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Demographics of England

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Demographics ofEngland
Population56,489,800Increase (2021)
Density434/km2 (1,120/sq mi)[1]
Fertility rate1.61 (2021)
Age structure
0–14 years17.4% (2021)[2]
15–64 years64.1%
65 and over18.6%
Nationality
NationalityEnglish (2021)
Major ethnicDecreaseWhite: 81.0%
DecreaseWhite British: 73.5%[3] (2021)
DecreaseWhite Irish: 0.9%
IncreaseOther White: 6.6%
Minor ethnic
IncreaseAsian British: (9.7%)
IncreaseBlack British: (4.2%)
IncreaseBritish Mixed: (2.9%)
Increase Other: (2.2%)
Language
SpokenBritish English
Map of population density in England as at the 2011 census
Thenon-metropolitan counties andunitary authorities of England in 2020 by total population.

Thedemographics ofEngland have been measured by thedecennial national census since 1801, and are marked by centuries ofpopulation growth andurbanization. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably. The population of England at the 2021 census was about 56,489,800.[4]

Population

[edit]
See also:Population of the countries of the United Kingdom

The population of England in 2021 was estimated to be 56,489,800.[4][5] This is the most recent census.[4] In the previous census, in 2011, the population was 53,012,456.

Data for the 2021 census:

Historical population

[edit]
Population of England over time
See also:Black Death,Domesday Book,Protestation Returns of 1642, andCompton Census

Domesday Population

[edit]

Russell (1948) states that the fundamental demographic categories of theDomesday Survey in 1086 were broadly similar to that of thePoll Tax Survey of 1377.[8] These were:

There was a recorded 740monks, 200nuns and 4500secular clergy in 1086.[8] The counties ofCheshire,Cumberland,Durham,Lancashire,Northumberland,Westmorland,Yorkshire all had different boundaries to their modern namesakes and had uncharacteristically low populations due to theHarrying of the North.

Estimated Population ofDomesday Counties[8]
CountyLanded groupBurghal groupTotal
Bedfordshire13,56242013,982
Berkshire22,0822,55824,640
Buckinghamshire18,87956019,439
Cambridgeshire18,0981,96020,058
Cornwall19,03319,033
Derbyshire9,98249010,472
Devon60,0952,56262,657
Dorset26,7363,15229,888
Essex53,9912,08256,073
Gloucestershire28,7495,13833,877
Hampshire35,3127,03242,344
Herefordshire18,5431,99120,534
Hertfordshire14,3881,55815,946
Huntingdonshire8,9981,31610,314
Kent40,3488,23848,586
Leicestershire23,3201,27824,598
Lincolnshire83,3846,95790,341
Middlesex7,83317,85025,683
Norfolk87,4378,00195,438
Northamptonshire29,0081,03230,040
Nottinghamshire19,0401,19020,230
Oxfordshire23,7061,43125,137
Rutland2,9922,992
Shropshire17,056-92217,978
Somerset46,4733,81150,284
Staffordshire10,87474611,620
Suffolk68,8704,24873,118
Surrey14,7281,19715,925
Sussex35,4907,13342,623
Warwickshire22,6311,28423,915
Wiltshire34,4896,41640,905
Worcestershire15,4491,55016,999
Cheshire4,0382,1426,180
Cumberland5,9715,971
Durham3,9831,0004,983
Lancashire7,3857,385
Northumberland7,9277,927
Westmorland3,0983,098
Yorkshire23,8274,72628,553
Total987,805111,9711,099,766

Russell (1948) therefore calculates a total English population in 1086 as 1,105,216 including burgesses, landowners and clergy. To this he adds estimates ofWales (100,000),Ireland (400,000) andScotland (120,000) for a total British Isles population of roughly 1,720,000.[8]

