Sultanate of Demak | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1475–1568 | |||||||||||
![Coinage of Raden Patah, possibly minted around 15th to 16th century, The coin is displayed at Sumatran Numismatic Museum in Medan. Obverse: سلطان دمق فقرن الفـَـاتح (Sultan Demak Pangeran al-Fatih (Raden Patah)), Reverse: محمد صل وسلم عليه (the Shalawat); both written in the perso-arabic script.[1] of Demak](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMUS_Koin_Sultan_Pangeran_Raden_Fatah.png) Coinage ofRaden Patah, possibly minted around 15th to 16th century, The coin is displayed atSumatran Numismatic Museum inMedan.Obverse: سلطان دمق فقرن الفـَـاتح (Sultan Demak Pangeran al-Fatih (Raden Patah)),Reverse: محمد صل وسلم عليه (theShalawat); both written in theperso-arabic script.[1] | |||||||||||
 Known range of Demak's military operation until the reign of Sultan Trenggana (1521–1546) | |||||||||||
| Status | Vassal state ofMajapahit (1475–1478) Empire (1478–1546) | ||||||||||
| Capital | Bintara, Demak | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Javanese | ||||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||
| Government | Sultanate | ||||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||||
• 1475–15181 | Raden Patah | ||||||||||
• 1518–1521 | Pati Unus | ||||||||||
• 1521–1546 | Trenggana | ||||||||||
• 1546–1549 | Sunan Mukmin | ||||||||||
• 1549–1568 | Arya Penangsang | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Foundation of Demak port town | 1475 | ||||||||||
• The capital city of Demak was moved to Pajang by Sultan Hadiwijaya | 1568 | ||||||||||
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TheDemak Sultanate (کسلطانن دمق) was aJavaneseMuslim state located onJava's north coast inIndonesia, at the site of the present-day city ofDemak.[2] A portfief to the Hindu-BuddhistMajapahit kingdom thought to have been founded in the last quarter of the 15th century, it was influenced byIslam brought by Muslim traders fromChina,Gujarat,Arabia and also Islamic kingdoms in the region, such asSamudra Pasai,Malacca andBani (Muslim) Champa. The sultanate was the first Muslim state in Java, and once dominated most of the northern coast of Java and southernSumatra.[3]
Although it lasted only a little more than a century, the sultanate played an important role in theestablishment of Islam in Indonesia, especially on Java and neighboring areas.
The origin of Demak was the settlement named Glagah Wangi. According to tradition, the first person that Raden Patah encountered in Glagah Wangi was a woman named Nyai Lembah, fromRawa Pening. Nyai Lembah invited Raden Patah to settle in Glagah Wangi, which later was renamed as Demak Bintara.
There are several suggestions on the origin of the nameDemak. According to Indonesian historianPoerbatjaraka, it derived from theJavanese termdelemak, which means "watery soil" or "swamp". According toHamka, it derived from theArabic termdimak, which means "tears", to imply the hardship endured during the struggle to establish Islam in Java. According to another historian, Sutjipto Wiryosuparto, it derived from a term in theKawi language that means "heirloom" or "gift".[2]: 14
During the reign ofWikramawardhana ofMajapahit, during the period from 1405 to 1433, a series ofMing armadasnaval expeditions led byZheng He,[4]: 241–242 aMuslim Chinese admiral, arrived in Java. This Chinese expedition supported the establishment of the Muslim state ofMalacca in the first half of the 15th century, later assisted by the establishment of Muslim Chinese, Arab and Malay communities in northern ports of Java such asSemarang,Demak,Tuban, andAmpel; thus Islam began to gain a foothold on the northern coast of Java.[5]
Demak's origins are uncertain although it was apparently founded in the last quarter of the 15th century by a Muslim known asRaden Patah (from the Arabic name Fatah, also called "Pate Rodin" in Portuguese records, and "Jin Bun" in Chinese records). There is evidence that he hadChinese ancestry and perhaps was named Cek Ko-po.[6]
According to tradition,SunanAmpel ordered Raden Patah to establish an Islamic learning center in the Glagah Wangi village in coastal Central Java. Soon the village grew to become the center fordawah activities among distinguished Islamic proselytizers, traditionally known asWali Songo or "the nine saints". At that time Glagah Wangi was a small fiefdom belonging toMajapahit. It was the only Majapahit fiefdom with a Muslim ruler.[7] Then the name was changed to Demak, and it grew further by the establishment of amadrasa Islamic school andpesantren boarding school.[2]: 13
The foundation of Demak is traditionally attributed toRaden Patah (r. 1475–1518), a Javanese noble related toMajapahit royalty. At least one account stated that he was the son of Kertabhumi, who reigned as king Brawijaya V of Majapahit (1468–1478).
