Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President | Hunor Kelemen |
| Leader in theSenate | Lóránd Turos [ro] |
| Leader in theChamber of Deputies | Botond Csoma |
| Founded | 25 December 1989[1] |
| Headquarters | Bucharest (presidency) Cluj-Napoca (presidency and executive presidency)[2] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-right[12] |
| National affiliation | National Coalition for Romania (2021–2023, 2024–2025) Romania Forward Electoral Alliance (2025) |
| European affiliation | European People's Party |
| European Parliament group | European People's Party Group |
| International affiliation | Centrist Democrat International |
| Senate | 10 / 134 |
| Chamber of Deputies | 23 / 330 |
| European Parliament | 2 / 33 |
| Mayors | 200 / 3,176 |
| County Presidents | 4 / 41 |
| County Councilors | 104 / 1,340 |
| Local Council Councilors | 2,526 / 39,900 |
| Ministers | 2 / 16 |
| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
| udmr.ro | |
TheDemocratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (DUHR;Hungarian:Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség,RMDSZ[ˈromaːnijɒjiˈmɒɟɒrˈdɛmokrɒtɒˈsøvɛt͡ʃːeːɡ];Romanian:Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România,UDMR) is apolitical party inRomania which aims to represent the significantHungarian minority of Romania.[13]
Officially considering itself a federation of minority interests rather than a party,[1] from the1990 general elections onwards UDMR has had parliamentary representation in the RomanianSenate andChamber of Deputies. From 1996 onwards, UDMR has been a junior coalition partner in several governments. It has been described as having close ties with Hungary’s right-wing,socially conservative, longtime rulingFidesz party and, implicitly, withPrime MinisterViktor Orbán.[14]
The party is a member of theEuropean People's Party andCentrist Democrat International.
The UDMR was founded on 25 December 1989, immediately after the fall of theCommunist dictatorship in theRomanian Revolution of 1989 to represent in public the interests of theHungarian community of Romania. Its first president was writerGéza Domokos during the early 1990s.
The UDMR obtained consistent results during the 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, and the 2012 elections, gaining representation in both houses of the Parliament, yet until 1996 the UDMR acted in opposition. From 1996 onwards, the party governed in a coalition with theRomanian Democratic Convention (Romanian:Convenția Democrată Română) (CDR)—a wide centre-right alliance that won the elections that year—and obtained some positions in the government ofVictor Ciorbea.
Four years later, the opposition party, theSocial Democratic Party of Romania (PSD) won the 2000 elections. Although the UDMR did not join the new government as a coalition partner, it did sign a series of annual contracts with the PSD in which the PSD pledged to implement certain legal rights for the Hungarian minority community in return for UDMR's endorsement in parliament.
In the2004 elections, the UDMR made an alliance to backAdrian Năstase of the Social Democratic Party, who was the favourite to win the presidential elections, but the surprise victory ofTraian Băsescu rocked the Romanian political spectrum. After negotiations, the UDMR, together with the Romanian Humanist Party (later to become theConservative Party), defected from the PSD alliance and pledged to form a coalition with theJustice and Truth Alliance (DA). The UDMR obtained positions in the government.
After the2008 legislative elections UDMR entered in opposition. In 2009, after the adoption of a motion of no confidence against the Emil Boc's left and right grand coalition government, the UDMR became part of the new Emil Boc Cabinet, and continued after Emil Boc's resignation as junior coalition partner of the Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu Cabinet together with the PDL and UNPR. In 2012 the Romanian Parliament voted a motion of no confidence against the Ungureanu Cabinet. After the formation of theSocial Liberal Union (USL) government led by Victor Ponta, the UDMR entered the opposition.