Population 5000–100 BC
YearPop.±%
5000BCbelow 6000—    
3000BC100,000—    
1800BC300,000+200.0%
100BC1,500,000+400.0%
Source:[9]
Population 1086–1700
YearPop.±% p.a.
10861,710,000—    
11903,100,000+0.57%
12203,970,000+0.83%
12504,230,000+0.21%
12794,430,000+0.16%
12904,750,000+0.64%
13154,690,000−0.05%
13254,120,000−1.29%
13484,810,000+0.68%
13512,600,000−18.54%
13772,500,000−0.15%
14002,080,000−0.80%
14302,020,000−0.10%
14501,900,000−0.31%
14902,140,000+0.30%
15222,350,000+0.29%
15412,830,000+0.98%
15603,020,000+0.34%
16004,110,000+0.77%
16505,310,000+0.51%
17005,200,000−0.04%
Source:[10][11]
Population 1801–2023
YearPop.±%
18018,287,907—    
18119,405,342+13.5%
182111,178,050+18.8%
183112,976,329+16.1%
184114,847,888+14.4%
185116,738,495+12.7%
186118,753,390+12.0%
187121,361,235+13.9%
188124,397,385+14.2%
189127,231,229+11.6%
190130,072,180+10.4%
191133,561,235+11.6%
192135,230,225+5.0%
193137,359,045+6.0%
193938,084,321+1.9%
195141,164,356+8.1%
196143,460,525+5.6%
197146,411,700+6.8%
198146,820,800+0.9%
199147,875,000+2.3%
200149,138,831+2.6%
201153,012,456+7.9%
202156,489,800+6.6%
202357,690,300+2.1%
Source: Year(s) 1801–2011[11][12][13][14]
Largest conurbations in England

Vital statistics

[edit]

[16][17]This is UK wide information.

Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Fertility rates
1940567,710545,95221,75814.113.60.5
1941(c)539,205499,34339,86213.912.91.0
1942608,373448,777159,59615.611.54.1
1943641,064469,916171,14816.211.94.3
1944704,748461,189243,55917.711.66.1
1945638,422456,216182,20615.911.44.5
1946773,153460,543312,61019.211.47.8
1947829,863484,324345,53920.512.08.5
1948728,131439,803288,32817.910.87.1
1949686,181478,627207,55416.811.75.1
1950654,321477,006177,31515.511.34.2
1951(c)41,164,356636,259513,375122,88415.512.53.0
1952632,347466,479165,85815.311.34.0
1953642,844472,137170,70715.511.34.2
1954633,395469,074164,32115.211.33.9
1955628,935484,926144,00915.011.73.3
1956659,420488,893170,52715.711.74.0
1957681,736482,174199,56216.111.54.6
1958698,255494,201204,05416.411.74.7
1959706,239495,517210,72216.511.64.9
1960740,858493,553247,30517.111.55.6
1961(c)43,460,525766,358518,047248,31117.611.95.7
1962793,354523,855269,49918.012.06.0
1963807,017538,105268,91218.212.26.0
1964828,470501,991326,47918.511.37.2
1965816,433516,317300,11618.111.56.6
1966804,957528,981275,97617.711.85.9
1967788,458509,356279,10217.211.26.0
1968775,065541,862233,20316.911.95.0
1969754,456543,425211,03116.411.94.5
1970741,999540,196201,80316.011.64.4
1971(c)46,411,700740,099532,445207,65415.911.54.4
197246,572,000685,485554,251131,23414.711.92.8
197346,686,000638,356549,87688,48013.711.81.9
197446,682,000603,153547,98055,17312.911.71.2
197546,674,000568,900545,44423,45612.211.70.5
197646,659,000550,383560,317-9,93411.812.0-0.2
197746,639,000536,953538,652-1,69911.511.5-0.0
197846,638,000562,589547,68514,90412.111.70.4
197946,698,000601,316554,84046,47612.911.91.0
198046,787,000618,371544,34974,02213.211.61.6
1981(c)46,820,800598,163541,01857,14512.811.61.2
198246,777,000589,711544,98444,72712.611.70.91.76
198346,813,000593,255542,50950,74612.711.61.11.75
198446,912,000600,573531,31469,25912.811.31.51.75
198547,057,000619,301553,15366,14813.211.81.41.78
198647,187,000623,609544,54579,06413.211.51.71.76
198747,300,000643,330531,150112,18013.611.22.41.80
198847,412,000654,353535,553118,80013.811.32.51.82
198947,552,000649,357539,804109,55313.711.42.31.79
199047,699,000666,920528,920138,00014.011.13.91.83
1991(c)47,875,000660,806533,980126,82613.811.22.61.81
199247,998,000651,784522,660129,12413.610.92.71.79
199348,102,000636,473540,90495,56913.211.22.01.76
199448,228,000628,956516,297112,65913.010.72.31.75
199548,383,000613,257529,03884,21912.710.91.81.71
199648,519,000614,184526,65087,53412.710.91.81.73
199748,664,000608,202521,59886,60412.510.71.81.73
199848,820,000602,111518,08984,02212.310.61.71.72
199949,032,000589,468517,11972,34912.010.51.51.69
200049,233,000572,826503,02669,80011.610.21.41.65
2001(c)49,449,000563,744497,87865,86611.410.11.31.63
200249,679,000565,709500,79264,91711.410.11.31.64
200349,925,000589,851504,12785,72411.810.11.71.72
200450,194,000607,184480,717126,46712.19.62.51.77
200550,606,000613,028479,678133,35012.19.52.61.77
200650,965,000635,748470,326165,42212.59.23.31.83
200751,381,000655,357470,721184,63612.89.23.61.88
200851,815,000672,809475,763197,04613.09.23.81.92
200952,196,000671,058459,241211,81712.98.84.11.91
201052,642,000687,007461,017225,99013.18.84.31.94
2011(c)53,107,000688,120452,862235,25813.08.54.51.93
201253,493,000694,241466,779227,46213.08.74.31.94
201353,865,000664,517473,552190,96512.38.83.51.85
201454,316,000661,496468,875192,62112.28.63.61.83
201554,786,000664,399495,309169,09012.19.03.11.82
201655,268,000663,157490,454172,70312.08.93.11.81
201755,619,000646,794498,882147,91211.69.02.61.76
201855,977,000625,651505,859119,79211.29.02.21.70
201956,287,000610,505488,952121,55310.88.72.11.66
202056,550,000585,195569,70015,49510.310.10.31.59
2021(c)56,489,800595,948549,20746,74110.59.70.81.56
202257,106,398577,046540,33336,71310.29.50.71.49
202357,910,000563,561544,03219,5299.89.40.41.44
202458,560,000567,708531,95335,7559.79.10.61.42