According to tradition, Raden Patah was the son of Majapahit King Kertabhumi with his concubine, a Chinese princess who resided in the Majapahit palace. She was supposedly given away when unknowingly pregnant with the king's child to be betrothed to the regent of the vassal state ofPalembang. There Raden Patah was born in 1448 with the name Raden Hasan. After coming of age, he went to Ampel Denta in Java (now Surabaya) to learn from Sunan Ampel, a prominent ulama. Sunan Ampel betrothed him to his daughter, Nyai Ageng Malaka. Subsequently, in the 1470s, Sunan Ampel sent him to establish a new settlement in Glagah Wangi, Central Java. Through Sunan Ampel's recommendation, Raden Hasan was appointed as the regent of Glagah Wangi by King Kertabhumi of Majapahit, with the title Adipati Bintara.[2]: 16
Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478, traditionally described in thesinengkalan orchandrasengkala (chronogram)Sirna ilang kertaning bhumi and corresponding to 1400 Saka,[8]: 37 and 100 ) to 1517. In 1478 theSudarma Wisuta war took place, when Ranawijaya's army under general Udara (who later became vice-regent) breachedTrowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace.[9][10] Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung, who later died in battle and was replaced bySunan Kudus, but they came too late to save Kertabumi, although they managed to repel the Ranawijaya army. This event is mentioned in Trailokyapuri (Jiwu) and the Petak inscription, where Ranawijaya claimed that he already defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one kingdom.[11] Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 to 1498 with the formal name Girindrawardhana, with Udara as his vice-regent. This event led to war between Demak andDaha, since Demak rulers were descendants of Kertabhumi.
In response to the collapse of Kertabhumi of Trowulan and the rise of Girindrawardhana of Daha in 1478, Demak decided it was no longer obliged to send tribute to the Majapahit central court and declared its independence. At that time Demak was temporarily led bySunan Giri (Prabu Satmoto). Three years later the Islamic kingdom of Demak was established under the chronogramGeni mati siniram janmi, which corresponds to 1403 Saka or 1481 CE.[2]: 13 Raden Hasan was crowned by members of Wali Songo under the new regnal name of Sultan Syah Alam Akbar Al-Fattah; thus in Javanese he was popularly known as Raden Patah.[2]: 17
A Chinese chronicle in a temple inSemarang states that Raden Patah founded the town of Demak in amarshy area to the north of Semarang. After the collapse of Majapahit, its various dependencies and vassals broke free, including northern Javanese port towns like Demak.[12]
As the sign of his new reign, Raden Patah built a newGrand Mosque as the center of Islamic teaching. He appointed members of Wali Songo as advisors within his new government: Sunan Kudus asqadi (great judge of religious law), Sunan Giri asmufti, andSunan Kalijaga asimam and advisor.[2]: 17
Demak managed to gainhegemony over other trading ports on the northern coast of Java such asSemarang,Jepara,Tuban, andGresik.[13] The supremacy of Raden Patah was expressed byTomé Pires inSuma Oriental: "[S]houldde Albuquerque make peace with the Lord of Demak, all of Java will almost be forced to make peace with him... The Lord of Demak stood for all of Java".[14]Apart from Javanese city-states, Raden Patah also gained overlordship of the ports ofJambi andPalembang in eastern Sumatra, which produced commodities such aslign-aloes andgold.[14] As most of its power was based on trade and control of coastal cities, Demak can be considered athalassocracy.
Raden Patah's son, or possibly his brother, led Demak's brief domination in Java. He was known as Trenggana, and later Javanese traditions say he gave himself the title Sultan. It appears that Trenggana had two reigns—c. 1505–;1518 andc. 1521–1546—between which his brother in law,Yunus ofJepara, occupied the throne.[6]
Between 1513 and 1518 Demak waged war against Patih Udara ofDaha, the successor state of Majapahit located in today'sKediri. The main Demak army led by Raden Patah and Sunan Kudus marched overland through Madiun, while the Demak fleet led byPati Unus took the sea route through Sedayu. Demak managed to consolidate its power by defeating Daha in 1518, because it was more accepted as the legitimate successor of Majapahit, since Raden Patah claimed direct descent from King Kertabhumi, who had died during the Girindrawardana invasion of Trowulan in 1478. Raden Patah died soon after this victory, also in 1518.[2]: 18
Raden Patah was succeeded by his brother-in-lawPati Unus or Adipati Yunus (r. 1518–1521),[6] referred to by Tomé Pires inSuma Oriental as "Pate Onus" or "Pate Unus", brother in-law of "Pate Rodim". Before ascending the throne of Demak, he ruledJepara, a vassal state to the north of Demak. Pati Unus ruled under the regnal name Sultan Syah Alam Akbar II.[2]: 19
In two expeditions, with approximately 100 ships in 1513 and with 375 in 1521, Pati Unus led fleets from the Javanese coastal cities to seize the port ofMalacca on theMalay Peninsula from the control of thePortuguese. The Javanese ports turned against the Portuguese for a number of reasons, the main one being opposition to Portuguese insistence on amonopoly of the spice trade. The Portuguese repelled both attacks, and the destruction of so many ships proved devastating to the Javanese ports, whose trading activity subsequently greatly declined.[14]
Pati Unus was killed in the 1521 expedition, and was later remembered asPangeran Sabrang Lor or "the Prince who crossed to the North" (theJava Sea to the Malay peninsula).
