038/nature19310.PMC 5003663.PMID 27459054. Retrieved18 April 2018.bottom-left: Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG), top-left: Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG), bottom-right: Neolithic Levant and Natufians, top-right: Neolithic Iran. This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these population
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