(c) = Census results.

In 2024, 34.7% of live births were to mothers born outside the UK and for 40.4% of live births, one or both parents were born outside of the UK.[18]

Current vital statistics

[edit]

The number of registered births and deaths correspond to England and Wales, since the Office for National Statistics provides provisional monthly birth data without distinguishing both countries.

PeriodLive births[19]Deaths[20]Natural increase
January—June 2024278,655294,087-15,432
January—June 2025276,063297,366-21,303
DifferenceDecrease -2,592 (-0.93%)Negative increase +3,279 (+1.11%)Decrease -5,871

Historical per cent distribution of the total population by age

[edit]

[21]

Ages1901193119511961
0–14 years32242223
15–64 years63696765
65 years and over571112
Total (%)100100100100

Country of birth

[edit]

Country of birth given by respondents in the corresponding UK censuses were as follows:

Map showing the percentage of the population born outside England according to the 2011 census.
Country of birth1971[22]1981[23]1991[24]2001[25]2011[26]2021[27]
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
United Kingdom41,951,04291.3%42,620,88293.1%43,506,41192.46%44,594,81790.75%45,675,31786.16%46,687,50582.65%
England40,374,71487.9%41,084,39989.8%42,003,21189.3%42,968,59687.44%44,246,59283.46%45,388,72480.35%
Scotland716,4991.6%731,4121.7%743,8561.58%794,5771.62%708,8721.34%626,4431.11%
Wales632,5481.4%573,0141.3%545,3811.16%609,7111.24%506,6190.96%478,6970.85%
Northern Ireland227,2810.5%––211,1330.45%215,1240.44%206,7350.39%190,5410.34%
United Kingdom (not otherwise specified)––232,0572,8300.01%6,8090.01%6,4990.01%2,612
Europe (non-UK)1,217,2452.7%1,142,1822.4%1,196,5242.5%1,450,2602.95%2,375,4414.5%4,042,5387.16%
Republic of IrelandIreland647,4291.4%567,0211.3%555,8051.18%460,2870.94%395,1820.75%314,6740.56%
Channel Islands & Isle of Man––––26,3030.06%27,5500.06%24,6530.05%
Total born in all EU Member Countries (excluding Ireland)569,816[note 1]1.2%340,1130%452,0921%660,0611.34%1,980,2593.73%3,236,7995.73%
EU Member Countries (joined pre-2001)
or EEC Members		––340,113452,0921%––894,9081.69%1,263,7072.24%
GermanyGermany––––193,3460.41%233,4180.48%262,3560.49%252,2520.45%
ItalyItaly––––83,7240.18%98,7570.20%131,1950.25%272,0190.48%
FranceFrance––––49,9470.11%87,5620.18%127,6010.24%152,6970.27%
SpainSpain––––37,0060.08%50,4310.10%77,5540.15%163,8480.29%
Other EU Member Countries
(joined post-2001)		––––––––1,085,3512.04%1,973,0923.49%
PolandPoland––––68,0490.14%56,6790.12%561,0981.06%718,2511.27%
RomaniaRomania––––3,7620.01%7,0770.01%78,1920.15%530,3200.94%
Other non-EU Europe––235,0480.5%115,2470.2%––––491,0650.87%
TurkeyTurkey––––26,0160.06%52,4020.11%89,4840.17%124,7580.22%
Soviet Union––––25,2350.05%27,2500.06%––––
Africa148,4730.3%278,6780.6%456,3961%798,2181.62%1,290,6112.43%1,558,1992.76%
South AfricaSouth Africa––––21,2200.05%129,3020.26%186,3550.35%211,4470.37%
KenyaKenya––––109,6100.23%126,1190.26%135,9660.26%133,4160.24%