Pati Unus died childless, leading to the Demak succession crisis. The throne was contested between his brothers, the older Raden Kikin and the younger RadenTrenggana. According to tradition, the eldest son of Prince Trenggana, Prince Prawata, also known as Raden Mukmin, stoleKeris Setan Kober, a powerful magicalkris, fromSunan Kudus and used it to assassinate his uncle Raden Kikin by the river; Raden Kikin has since then also been known asSekar Seda Lepen (flower that fell by the river). Raden Trenggana (r. 1522–1546) was then crowned bySunan Gunungjati (one of theWali Songo) and became the third and greatest ruler of Demak.
During Trenggana's reign a young man namedFatahillah came to his court to offer his service to the sultan. He had just returned fromMecca after several years studying Islam there, and had learned that his hometown inPasai had been captured by the infidel Portuguese. He became a renowned general of Demak. Tradition has it that Trenggana was much impressed by Fatahillah's imposing figure and charisma and his knowledge of Islam, and gave him his daughter, the widow of Pati Unus, as his wife.[2]: 21
After learning of the 1522Portuguese-Sunda alliance, in 1527 the Sultan ordered Fatahillah to capture the ports ofBanten andSunda Kelapa from theKingdom of Sunda. Sunda Kelapa was later renamedJayakarta. From these territories he created theSultanate of Banten as a vassal state underHasanudin, son of Gunungjati, whom he also gave his sister's hand in marriage, creating a new dynasty.[15]: 18
He appointed his daughter Ratna Kencana (popularly known asRatu Kalinyamat) and her husbandSultan Hadlirin to rule Kalinyamat and Jepara. He also appointedJaka Tingkir as Adipati (Duke) ofPajang and gave another daughter's hand in marriage to Jaka Tingkir.
Trenggana oversaw the spread of Demak's influence to the east and west. He conquered theHindu-based resistance inCentral Java and during his second campaign, conquered the lastJavanese Hindu-Buddhist state, the largely defunct remnants of Majapahit;[6]Tuban, an old Majapahit port mentioned in Chinese sources from the 11th century, was conquered in about 1527. During his reign Demak was able to subdue other major ports and its reach extended into some inland areas ofEast Java that are not thought to have beenIslamized at the time.
His campaign ended when he sought to conquer the Hindu principality ofPasuruan in East Java and was killed in 1546. According to tradition, he was assassinated by a ten-year-old Duke of Surabaya, who stabbed with a kris while serving himbetel nut.[2]: 22
The death of the strong and able Trenggana in 1546 triggered ablood feud andcivil war between PrinceArya Penangsang, Adipati of the vassal state ofJipang [id], who was the son of the assassinated Sekar Seda Lepen (Raden Kikin), and Trenggana's son Prince Mukmin or Sunan Prawata, who had committed the murder. According to theBabad Demak chronicle, several influential figures of Wali Songo supported different candidates for the succession. Sunan Giri supported Prince Mukmin, whileSunan Kudus supported Arya Penangsang, since he belonged to the line of the eldest male son of the Demak dynasty. On the other hand, Sunan Kalijaga proposed Hadiwijaya, popularly known as Joko Tingkir, who was the adipati ofPajang and also a son in-law of Trenggana.[2]: 23
Mukmin (r. 1546–1549) ascended the throne as the fourth Sultan of Demak. However, with the help of his teacher Sunan Kudus, Arya Penangsang of Jipang sent an assassin to kill Prawata and his wife using the samekris that Mukmin had used to kill his father.[2]: 24
Arya Penangsang (r. 1549–1568) ascended to the throne of Demak in 1549 after assassinating his cousin Sunan Prawata. Arya Penangsang was a valiant but vicious man who never hesitated to use brutal force to achieve his goals. Feeling threatened, Prawata's son Arya Pengiri sought refuge in his aunt's realm in Kalinyamat, Jepara.