After the 2012 elections the same parties continued to form a government under the leadership of Victor Ponta. In 2014 the liberal part of the party coalition left the government, while the UDMR, PC, and UNPR joined the new government. The UDMR left the government in December 2014, shortly after the landslide victory of Klaus Iohannis as President of Romania. Subsequently, the UDMR provided mostly confidence and supply agreements to other ruling majorities before becoming part of a grand coalition after December, 2020. After the resignation of the Ciucă Cabinet, UDMR withdrew from the coalition, after the National Liberals decided to take the Minister of Development, Public Works and Administration, which was held by UDMR in theCiucă Cabinet.[15][16]
UDMR is not a legally registered political party, but takes part in elections under art. 4(2) of theLaw 68/1992 which assimilates organizations representing national minorities to political parties from an electoral point of view. UDMR is an "alliance" of the ethnic Hungarian community in Romania, which incorporates several platforms of different ideologies, social, scientific, cultural or professional groups as associated organizations, youth and women organisations. The UDMR represents theMagyar (ethnic Hungarian) community of Romania (1,237,746 citizens, according to the 2011 census). Hungarians represent 18.9% of the total population of Transylvania;[17] in Szeklerland (Harghita, Covasna and part of Mureș counties) they form the majority. The overwhelming majority (99%) of the Hungarian population of Romania lives in Transylvanian counties (Arad, Bistriţa-Năsăud, Bihor, Brașov, Alba, Harghita, Hunedoara, Cluj, Covasna, Caraș-Severin, Maramureș, Mureș, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Sălaj, Timiș). In national elections, the Alliance consistently obtains around 6% of the votes, which roughly corresponds to the percentage of ethnic Hungarian voters (6,5%).
The organization's president isHunor Kelemen, elected at a party congress in 2011.Béla Markó, a writer, had held the position from 1993. He in turn was preceded by founding president Géza Domokos, in office from 1990 to 1993.
The UDMR is structured into 22 territorial organizations, covering all regions ofTransylvania, the capitalBucharest, several counties outside Transylvania, as well as platforms representing different political ideologies (Christian Democratic, Socialist, Liberal, National Liberal). It has several associated partners and groups representing the civil society, or the social, scientific, artistic or professional domains. As decision-making bodies, the UDMR operates the Congress, the Council of Representatives, the Permanent Council and the Presidency. The executive presidency is the executive body of the alliance. The consulting bodies of the alliance are: the Consulting Council of Regional Presidents, the Consulting Council of Platforms and the National Council of Self-governments. The bodies credited with controlling are the Regulation Control Committee, the Ethics and Disciplinary Committee. In addition, the President regularly convenes other consultative bodies such as the Economic Council and the Foreign Council.
As an ethnic minority organization representing theHungarians of Romania, the UDMR, above all, concerns itself with Hungarianminority rights, including cultural and territorial autonomy.
The most important objectives of the UDMR are the preservation and development of the Hungarian community inTransylvania, the achievement of the different types of autonomy: cultural autonomy for the smaller and most vulnerable communities and the territorial autonomy and self-determination for those living in large majority area. The use of the mother tongue in all segments of private and public life, the education in mother tongue, the administration of all establishments in the area of minority education and culture are the most important elements of the daily struggle of the UDMR.
The alliance has undertaken the task of representing the interests of the Hungarian community of Romania in Romanian and European politics as well. Ever since its establishment, the formation advocated for the necessity of a united political life, one single voice, that expresses the goals of theHungarian minority in Romania. This is based on the principle that, as a minority, the Transylvanian Hungarian community should politically be represented by a single, united organization that would offer a framework for varied ideologies and not by various political parties. The UDMR seeks to establish equal to equal relations with Romanian and European political actors expecting their support in pursuing the goals of the Hungarian community. The UDMR is convinced the Hungarian community in Romania is the only entity entitled to make decisions concerning the Hungarian community in Romania.
The UDMR focuses on cooperation and dialogue with the majority. Participating in the governing coalition is important as the alliance can greatly contribute through governmental means to the improvement of the life of the Hungarian community in Romania. The presence and role in the Romanian government of the UDMR protects the status and future of ethnic minorities in Romania and safeguards their evolution. The presence of the UDMR in the Romanian government is not limited to benefits in the field of Romanian politics: the fact bears an important message for states in the vicinity of Hungary, where ethical issues have lately appeared to be increasingly problematic. Since 1999 the UDMR has been a member of theEuropean People's Party (EPP), and since 1991 it is member of theFederal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN).
Various specific goals, gradually detailed during the years, include:
The UDMR leaders have claimed on several occasions that they believelocal autonomy (decentralization) to be the most appropriate and efficient form ofself-government. However, the UDMR has also stated that it wishes to achieve this goal only through a dialogue and consensus with the Romanian majority, and based on provenWestern European models.