NigeriaNigeria––––45,8730.10%86,3700.18%188,6900.36%266,8770.47%
Middle East and Asia522,2631.1%727,8381.6%1,108,5292.4%1,778,2963.62%2,529,1374.77%3,241,7015.74%
IndiaIndia301,8620.7%378,7210.9%395,5630.84%450,4930.92%682,2741.29%906,9621.61%
PakistanPakistan131,8260.3%179,7120.4%221,7760.47%304,7060.62%476,6840.90%616,4541.09%
BangladeshBangladesh46,8730.1%101,8290.22%150,0570.31%206,3310.39%266,2900.47%
Sri LankaSri Lanka15,366––38,1450.08%66,3300.13%125,9170.24%141,8610.25%
Far East73,209122,5320.3%––360,6040.73%––––
Hong KongHong Kong––––64,4960.14%84,7700.17%98,7240.19%117,7140.21%
ChinaChina––––21,2920.05%47,2010.10%146,2020.28%176,0720.31%
Americas and Caribbean292,9660.6%291,6790.6%481,2991%––663,0911.25%790,0021.40%
United StatesUnited States––––128,3370.27%141,1980.29%173,4700.33%198,6560.35%
JamaicaJamaica––––141,3520.30%145,2340.30%159,1700.30%141,2890.25%
CanadaCanada––––53,1950.11%59,3560.12%66,3200.13%66,8470.12%
Antarctica and Oceania––––104,1410.2%––179,2000.34%170,0230.30%
AustraliaAustralia––––66,2790.14%96,4370.20%113,5920.21%109,9630.19%
New ZealandNew Zealand––––37,8620.08%53,4660.11%57,0760.11%47,8420.08%
Other: Old Commonwealth[note 2]119,6830.3%133,2200.3%––––––––
Other: New Commonwealth[note 3]109,9710.2%155,3890.3%147,6020.3%––––––
Other Countries (non Europe or UK for 2001–2021)482,3511%421,8950.9%––3,093,7546.30%4,961,6989.36%5,760,00810.20%
Total45,917,667100%45,771,763100%47,055,204100%49,138,831100.00%53,012,456100.00%56,490,051100%

Below are the estimates of the largest foreign-born groups in England according to ONS estimates.

Country of birth20132014[28]20152018[29]
India698,000748,000751,000832,000
PolandPoland561,000677,000713,000832,000
Pakistan479,000499,000478,000535,000
Republic of IrelandIreland315,000317,000318,000369,000
GermanyGermany263,000267,000253,000309,000
Population pyramid from 2001 to 2020

Age

[edit]
Population pyramid in 2020

The data below is based on the 2011 census.[30] In 2001, the mean age of England's population was 38.60, and the median age was 37.00. In 2022, the median age was 40.5.[31]

Ages attained
(years)		Population
Numbers% of total population
Whole
age band		Per year
of age band
0–43,318,4496.261.25
5–92,972,6325.611.12
10–143,080,9295.811.16
15–193,340,2656.301.26
20–243,595,3216.781.36
25–293,650,8816.891.38
30–343,509,2216.621.32
35–393,549,1166.691.34
40–443,885,9347.331.47
45–493,879,8157.321.46
50–543,400,0956.411.28
55–592,996,9925.651.13
60–643,172,2775.981.20
65–692,508,1544.730.95
70–742,044,1293.860.77
75–791,669,3453.150.63
80–841,258,7732.370.47
85–89776,3111.460.29
90+403,8170.76–
  • Population pyramids of the regions of England
  • South West
    South West
  • South East
    South East
  • Greater London
    Greater London
  • East of England
    East of England
  • East Midlands
    East Midlands
  • West Midlands
    West Midlands
  • Yorkshire and the Humber
    Yorkshire and the Humber
  • North West
    North West
  • North East
    North East