Prawata's younger sisterRatu Kalinyamat sought justice from Penangsang's teacher Sunan Kudus, but he declined her request, deeming Penangsang's revenge justified since Prawata had assassinated Penangsang's father, Raden Kikin (Sekar Seda ing Lepen). On their way home from Kudus to Kalinyamat, Ratu Kalinyamat and her husband,Sultan Hadlirin, were attacked by Penangsang's men. Hadlirin was killed and Ratu Kalinyamat barely survived. She urged her brother in-law, Hadiwijaya (popularly known asJaka Tingkir), Adipati of Pajang (nowBoyolali), to avenge her husband's death by killing Arya Penangsang.
Arya Penangsang soon faced heavy opposition from his vassals for his harshness, and was dethroned by a coalition of vassals led by Hadiwijaya. In 1568, Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and also his son in-lawSutawijaya, who would later become the first ruler of theMataram dynasty, to kill Penangsang.
In 1568, after Penangsang was killed, Hadiwijaya assumed the role of sovereign. However, instead of ruling from Demak, he moved all of Demak'sregalia, heirlooms, and sacred artifacts to Pajang. He appointed Prawata's son Sunan Pangiri as adipati of Demak. The relationship between the two states was now reversed: Pajang became the suzerain kingdom, while Demak became its vassal. Thus the Demak Sultanate ended with the foundation of the short-livedKingdom of Pajang.[2]: 24
The following is a version of the royal house of Demak. The relations between various members of this house are assumed mostly from Javanese traditions, oral orwritten inbabads or other forms of writings.
| Family tree of Demak Sultans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Demak derived its income from trade, importingspices and exportingrice toMalacca and theMaluku Islands. It was a busy port located at the end of a then navigable channel separating Java andMuria Island. The channel subsequently filled, joining Muria to Java; from the 15th to the 18th century until the 18th century, it was a major waterway for ships traveling along the northern Javanese coast to theSpice Islands and, via the Serang River, to the rice-producing interior of Java. This strategic location enabled Demak to become a leading trading center in Java.[16]
According toTomé Pires, Demak had more inhabitants than any other port in Sunda or Java, and was the primary exporter of rice toMalacca.[17] Demak's prominence grew with that of Malacca, and was also enhanced by Raden Patah's claim of direct descent fromMajapahit royalty and his marriage ties with neighboring city-states.[16]
Before the emergence of Demak, the northern coast of Java was the seat of many Muslim communities, both foreign merchants and local Javanese. The Islamization process gained momentum from the decline of the Hindu-BuddhistMajapahit Empire. Following the fall of the Majapahit capital to a usurper from Kediri, Raden Patah declared Demak's independence from Majapahit overlordship, and almost all northern Javanese ports later followed suit.[18] However, the Demak royal family regarded themselves as descendants of Majapahit. Demak symbols continued to use theSurya Majapahit, an eight-pointed sun, while modifying it to remove Hindu associations. This modified symbol can be seen as decoration inside theGrand Mosque of Demak.
As the first Islamic polity in Java, Demak has a venerated status amongIndonesian Muslims. It is traditionally linked with the legendaryWali Songo, the nine Muslimulama who proselytized Islam among the then strongly Hindu-Buddhist population of Java. As an early Islamic polity, theDemak Great Mosque was built in Demak and still stands today, it is widely believed to be the oldest still-existing mosque in Indonesia.[19] The surroundingmaqam (tombs) of Wali saints and Demak sultans here continue to drawziyarat pilgrimage among Muslims in the region.
LaterJavaneseBabads provide varying accounts of the origins and expansion of Demak, but all describe it as the direct successor ofMajapahit, not mentioning the possibility that by the time of its final conquest, Majapahit no longer ruled the area. The first "Sultan" of Demak, Raden Patah, is portrayed as the son of Majapahit's last king by a Chinese princess who was exiled from the court before Patah's birth;[6] according to tradition, she first served as a concubine to Kertabhumi (Brawijaya V) inTrowulan, and when already pregnant with the king's son, was sent as a gift to marry the regent of Palembang.[2]: 16
These legends suggest that the dynastic continuity survived the Islamization of Java, or alternatively that the rulers of Demak reinforced their rule on Java by claiming descent from the Majapahit dynasty as a source of political legitimation.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)6°53′S110°38′E / 6.883°S 110.633°E /-6.883; 110.633
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