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Elections in Egypt are held for thepresident and abicameral legislature. The president of Egypt is elected for a six-year term by popular vote after draft amendments to the 2013 constitution altered the presidential term limits from the original four years to six years.[1]
Suffrage is universal and compulsory for every Egyptian citizen over 18. Failure to vote can result in a fine or even imprisonment,[2] but in practice, a significant percentage of eligible voters do not vote. About 63 million voters are registered to vote out of a population of more than 100 million.[3] Turnout in the2011 parliamentary election was 54%.[4] Egypt was ranked 9th least electoraldemocracy in the Middle East and North Africa according toV-Dem Democracy indices in 2023 with a score of 0.175 out of 1.[5][6]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gamal Abdel Nasser | Liberation Rally | 5,499,555 | 99.90 | |
| Against | 5,267 | 0.10 | ||
| Total | 5,504,822 | 100.00 | ||
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anwar Sadat | Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) | 9,145,683 | 99.94 | |
| Against | 5,605 | 0.06 | ||
| Total | 9,151,288 | 100.00 | ||
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hosni Mubarak | National Democratic Party (Egypt) | 9,567,904 | 98.46 | |
| Against | 149,650 | 1.54 | ||
| Total | 9,717,554 | 100.00 | ||
 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | |
| Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) | 350 | |
| Presidential appointees | 10 | |
| Total | 360 | |
 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Party | Seats | |
| Egyptian Arab Socialist Party | 295 | |
| Liberal Socialists Party (Egypt) | 15 | |
| National Progressive Unionist Rally Party | 3 | |
| Independents | 47 | |
| Total | 360 | |
TheKingdom of Egypt was granted nominal independence by the United Kingdom on 28 February 1922. Between theDeclaration of 1922 and theRevolution of 1952, ten general elections were held (in 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1945 and 1950).[7] This era is generally known asEgypt's Liberal Experiment. Egypt has never recovered the level ofpolitical freedom it enjoyed during this period, except for the period from the2011 revolution to the2013 coup.[8]
During the four elections held between 1924 and 1929, candidates from theCoptic Christian minority received 15 to 23 seats. Copts received four seats in 1931, six in 1938, 12 in 1945, and five in 1950.[9] The opposition's share of seats also varied throughout this period. The opposition won 15.1% of the seats in the1924 election, 18.9% in1926, 6.9% in1929, 18.1% in1936, 12.1% in1942, and 29.2% in the1950 election, the last to be held before the 1952 Revolution which ended Egypt'smulti-party system.[10]
| Electoral year | Total seats in the Chamber of Deputies | Wafd Party | Big Landowners | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats won | Percentage | Seats won | Percentage | ||
| 1924 | 214 | 181 | 84.6 | 93 | 43.5 |
| 1925 | 214 | 113 | 52.8 | 95 | 44.4 |
| 1926 | 214 | 172 | 80.4 | 105 | 49.1 |
| 1929 | 235 | 212 | 90.2 | 108 | 45.9 |
| 1931 | 150 | 0 | 0.0 | 58 | 38.7 |
| 1936 | 232 | 180 | 77.6 | 112 | 48.3 |
| 1938 | 264 | 14 | 5.3 | 131 | 49.6 |
| 1942 | 264 | 203 | 76.9 | 93 | 35.2 |
| 1945 | 285 | 0 | 0.0 | 123 | 43.2 |
| 1950 | 317 | 157 | 49.5 | 119 | 37.5 |
Under the Mubarak era, the Egyptian presidential election of 2005 was the first-evermulti-party, multi-candidate contested presidential election inEgypt's history, made under the 2005/2007 constitutional amendments to the 1971 Constitution of Egypt. Despite its significance, the election was marred byvoter fraud,ballot stuffing, boycotts, intimidation, vote-buying, and protests by opposition groups, leading to a low turnout of under 30%. Before the 2005 election, thepresident of Egypt was nominated by a two-thirds majority of the rubber-stampPeople's Assembly and approved under a referendum process that resembles ashow election inauthoritarian countries.
Under the Mubarak era, ThePeople's Assembly andShura Council were elected under an electoral system ofsingle member plurality. Along with the combination of voter fraud, ballot stuffing, intimidation, and lack of judicial and international supervision, this ensured theNDP a super-majority win of seats for both houses. TheMuslim Brotherhood was not recognized as a political party by the law, but its members were allowed to run as independents.
Egyptian presidential elections are held using a two-round system; the next election should be held in 2030.
TheHouse of Representatives sits for a five-year term but can be dissolved earlier by the president.
The firstreferendum in Egypt was held on 23 June 1956. The electorate agreed with the adoption of the new1956 constitution, and with the election ofGamal Abdel Nasser asPresident of Egypt.[12]
There had been ten general elections held from 1924 to 1952. These were the elections of 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1945, and 1950.
There have been 13 referendums in Egypt, the first one being held on 23 June 1956 when voters were asked to approve or disapprove of Nasser and the constitution.[dead link]
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