Ethnicity

[edit]
Ethnic demographics of England from 1981 - 2021
Ethnic makeup of England in single year age groups in 2021
Estimates of selected Commonwealth non-white population in England and Wales, 1951-1968[32]
Ethnic group (reported as 'Area of origin')1951[note 4]1961[note 4]1966mid-1968
Estimates based solely
on selected Commonwealth immigrant populations[note 4]		Total estimated (including estimates
of those born in the UK)[note 5]
Population%Population%Population%Population%Population%
Selected Commonwealth non-White: Total74,5000.17%336,0000.72%595,0001.27%924,0001.96%1,123,0002.31%
India30,80081,400163,600223,000––
Pakistan5,00024,90067,700199,700––
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)5,8009,00012,90016,100––
West Indies15,300171,800267,900––––
Jamaica––––––278,000––
Other Caribbean––––––180,300––
British West Africa
(Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone)		5,60019,80036,00050,700––
Far East
(Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore)		12,00029,60047,00060,000––
Total population43,758,000100%46,105,000100%47,135,500100%47,135,500100%48,640,000100%
Ethnicity in England, 1981-2021
Ethnic groupYear
1981 estimations[33]1991[34][note 6]2001[35]2011[36]2021[37]
Population%Population%Population%Population%Population%
White: Total–95.4%44,144,33993.8%44,679,36191%45,281,142

85.4%

45,783,40181%
White:British––––42,747,13687.0%42,279,23679.8%41,540,79173.5%
White:Irish––––624,1151.3%517,0011.0%494,2510.9%
White:Irish Traveller/White Gypsy––––––54,8950.1%64,2180.1%
White:Roma––––––––99,1380.2%
White:Other––––1,308,1102.7%2,430,0104.6%3,585,0036.3%
Asian orAsian British: Total–2.65%1,762,2623.7%2,468,9705%4,143,403

7.8%

5,426,3929.7%
Asian or Asian British:Indian–1.32%823,8211.8%1,028,5462.1%1,395,7022.6%1,843,2483.3%
Asian or Asian British:Pakistani–0.7%449,6461.0%706,5391.4%1,112,2822.1%1,570,2852.8%
Asian or Asian British:Bangladeshi–0.18%157,8810.3%275,3940.6%436,5140.8%629,5671.1%
Asian or Asian British:Chinese[note 7]–0.22%141,6610.3%220,6810.5%379,5020.7%431,1650.8%
Asian or Asian British:Asian Other–0.23%189,2530.4%237,8100.5%819,4031.6%952,1271.7%
Black orBlack British: Total–1.51%874,8821.9%1,132,5082.3%1,846,614

3.5%

2,381,7244.2%
Black or Black British:Caribbean–0.91%495,6821.1%561,2461.1%591,0161.1%619,4191.1%
Black or Black British:African–0.3%206,9180.4%475,9381.0%977,7411.8%1,468,4742.6%
Black or Black British:Other–0.3%172,2820.4%95,3240.2%277,8570.5%293,8310.5%
British Mixed: Total––––643,3731.3%1,192,879

2.3%

1,669,3782.9%
Mixed:White and Caribbean––––231,4240.5%415,6160.8%499,3100.9%
Mixed:White and African––––76,4980.2%161,5500.3%241,5280.4%
Mixed:White and Asian––––184,0140.4%332,7080.6%474,1900.8%
Mixed: Other Mixed––––151,4370.3%283,0050.3%454,3500.8%
Other: Total–0.44%273,7210.6%214,6190.4%548,418

1.0%

1,229,1532.2%
Other:Arab––––––220,9850.4%320,2030.6%
Other: Any other ethnic group–0.44%273,7210.6%214,6190.4%327,4330.6%908,9501.6%
Non-White: Total–4.6%2,910,8656.2%4,459,4709%7,731,31414.6%10,706,64719%
Total–100%47,055,204100%49,138,831100%53,012,456

100%

56,490,048100%

Notes for table above

  1. ^Figure accounts for all of Europe apart from Ireland
  2. ^Used as main option for when no other options are given, for example in 1971. This group contains all for Canada, Australia and New Zealand
  3. ^Used as a conglomerate for New Commonwealth for when there are no other options as for example in 1971. This group contains all for remenents of the British Empire after 1945 (if not already indicated).
  4. ^abcEstimates taken solely from selected Commonwealth immigrant populations at the time, excluding estimates of those that were white from these areas. Does not include South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Commonwealth East Africa, other parts of Commonwealth Africa, or non-Commonwealth countries in Africa, the Caribbean, or Asia.
  5. ^Estimates are taken from a combined estimate of the immigrant population (excluding estimates of white people), additional non-white people who may not have been enumerated, and estimates of non-white people born in the UK from parents from shown areas. Does not include South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Commonwealth East Africa, other parts of Commonwealth Africa, or non-Commonwealth countries in Africa, the Caribbean, or Asia.
  6. ^The number of people who answered the census may not equal the estimated population total at the time due to the fact anestimated 1 million people did not answer the form.
  7. ^In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.