The UDMR has been criticized on several occasions for its lack of specific doctrine. The main argument for preserving the current structure is that if it split up into smaller fractions of different ideological orientations, it would be impossible for the Hungarian community to obtain more seats in the Parliament (one single seat is allocated to each minority group by default) due to theelectoral threshold of 5%.
Several voices from within the UDMR and the Hungarian community have criticized it for being too moderate and making too many compromises in political treaties with other Romanian parties. TheHungarian Civic Alliance, formed by Hungarians against the UDMR, and theHungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT) formed by former members of the UDMR aimed to form separate, more radical, political entities. However, during the 2004 and 2008 elections, the UDMR proved to still have the endorsement of the overwhelming majority of Hungarians. Disputes with this fraction group led to the departure ofLászló Tőkés (who endorsed the PPMT) from the position of honorary president. In 2009 Tőkés joined, as frontrunner, the Hungarian Unity list for the European Parliamentary elections in Romania, but as elected Member of the European Parliament, he became an independent politician and resigned from his UDMR membership.
In 2022, the UDMR proposed an amendment to the Romanian Child Protection Law that would ban the discussion of homosexuality and gender identity in public spaces. The bill passed in the Senate of Romania in April 2022 and was approved by the Romanian Human Rights Commission but requires approval by Romania's lower house of Parliament.[18]
Despite the fact that UDMR maintains a moderate autonomist outlook, some politicians and pundits in Romania criticized several leading figures of the party asHungarian nationalist,separatist, andanti-Romanian.[31][better source needed]
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1989–1999:
2000–2004:
2004–2008:
2010:
2011:
2012–2013:
| Election | Chamber | Senate | Position | Aftermath | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |||
| 1990 | 991,601 | 7.23 | 29 / 395 | 1,004,353 | 7.20 | 12 / 119 | 2nd | Opposition toFSN government (1990–1991) |
| Opposition toFSN-PNL-MER-PDAR government (1991–1992) | ||||||||
| 1992 | 811,290 | 7.46 | 27 / 341 | 831,469 | 7.58 | 12 / 143 | 5th | Opposition toPDSR-PUNR-PRM government (1992–1996) |
| 1996 | 812,628 | 6.64 | 25 / 343 | 837,760 | 6.82 | 11 / 143 | 4th | CDR-USD-UDMR government (1996–2000) |
| 2000 | 736,863 | 6.80 | 27 / 345 | 751,310 | 6.90 | 12 / 140 | 5th | EndorsingPDSR minority government (2000–2004) |
| 2004 | 628,125 | 6.17 | 22 / 332 | 637,109 | 6.10 | 10 / 137 | 4th | DA-PUR-UDMR government (2004–2007) |
| PNL-UDMR minority government (2007–2008) | ||||||||
| 2008 | 425,008 | 6.20 | 22 / 334 | 440,449 | 6.39 | 9 / 137 | 4th | Opposition toPDL-PSD government (2008–2009) |
| PDL-UNPR-UDMR government (2009–2012) | ||||||||
| Opposition toUSL government (2012) | ||||||||
| 2012 | 380,656 | 5.14 | 18 / 412 | 388,528 | 5.24 | 9 / 176 | 4th | Opposition toUSL government (2012–2014) |
| PSD-UNPR-UDMR-PC government (2014) | ||||||||
| Opposition toPSD-UNPR-ALDE government (2014–2015) | ||||||||
| Endorsing thetechnocraticCioloș Cabinet (2015–2017) | ||||||||
| 2016 | 435,969 | 6.19 | 21 / 329 | 440,409 | 6.24 | 9 / 136 | 4th | EndorsingPSD-ALDE government (2017–2019) |
| Opposition toPSD minority government (2019) | ||||||||