Population distribution

[edit]
  • Proportion of births in regions of each broad multi-ethnic group
  • White
    White
  • Asian
    Asian
  • Black
    Black
  • Mixed
    Mixed
  • All other ethnic groups
    All other ethnic groups
  • Births which did not state an ethnicity
    Births which did not state an ethnicity

Ethnicity of school pupils

[edit]

The ethnicity of school pupils in England has been changing since the figures started to be collected in 2002, White British students proportionally have been in decline compared to other groups who have risen.

Ethnic groupSchool year[38][39]
1997[40]20042008201020142015/162017/182019/202021/222023/24
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
White: Total5,976,10089%5,584,80082.9%5,389,34081.3%5,243,87079.9%5,222,07076.9%5,258,58275.6%6,027,78174%6,048,98072.8%6,011,04571.4%5,877,64069.1%
White:British––5,408,70080.3%5,136,61077.4%4,963,11075.6%4,859,73071.6%4,822,33269.3%5,454,10866.9%5,432,99165.4%5,379,74863.9%5,212,52461.3%
White:Irish––26,1000.3%23,6200.4%22,1900.3%21,6400.3%21,1270.3%23,1100.3%22,4430.3%21,4950.3%20,6770.2%
White:Roma––6,5000.1%3,9400.1%4,0000.1%4,6250.1%22,0920.3%26,6530.3%28,0910.3%27,3590.3%28,5940.3%
White:Irish Traveller––3,9000.1%8,7700.1%10,9900.2%19,0300.3%4,9750.1%6,0080.1%6,5780.1%6,9030.1%6,7980.1%
White:Other––139,6002.1%216,4103.3%243,5803.7%317,0554.7%388,0565.6%517,9026.4%558,8776.7%575,5406.8%609,0477.2%
Asian / Asian British: Total––476,9007.1%536,4208.1%575,6708.8%676,92010.0%755,81710.8%937,98311.4%985,79511.9%1,040,54112.3%1,129,38313.4%
Asian / Asian British:Indian––154,4002.3%161,1502.4%163,7802.5%180,9952.7%196,3512.8%247,2803.0%268,3183.2%289,1793.4%337,3824.0%
Asian / Asian British:Pakistani––180,6002.7%214,2103.2%231,3803.5%273,4654.0%293,0894.2%360,5544.4%372,6994.5%380,7814.5%388,3154.6%
Asian / Asian British:Bangladeshi––72,0001.1%87,3201.3%95,4201.5%110,7351.6%117,0041.7%143,3791.8%148,2901.8%151,6131.8%151,8751.8%
Asian / Asian British:Chinese––23,7000.4%24,7800.4%24,6900.4%26,7250.4%28,9150.4%36,1960.4%37,7320.5%48,3960.6%63,7740.8%
Asian / Asian British:Other Asians––46,2000.7%73,7701.1%85,0801.3%111,7201.6%120,4581.7%150,5741.8%158,7561.9%170,5722.0%188,0372.2%
Black / Black British: Total––244,9003.6%292,8604.4%312,2604.8%366,1305.4%389,5855.5%464,3675.7%474,5705.7%486,5175.8%551,0996.5%
Black:Caribbean––96,1001.4%92,0901.4%91,4001.4%89,3501.3%85,8301.2%91,4291.1%86,5431.0%82,4021.0%78,8170.9%
Black:African––120,9001.8%167,9902.5%184,7902.8%232,0653.4%253,7813.6%311,0123.8%323,8743.9%338,6144.0%406,2464.8%
Black:Other Blacks––27,9000.4%32,7700.5%36,0700.5%44,7100.7%49,9740.7%61,9260.8%64,1530.8%65,5010.8%66,0360.8%
Mixed / British Mixed––181,5002.7%229,6503.5%256,9803.9%325,1404.8%363,7305.3%473,3055.8%515,0616.1%558,1846.6%594,3447.0%
Mixed:White andCaribbean––64,6001.0%77,3501.2%82,4101.3%95,7851.4%101,2781.5%123,8731.5%128,7741.5%133,5041.6%134,3841.6%
Mixed:White andAfrican––17,0000.3%24,1100.4%27,8600.4%40,2450.6%47,4720.7%63,5180.8%70,4030.8%76,2620.9%79,9400.9%
Mixed:White andAsian Other––36,3000.5%47,5100.7%54,6100.8%73,5551.1%84,1331.2%111,8111.4%123,1531.5%134,8211.6%143,2061.7%
Mixed:Other Mixed––63,5000.9%80,6801.2%92,1101.4%115,5601.7%130,8471.9%174,1032.1%192,7312.3%213,5972.5%236,8142.8%
Other: Total––57,9000.9%78,5601.2%86,8801.3%106,1151.6%119,6471.7%154,5751.9%168,7582.0%185,3552.2%203,5612.4%
Unclassified––190,7002.8%81,3001.2%64,6101.0%67,9351.0%67,1261.0%94,3121.2%119,3881.4%136,3711.6%141,9081.7%
Total:6,716,700100%6,736,700100%6,632,900100%6,564,940100%6,791,030100%6,954,487100%8,152,323100%8,312,552100%8,418,013100%8,497,935100%
  • Ethnicity of school pupils in the school year of 2021/2022
  • White: 71.4%
    White: 71.4%
  • White British: 63.9%
    White British: 63.9%

Languages

[edit]

The most common main languages spoken in England according to the 2011 census are shown below.[41]

RankLanguageUsual residents
aged 3+		Proportion
1English46,936,78092.02%
2Polish529,1731.04%
3Punjabi271,5800.53%
4Urdu266,3300.52%
5Bengali (withSylheti andChatgaya)216,1960.42%
6Gujarati212,2170.42%
7Arabic152,4900.30%
8French145,0260.28%
9Portuguese131,0020.26%
10Spanish118,5540.23%
11Tamil99,7730.20%
12Turkish98,0830.19%
13Italian90,5470.18%
14Somali84,3870.17%
15Lithuanian84,3270.17%
16German75,1900.15%
17Persian/Farsi75,1790.15%
18Tagalog/Filipino67,5930.13%
19Romanian66,4960.13%
20Russian66,2710.13%
–Welsh8,2480.02%
–Cornish5540.00%
–Other1,209,6142.37%
Total population51,005,610100.00%

Religion

[edit]
Main article:Religion in England
Religious makeup of England in single year age groups in 2021
Religion in England (2021 census)
  1. Christianity (46.3%)
  2. Not religious (36.7%)
  3. Islam (6.70%)
  4. Not stated (6.00%)
  5. Other religions (2.50%)
  6. Hinduism (1.80%)

Respondents to the 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses gave their religions as follows:

Religion2001[42]2011[43]2021[44]
Number%Number%Number%
Christian35,251,24471.74%31,479,87659.38%26,167,89946.3%
Muslim1,524,8873.10%2,660,1165.02%3,801,1866.7%
Hindu546,9821.11%806,1991.52%1,032,5331.8%
Sikh327,3430.67%420,1960.79%520,0920.9%
Jewish257,6710.52%261,2820.49%269,2830.5%
Buddhist139,0460.28%238,6260.45%262,4330.5%
Other religion143,8110.29%227,8250.43%332,4100.6%
No religion7,171,33214.59%13,114,23224.74%20,715,66436.7%
Religion not stated3,776,5157.69%3,804,1047.18%3,400,5486.0%
Total population49,138,831100.00%53,012,456100.00%56,490,048100.0%