| EndorsingPNL minority government (2019–2020) | ||||||||
| Opposition toPNL minority government (2020) | ||||||||
| 2020 | 339,030 | 5.74 | 21 / 330 | 348,262 | 5.89 | 9 / 136 | 5th | PNL-USR PLUS-UDMR government (2020–2021) |
| PNL-UDMR minority government (2021) | ||||||||
| CNR (withPSD andPNL) government (2021–2023) | ||||||||
| Opposition toCNR government (2023–2024) | ||||||||
| 2024 | 585,589 | 6.34 | 22 / 331 | 590,783 | 6.38 | 10 / 136 | 7th | |
| PSD-PNL-UDMR minoritygovernment (2024–2025) | ||||||||
| PNL-UDMR minority government (2025) | ||||||||
| PSD-PNL-USR-UDMR government (2025–present) | ||||||||
| Election | County Councilors (CJ) | Mayors | Local Councilors (CL) | Popular vote | % | Position | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
| 2008 | 429,329 | 5.13 | 89 / 1,393 | 378,413 | 4.28 | 184 / 3,179 | 404,657 | 4.75 | 2,195 / 40,297 | — | — | 4th |
| 2012 | 473,783 | 5.60 | 88 / 1,338 | 400,627 | 4.89 | 202 / 3,121 | 435,205 | 5.41 | 2,248 / 39,121 | — | — | 4th |
| 2016 | 411,823 | 4.98 | 95 / 1,434 | 315,236 | 3.69 | 195 / 3,186 | 390,321 | 4.66 | 2,284 / 40,067 | — | — | 4th |
| 2020 | 379,924 | 5.28 | 92 / 1,340 | 299,334 | 4.01 | 199 / 3,176 | 362,442 | 4.92 | 2,360 / 39,900 | 379,924 | 5.28 | 6th |
| 2024 | 506,659 | 6.42 | 104 / 1,340 | 378,594 | 4.31 | 200 / 3,176 | 471,588 | 5.42 | 2,525 / 39,900 | 5th | ||
| Election | County Presidents (PCJ) | Position | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | ||
| 1992 | — | — | 4 / 41 | 3rd |
| 1996 | — | — | 6 / 41 | 3rd |
| 2000 | — | — | 4 / 41 | 3rd |
| 2004 | — | — | 5 / 41 | 4th |
| 2008 | 419,028 | 5.26 | 4 / 41 | 4th |
| 2012 | 467,420 | 5.45 | 2 / 41 | 4th |
| 2016 | — | — | 5 / 41 | 3rd |
| 2020 | 366,480 | 5.04 | 4 / 41 | 3rd |
| 2024 | — | — | 4 / 41 | 3rd |
| Election | Candidate | First round | Second round | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | Percentage | Position | Votes | Percentage | Position | ||
| 1996 | György Frunda | 761,411 | 6.0% | 4th | not qualified | ||
| 2000 | György Frunda | 696,989 | 6.2% | 5th | not qualified | ||
| 2004 | Béla Markó | 533,446 | 4.1% | 4th | not qualified | ||
| Adrian Năstase1 | not endorsed | 4,881,520 | 48.77% | 2nd | |||
| 2009 | Hunor Kelemen | 372,761 | 3.83% | 5th | not qualified | ||
| 2014 | Hunor Kelemen | 329,727 | 3.47% | 8th | not qualified | ||
| 2019 | Hunor Kelemen | 357,014 | 3.87% | 6th | not qualified | ||
| 2024 | Hunor Kelemen | 416,353 | 4.50% | 7th | not qualified | ||
| Elena Lasconi2 | not endorsed | election annulled | |||||
| 2025 | Crin Antonescu3 | 1,892,930 | 20.07% | 3rd | not qualified | ||
| Nicușor Dan4 | not endorsed | 6,168,642 | 53.6% | 1st | |||
Notes:
1PSD candidate endorsed by UDMR in the second round
2USR candidate endorsed by UDMR in the second round, which was ultimately not held
3Common candidate of theRomania Forward Electoral Alliance, a coalition of the governingPSD andPNL alongside UDMR
4Independent candidate endorsed by UDMR in the second round
| Election | Votes | Percentage | MEPs | Position | EU Party | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 282,929 | 5.52% | 2 / 35 | 5th | EPP | EPP Group |
| 2009 | 431,739 | 8.92% | 3 / 33 | 4th | EPP | EPP Group |
| 2014 | 350,689 | 6.29% | 2 / 32 | 5th | EPP | EPP Group |
| 2019 | 476,777 | 5.26% | 2 / 32 | 6th | EPP | EPP Group |
| 2024 | 579,180 | 6.48% | 2 / 32 | 4th | EPP | EPP Group |
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