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - Office for National Statistics".www.ons.gov.uk.
  2. ^"Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021".GOV.UK.
  3. ^"Create a custom dataset - Office for National Statistics".www.ons.gov.uk.
  4. ^abc"Population and household estimates, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics".www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved28 June 2022.
  5. ^"Population estimates - Office for National Statistics".www.ons.gov.uk.
  6. ^"Custom dataset - Office for National Statistics". Office for National Statistics. 21 March 2021. Retrieved8 June 2023.
  7. ^"National Statistics Online – Live births". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved9 August 2022.
  8. ^abcdRussell, Josiah Cox (1948).British Medieval Population. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 53–54.
  9. ^Pryor, Francis (2004).Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans. London: Harper Perennial.ISBN 978-0007126934.
  10. ^S. Broadberryet al (2010), "English Medieval Population: Reconciling Time Series and Cross Sectional Evidence", Table 6 (Retrieved from archive.org, p.22); S. Broadberryet al (2010), "British Economic Growth 1270–1870", Table 18 (Preprint, p. 54); see also S. Broadberryet al (2015),British Economic Growth 1270–1870, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 1107070783, Tables 1.06 and 1.10 (cf. Table 5.06 on pg205)
    See also B. Campbell (1990), "People and Land in the Middle Ages, 1066–1500", in Robert A. Dodgshon and Robin A. Butlin (eds),Historical Geography of England and Wales, 2nd edition. Elsevier.ISBN 1483288412, pp.69–122 for discussion of drivers and trends underlying the numbers.
  11. ^abWrigley and Schofield, "The Population History of England, 1541–1871. A reconstruction.", Harvard University Press, 1981, Table 7.8, pgs. 208-9,[1]
  12. ^At the time of the first census. Census officials estimated that there had been an increase of 77% in the preceding 100 years. In each county women were in the majority. Notes for 1801 taken fromKent 1800–1899 – A Chronicle of the Nineteenth Century Bob Ogley (Froglets Publications 2003)ISBN 1-872337-51-1. Wrigley and Schofield estimate 8,664,000 based on birth and death records.]
  13. ^Vision of Britain a population through time England, Retrieved 9 August 2013
  14. ^2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom, 27 March 2011(PDF), ONS, 12 December 2011, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 January 2016, retrieved9 August 2013
  15. ^"2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom"(PDF). Office for National Statistics. 27 March 2011. Retrieved18 December 2022.
  16. ^"Vital Statistics: Population and Health Reference Tables".Office for National Statistics. Retrieved20 July 2017.
  17. ^"Births in England and Wales: 2024".Office for National Statistics. 1 July 2025.
  18. ^"Births in England and Wales: 2024 - Office for National Statistics".www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved1 July 2025.
  19. ^"Quarterly births in England and Wales, provisional".Office for National Statistics - ONS. Retrieved24 October 2025.
  20. ^"Deaths registered monthly in England and Wales".Office for National Statistics - ONS. Retrieved24 October 2025.
  21. ^A. H. Halsey (1972).Trends in British Society since 1900. Palgrave MacMillan.ISBN 978-1-349-00780-6.
  22. ^Taken fromCasweb UK Data Service from the 1971 UK wide Census. SAS08 of Country of Birth of England.
  23. ^Taken fromCasweb UK Data Service from the 1981 UK wide Census. Table 4 of Country of Birth in England.
  24. ^"1991 census - local base statistics". Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved14 June 2023.Tables L01 to L18: Demographic and economic characteristics > L07 Country of birth
  25. ^"UV008:Country of birth". Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved30 August 2013.
  26. ^"QS213EW: Country of birth (expanded)". Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved26 March 2013.
  27. ^"TS012: Country of birth (detailed)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved28 March 2023.
  28. ^"Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2014 to December 2014".Office for National Statistics. 27 August 2015. Retrieved17 April 2016. Figures given are the central estimates. See the source for 95 per centconfidence intervals.
  29. ^"Population by country of birth and nationality. January 2018 to December 2018".ons.gov.uk.
  30. ^UK Statistics (27 March 2011)."2011 Census: Usual resident population by five-year age group and sex, United Kingdom and constituent countries". UK Statistics. Retrieved19 December 2012.
  31. ^"Median age of population in England". Retrieved15 April 2024.
  32. ^Rose, E. J. B. (Eliot Joseph Benn); Institute of Race Relations (1969).Colour and citizenship : a report on British race relations. Internet Archive. London; New York : Published for the Institute of Race Relations by Oxford U.P.ISBN 978-0-19-218182-4.
  33. ^Rees, Phil; Butt, Faisal (2004)."Ethnic Change and Diversity in England, 1981-2001".Area.36 (2):174–186.Bibcode:2004Area...36..174R.doi:10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00213.x.ISSN 0004-0894.JSTOR 20004380.
  34. ^Data is taken from United KingdomCasweb Data services of the United Kingdom1991 Census on Ethnic Data for EnglandArchived 5 April 2022 at theWayback Machine (Table 6)
  35. ^"Key Statistics for local authorities; Ethnic Statistics for England and Wales".webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk.Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved7 January 2022.
  36. ^"Key Statistics for England and Wales: Ethnic statistics".webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk.Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved7 January 2022.
  37. ^"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics".www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved29 November 2022.
  38. ^"Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic Year 2021/22".explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved9 September 2022.
  39. ^"School and pupil characteristics".webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved8 November 2022.
  40. ^"Ethnic Minority Pupils and Pupils for whom English is an Additional Language 1996/97"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 3 September 2000.
  41. ^"View:England". NOMIS. Retrieved5 September 2014.
  42. ^"Religion (2001 Census)". data.gov.uk. 9 February 2010. Retrieved18 December 2012.
  43. ^"2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved18 December 2012.
  44. ^"Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics".www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved29 November 2022.

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